[263]'Ueber Rindvieh,' &c., s. 78.[264]Sidney on the Pig, p. 36.Seealso note, p. 34. Also Richardson on the Pig, 1847, p. 26.[265]Dr. Dally has published an excellent article (translated in the 'Anthropolog. Review,' May, 1864, p. 65), criticising all writers who have maintained that evil follows from consanguineous marriages. No doubt on this side of the question many advocates have injured their cause by inaccuracies: thus it has been stated (Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages,' &c., 1862, p. 141) that the marriages of cousins have been prohibited by the legislature of Ohio; but I have been assured, in answer to inquiries made in the United States, that this statement is a mere fable.[266]Seehis most interesting work on the 'Early History of Man,' 1865, chap. x.[267]On Consanguinity in Marriage, in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1865, p. 710; Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c.[268]Sir G. Grey's 'Journal of Expeditions into Australia,' vol. ii. p. 243; and Dobrizhoffer, 'On the Abipones of South America.'[269]'The Art of Improving the Breed,' p. 13.[270]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.[271]'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205;seealso Ferguson on the Fowl, pp. 83, 317;seealso 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 135, with respect to the extent to which cock-fighters found that they could venture to breed in-and-in, viz., occasionally a hen with her own son; "but they were cautious not to repeat the in-and-in breeding."[272]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.[273]'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, vol. i. p. 43.[274]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.[275]'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i. p. 89.[276]'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 210.[277]Ibid, 1866, p. 167; and 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii., 1855, p. 15.[278]'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' by J. M. Eaton, p. 56.[279]'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.[280]'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 18.[281]'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 35.[282]'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Aug. 6th, 1860, p. 126.[283]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, pp. 39, 77, 158; and 1864, p. 206.[284]'Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 366.[285]'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 371.[286]'De la Fécondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 79.[287]'Mémoire sur les Cucurbitacées,' pp. 36, 28, 30.[288]Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. viii., 1832, p. 52.[289]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 25.[290]'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. vi. p. 189.[291]'Philosophical Transactions,' 1799, p. 200.[292]'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' 1828, s. 32, 33. For Mr. Chaundy's case,seeLoudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. vii., 1831, p. 696.[293]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1846, p. 601.[294]'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1799, p. 201.[295]Quoted in 'Bull. Bot. Soc. France,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 327.[296]Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 259, 518, 526et seq.[297]'Fortsetzung,' 1763, s. 29; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 44, 96; 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1782, part ii., p. 251; 'Nova Acta,' 1793, pp. 391, 394; 'Nova Acta,' 1795, pp. 316, 323.[298]'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 31, 41, 42.[299]Max Wichura fully accepts this view ('Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 43), as does the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' Jan. 1866, p. 70.[300]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 394, 526, 528.[301]Kölreuter,' Nova Acta,' 1795, p. 316.[302]Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 430.[303]'Botanische Zeitung,' Jan. 1864, s. 3.[304]'Monatsbericht Akad. Wissen,' Berlin, 1866, s. 372.[305]International Hort. Congress, London, 1866.[306]'Proc. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh,' May, 1863: these observations are given in abstract, and others are added, in the 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii. Bot., 1864, p. 162.[307]Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 76.[308]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64, 357.[309]Idem, s. 357.[310]'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10; 'Dritte Fort.,' s. 40.[311]Duvernoy, quoted by Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 334.[312]'Gardner's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 183.[313]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1830, p. 95.[314]Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 1845, p. 70; Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64.[315]'Gardener's Chron.' 1866, p. 1068.[316]'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 168.[317]'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 371; 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii., 1847, p. 19.[318]Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. xi., 1835, p. 260.[319]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 470.[320]'Journal Hort. Soc., vol. v. p. 135. The seedlings thus raised were given to the Hort. Soc.; but I find, on inquiry, that they unfortunately died the following winter.[321]Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, p. 453. Lecoq, however ('De la Fécond.,' 1862, p. 369), states that this hybrid is descended fromG. psittacinusandcardinalis; but this is opposed to Herbert's experience, who found that the former species could not be crossed.[322]This is the conclusion of Prof. Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages Consang.,' 1862, p. 97. Virchow quotes, in the 'Deutsche Jahrbücher,' 1863, s. 354, some curious evidence on half the cases of a peculiar form of blindness occurring in the offspring from near relations.[323]For England,seebelow. For Germany,seeMetzger, 'Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 63. For France, Loiseleur-Deslongchamps ('Consid. sur les Céreales,' 1843, p. 200) gives numerous references on this subject. For Southern France,seeGodron, 'Florula Juvenalis,' 1854, p. 28.[324]'A general Treatise of Husbandry,' vol. iii. p. 58.[325]'Gardener's Chronicle and Agricult. Gazette,' 1858, p. 247; and for the second statement, idem, 1850, p. 702. On this same subject,seealso Rev. D. Walker's 'Prize Essay of Highland Agricult. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 200. Also Marshall's 'Minutes of Agriculture,' November, 1775.[326]Oberlin's 'Memoirs,' Eng. translat., p. 73. For Lancashire,seeMarshall's 'Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 295.[327]'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 186. For Mr. Robson's subsequent statements,see'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 18, 1866, p. 121. For Mr. Abbey's remarks on grafting, &c., idem, July 18, 1865, p. 44.[328]'Mém. de l'Acad. des Sciences,' 1790, p. 209.[329]'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 52.[330]Mr. Spencer has fully and ably discussed this whole subject in his 'Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. ii. ch. x. In the first edition of my 'Origin of Species,' 1859, p. 267, I spoke of the good effects from slight changes in the conditions of life and from cross-breeding, and of the evil effects from great changes in the conditions and from crossing widely distinct forms, as a series of facts "connected together by some common but unknown bond, which is essentially related to the principle of life."[331]'Essais de Zoologie Générale,' 1841, p. 256.[332]Du Rut, 'Annales du Muséum,' 1807, tom. ix. p. 120.[333]'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 49, 106, 118, 124, 201, 208, 249, 265, 327.[334]'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' 1863, vol. i. pp. 99, 193; vol. ii. p. 113.[335]'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 534.[336]'Journal,' vol. i. p. 213.[337]'Säugethiere,' s. 327.[338]On the Breeding of the larger Felidæ, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1861, p. 140.[339]Sleeman's 'Rambles in India,' vol. ii. p. 10.[340]Wiegmann's 'Archif für Naturgesch.,' 1837, s. 162.[341]Rengger, 'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 276. On the parentage of the guinea-pig,seealso Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.'[342]Although the existence of theLeporides, as described by Dr. Broca ('Journal de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 370), is now positively denied, yet Dr. Pigeaux ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1867, p. 75) affirms that the hare and rabbit have produced hybrids.[343]'Quadrupeds of North America,' by Audubon and Bachman, 1846, p. 268.[344]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 571; Audubon and Bachman's 'Quadrupeds of North America,' p. 221.[345]Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' &c., 1845, p. 88.[346]See'Annual Reports Zoolog. Soc.,' 1855, 1858, 1863, 1864; 'Times' newspaper, Aug. 10th, 1847; Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' p. 85.[347]'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 34, 49.[348]Art. Brazil, 'Penny Cyclop.,' p. 363.[349]'The Naturalist on the River Amazon,' vol. i. p. 99.[350]'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 691.[351]According to Sir A. Burnes ('Cabool,' &c., p. 51), eight species are used for hawking in Scinde.[352]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. vi., 1833, p. 110.[353]F. Cuvier, 'Annal. du Muséum,' tom. ix. p. 128.[354]'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2648.[355]Knox, 'Ornithological Rambles in Sussex,' p. 91.[356]'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2566; vol. ix.-x., 1851-2, p. 3207.[357]Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. der Stubenvögel,' 1840, s. 20.[358]'Ornithological Biography,' vol. v. p. 517.[359]A case is recorded in 'The Zoologist,' vol. i.-ii., 1843-45, p. 453. For the siskin breeding, vol. iii.-iv., 1845-46, p. 1075. Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 139, speaks of bullfinches making nests, but rarely producing young.[360]Yarrell's 'Hist. British Birds,' 1839, vol. i. p. 412.[361]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. History,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 347.[362]'Mémoires du Muséum d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. x. p. 314: five cases of parrots breeding in France are here recorded.See, also, 'Report Brit. Assoc. Zoolog.,' 1843.[363]'Stubenvögel,' s. 105, 83.[364]Dr. Hancock remarks ('Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ii., 1838, p. 492), "it is singular that, amongst the numerous useful birds that are indigenous to Guiana, none are found to propagate among the Indians; yet the common fowl is reared in abundance throughout the country."[365]'A Week at Port Royal,' 1855, p. 7.[366]Audubon, 'American Ornithology,' vol. v. pp. 552, 557.[367]Moubray on Poultry, 7th edit., p. 133.[368]Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. iii. pp. 288, 382; 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xii., 1843, p. 453. Other species of partridge have occasionally bred; as the red-legged (P. rubra), when kept in a large court in France (see'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxv. p. 294), and in the Zoological Gardens in 1856.[369]Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'The Dovecote,' 1851, pp. 243-252.[370]Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., tom. ii. pp. 456, 458; tom. iii. pp. 2, 13, 47.[371]Bates, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' vol. i. p. 193; vol. ii. p. 112.[372]Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' &c., tom. iii. p. 125. ForTetrao urogallus,seeL. Lloyd, 'Field Sports of North of Europe,' vol. i. pp. 287, 314; and 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 600. ForT. Scoticus, Thompson, 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' vol. ii., 1850, p. 49. ForT. cupido, 'Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.,' vol. iii. p. 199.[373]Marcel de Serres, 'Annales des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xiii. p. 175.[374]Dr. Hancock, in 'Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.' vol. ii., 1838, p. 491; R. Hill, 'A Week at Port Royal,' p. 8; 'Guide to the Zoological Gardens,' by P. L. Sclater, 1859, pp. 11, 12; 'The Knowsley Menagerie,' by Dr. Gray, 1846, pl. xiv.; E. Blyth, 'Report Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' May, 1855.[375]Prof. Newton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1860, p. 336.[376]'The Dovecote and Aviary,' p. 428.[377]'Ornithological Biography,' vol. iii. p. 9.[378]'Geograph. Journal,' vol. xiii., 1844, p. 32.[379]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 153.[380]'Zoologist,' vols. v.-vi., 1847-48, p. 1660.[381]'Transact. Entomolog. Soc.,' vol. iv., 1845, p. 60.[382]'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. vii. p. 40.[383]Seean interesting paper by Mr. Newman, in the 'Zoologist,' 1857, p. 5764; and Dr. Wallace, in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' June 4th, 1860, p. 119.[384]Yarrell's 'British Birds,' vol. i. p. 506; Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 185; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1772, p. 271. Bronn ('Geschichte der Natur,' Band ii. s. 96) has collected a number of cases. For the case of the deer,see'Penny Cyclop.,' vol. viii. p. 350.[385]'Journal de Physiologie,' tom. ii. p. 347.[386]For additional evidence on this subject,seeF. Cuvier, in 'Annales du Muséum,' tom. xii. p. 119.[387]Numerous instances could be given. Thus Livingstone ('Travels,' p. 217) states that the King of the Barotse, an inland tribe which never had any communication with white men, was extremely fond of taming animals, and every young antelope was brought to him. Mr. Galton informs me that the Damaras are likewise fond of keeping pets. The Indians of South America follow the same habit. Capt. Wilkes states that the Polynesians of the Samoan Islands tamed pigeons; and the New Zealanders, as Mr. Mantell informs me, kept various kinds of birds.[388]For analogous cases with the fowl,seeRéaumur, 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, p. 243; and Col. Sykes, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1832, &c. With respect to the fowl not breeding in northern regions,seeLatham's 'Hist. of Birds,' vol. viii., 1823, p. 169.[389]'Mém. par divers Savans, Acad. des Sciences,' tom. vi., 1835, p. 347.[390]Youatt on Sheep, p. 181.[391]J. Mills, 'Treatise on Cattle,' 1776, p. 72.[392]Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 242.[393]Crawfurd's 'Descriptive Dict. of the Indian Islands,' 1856, p. 145.[394]'Bull. de la Soc. Acclimat., tom. ix., 1862, pp. 380, 384.[395]For pigeons,seeDr. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 66.[396]'Swedish Acts,' vol. i., 1739, p. 3. Pallas makes the same remark in his Travels (Eng. translat.), vol. i. p. 292.[397]A. Kerner, 'Die Cultur der Alpenflanzen,' 1864, s. 139; Watson's 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. p. 131; Mr. D. Cameron, also, has written on the culture of Alpine plants in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, pp. 253, 268, and mentions a few which seed.[398]'Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 333.[399]'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1793, p. 391.[400]'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 44, 109.[401]Dr. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 176.[402]Gärtner, 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 560, 564.[403]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 215; 1850, p. 470.[404]'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 252, 333.[405]'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. 1847, p. 83.[406]'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 117et seq.; Kölreuter, 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10, 121; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 57. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 355. Wiegmann, 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' s. 27.[407]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 356.[408]'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 84; 'Traité du Citrus,' 1811, p. 67.[409]Mr. C. W. Crocker, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1092.[410]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 80.[411]Verlot, idem, p. 88.[412]Prof. Allman, Brit. Assoc., quoted in the 'Phytologist,' vol. ii. p. 483. Prof. Harvey, on the authority of Mr. Andrews, who discovered the plant, informed me that this monstrosity could be propagated by seed. With respect to the poppy,seeProf. Goeppert, as quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 1st, 1863, p. 171.[413]'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 19th, 1864, p. 1039.[414]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 681.[415]'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.[416]Mr. Fairweather, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. p. 406; Bosse, quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 77. On the effects of the removal of the anthers,seeMr. Leitner, in Silliman's 'North American Journ. of Science,' vol. xxiii. p. 47; and Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 84.[417]Lindley's 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.[418]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1865, p. 626; 1866, pp. 290, 730; and Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' p. 75.[419]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 628. In this article I suggested the following theory on the doubleness of flowers.[420]Quoted by Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 567.[421]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 901.[422]Lindley, 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 175-179; Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. i. p. 106: Pickering, 'Races of Man;' Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 101-110. Meyen ('Reise um Erde,' Th. ii. s. 214) states that at Manilla one variety of the banana is full of seeds; and Chamisso (Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 310) describes a variety of the bread-fruit in the Mariana Islands with small fruit, containing seeds which are frequently perfect. Burnes, in his 'Travels in Bokhara,' remarks on the pomegranate seeding in Mazenderan, as a remarkable peculiarity.[423]Ingledew, in 'Transact. of Agricult. and Hort. Soc. of India,' vol. ii.[424]'De la Fécondation,' 1862, p. 308.[425]Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 99; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' p. 110.[426]'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xvii. p. 563.[427]Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 106; Herbert on Crocus, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 1846, p. 254.—Dr. Wight, from what he has seen in India, believes in this view; 'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' vol. iv., 1836, p. 61.[428]Wahlenberg specifies eight species in this state on the Lapland Alps:seeAppendix to Linnæus' 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J. E. Smith, vol. ii. pp. 274-280.[429]'Travels in North America,' Eng. translat., vol. iii. p. 175.[430]With respect to the ivy and Acorus,seeDr. Bromfield in the 'Phytologist,' vol. iii. p. 376.Seealso Lindley and Vaucher on the Acorus.[431]'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Zool., tom. iv. p. 280. Prof. Decaisne refers also to analogous cases with mosses and lichens near Paris.[432]Mr. Tuckerman, in Silliman's 'American Journal of Science,' vol. xlv. p. 41.[433]Sir J. E. Smith, 'English Flora,' vol. i. p. 339.[434]G. Planchon, 'Flora de Montpellier,' 1864, p. 20.[435]On the non-production of seeds in EnglandseeMr. Crocker, in 'Gardener's Weekly Magazine,' 1852, p. 70; Vaucher, 'Hist. Phys. Plantes d'Europe,' tom. i. p. 33; Lecoq, 'Géograph. Bot. de l'Europe,' tom. iv. p. 466; Dr. D. Clos, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xvii., 1852, p. 129: this latter author refers to other analogous cases. On the non-production of pollen by this RanunculusseeChatin, in 'Comptes Rendus,' June 11th, 1866.[436]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 565. Kölreuter ('Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 73, 87, 119) also shows that when two species, one single and the other double, are crossed, the hybrids are apt to be extremely double.[437]'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 73.[438]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 573.[439]Ibid., s. 527.[440]'Transactions Phil. Soc.,' 1799, p. 202. For Kölreuter,see'Mém. de l'Acad. de St. Pétersbourg,' tom. iii., 1809 (published 1811), p. 197. In reading C. K. Sprengel's remarkable work, 'Das entdeckte Geheimniss,' &c., 1793, it is curious to observe how often this wonderfully acute observer failed to understand the full meaning of the structure of the flowers which he has so well described, from not always having before his mind the key to the problem, namely, the good derived from the crossing of distinct individual plants.[441]This abstract was published in the fourth edition (1866) of my 'Origin of Species;' but as this edition will be in the hands of but few persons, and as my original observations on this point have not as yet been published in detail, I have ventured here to reprint the abstract.[442]The termunconscious selectionhas been objected to as a contradiction: butseesome excellent observations on this head by Prof. Huxley ('Nat. Hist. Review,' Oct. 1864, p. 578), who remarks that when the wind heaps up sand-dunes it sifts andunconsciously selectsfrom the gravel on the beach grains of sand of equal size.[443]Sheep, 1838, p. 60.[444]Mr. J. Wright on Shorthorn Cattle, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii. pp. 208, 209.[445]H. D. Richardson on Pigs, 1817, p. 44.[446]'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 24.[447]Sheep, pp. 520, 319.[448]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. viii., 1835, p. 618.[449]'A Treatise on the Art of Breeding the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 9.[450]'Recreations in Agriculture,' vol. ii. p. 409.[451]Youatt on Cattle, pp. 191, 227.[452]Ferguson, 'Prize Poultry,' 1854, p. 208.[453]Wilson, in 'Transact. Highland Agricult. Soc.,' quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 29.[454]Simmonds, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 637. And for the second quotation,seeYouatt on Sheep, p. 171.[455]Robinet, 'Vers à Soie,' 1848, p. 271.[456]Quatrefages, 'Les Maladies du Ver à Soie,' 1859, p. 101.[457]M. Simon, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. ix., 1862, p. 221.[458]'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i., 1854, p. 607.[459]J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' 1852, p. xiv., and 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 11.[460]'Journal Royal Agricultural Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 22.[461]'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 596.[462]Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 254.[463]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.[464]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 152.[465]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 369.[466]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 381.[467]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 285.[468]Rev. W. Bromehead, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 550.[469]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 721.[470]Dr. Anderson, in 'The Bee,' vol. vi. p. 96; Mr. Barnes, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 476.[471]Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 69; 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 258.[472]On Sheep, p. 18.[473]Volz, 'Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 47.[474]Mitford's 'History of Greece,' vol. i. p. 73.[475]Dr. Dally, translated in 'Anthropological Review,' May 1864, p. 101.[476]Volz, 'Beiträge,' &c., 1852, s. 80.[477]'History of the World,' ch. 45.[478]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1848, p. 323.[479]Reynier, 'De l'Economie des Celtes,' 1818, pp. 487, 503.[480]Le Couteur on Wheat, p. 15.[481]Michel, 'Des Haras,' 1861, p. 84.[482]Sir W. Wilde, an 'Essay on Unmanufactured Animal Remains,' &c., 1860, p. 11.[483]Col. Hamilton Smith, 'Nat. Library,' vol. xii., Horses, pp. 135, 140.[484]Michel, 'Des Haras,' p. 90.[485]Mr. Baker, 'History of the Horse,' Veterinary, vol. xiii. p. 423.[486]M. l'Abbé Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' vol. xxiv., 1784, p. 181: this memoir contains much information on the ancient selection of sheep; and is my authority for rams not being killed young in England.[487]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 389.[488]Communications to Board of Agriculture, quoted in Dr. Darwin's 'Phytologia,' 1800, p. 451.[489]'Mémoire sur les Chinois,' 1786, tom. xi. p. 55; tom. v. p. 507.[490]'Recherches sur l'Agriculture des Chinois,' par L. D'Hervey-Saint-Denys, 1850, p. 229. With respect to Khang-hi,seeHuc's 'Chinese Empire,' p. 311.[491]Anderson, in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xii. p. 253.[492]'Mém. de l'Acad.' (divers savans), tom. vi., 1835, p. 333.[493]'Des Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 333, 371.[494]'The Great Sahara,' by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, 1860, p. 238.[495]Pallas, 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1777, p. 249; Moorcroft and Trebeck, 'Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,' 1841.[496]Quoted from Raffles, in the 'Indian Field,' 1859, p. 196; for Varro,seePallas,ut supra.[497]Erman's 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 453.[498]Seealso 'Journal of R. Geograph. Soc.,' vol. xiii. part i. p. 65.[499]Livingstone's 'First Travels,' pp. 191, 439, 565;seealso 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, p. 465, for an analogous case respecting a good breed of goats.[500]Andersson's 'Travels in South Africa,' pp. 232, 318, 319.[501]Dr. Vavasseur, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 136.[502]'The Natural History of Dee Side,' 1855, p. 476.[503]'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 457.[504]'Cattle,' p. 48.[505]Livingstone's Travels, p. 576; Andersson, 'Lake Ngami,' 1856, p. 222. With respect to the sale in Kaffraria,see'Quarterly Review,' 1860, p. 139.[506]'Mémoire sur les Chinois' (by the Jesuits), 1786, tom. xi. p. 57.[507]F. Michel, 'Des Haras,' pp. 47, 50.[508]Col. Hamilton Smith, Dogs, in 'Nat. Lib.,' vol. x. p. 103.[509]Azara, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 324.[510]Sidney's edit. of Youatt, 1860, pp. 24, 25.[511]'Rural Economy of Yorkshire,' vol. ii. p. 182.[512]Moll et Gayot, 'Du Bœuf,' 1860, p. 547.[513]'The India Sporting Review,' vol. ii. p. 181; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 58.[514]'The Horse,' p. 22.[515]'History of England,' vol. i. p. 316.[516]'Uber Beständigkeit der Arten.'[517]Youatt on Sheep, p. 315.[518]'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51.[519]Low, 'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 363.[520]'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 392.[521]H. von Nathusius, 'Vorstudien ... Schweineschædel,' 1864, s. 140.[522]Seealso Dr. Christ, in 'Rütimeyer's Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 226.[523]The passage is given 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1858, p. 11.[524]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 394.[525]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 85.[526]SeeMr. Wildman's address to the Floricult. Soc., in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 86.[527]'Journal of Horticulture,' Oct. 24th, 1865, p. 239.[528]Prescott's 'Hist. of Mexico,' vol. ii. p. 61.[529]Sageret, 'Pomologie Physiologique,' 1830, p. 47; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 88; Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' 1859, tom. ii. pp. 63, 67, 70. In my tenth and eleventh chapters I have given details on the potato; and I can confirm similar remarks with respect to the onion. I have also shown how far Naudin concurs in regard to the varieties of the melon.[530]Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 27.[531]'The Anthropological Treatises of Blumenbach,' 1865, p. 292.[532]Mr. J. J. Murphy in his opening address to the Belfast Nat. Hist. Soc., as given in the Belfast Northern Whig, Nov. 19, 1866. Mr. Murphy here follows the line of argument against my views previously and more cautiously given by the Rev. C. Pritchard, Pres. Royal Astronomical Soc., in his sermon (Appendix, p. 33) preached before the British Association at Nottingham, 1866.[533]On the Vision of Fishes and Amphibia, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xviii., 1866, p. 469.[534]Fourth edition, 1866, p. 215.[535]Quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 325.Seealso Youatt on Cattle, pp. 62, 69.[536]MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 311.[537]'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 123.[538]Youatt on Sheep, p. 312.[539]'Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 33.[540]Dr. Heusinger, 'Wochenschrift für die Heilkunde,' Berlin, 1846, s. 279.[541]Youatt on the Dog, p. 232.[542]'The Fruit-trees of America,' 1845, p. 270: for peaches, p. 466.[543]'Proc. Royal Soc. of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius,' 1852, p. cxxxv.[544]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1856, p. 379.[545]Quatrefages, 'Maladies Actuelles du Ver à Soie,' 1859, pp. 12, 214.[546]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1851, p. 595.[547]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 476.[548]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, pp. 435, 691.[549]Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' 1801, B. i. s. 310.[550]Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 224.[551]G. Lewis's 'Journal of Residence in West Indies,' 'Home and Col. Library,' p. 100.[552]Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, p.24.[553]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, pp. 476, 498; 1865, p. 460. With respect to the heartsease, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 628.[554]'Des Jacinthes, de leur Culture,' 1768, p. 53: on wheat, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 653.[555]W. B. Tegetmeier, 'The Field,' Feb. 25, 1865. With respect to black fowls,seea quotation in Thompson's 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' 1849, vol. i. p. 22.[556]'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii. 1860, p. 359.[557]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. 2nd series, 1835, p. 275. For raspberries,see'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 154, and 1863, p. 245.[558]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 806.[559]Ibid., 1850, p. 732.[560]Ibid., 1860, p. 956.[561]J. De Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 120.[562]Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' pp. 266, 501: in regard to the cherry, p. 198.[563]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 755.[564]'Journal of Horticulture,' Sept. 26th, 1865, p. 254;seeother references given in chap. x.[565]Mr. Selby, in 'Mag. of Zoology and Botany,' Edinburgh, vol. ii., 1838, p. 393.[566]The Reine Claude de Bavay, 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 27, 1864, p. 511.[567]Mr. Pusey, in 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc., vol. vi. p. 179. For Swedish turnips,see'Gard. Chron.,' 1847, p. 91.[568]Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 98.[569]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 732.[570]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, pp. 820, 821.[571]'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 59.[572]Mr. Hewitt and others, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1862, p. 773.[573]'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 405.
[263]'Ueber Rindvieh,' &c., s. 78.
[264]Sidney on the Pig, p. 36.Seealso note, p. 34. Also Richardson on the Pig, 1847, p. 26.
[265]Dr. Dally has published an excellent article (translated in the 'Anthropolog. Review,' May, 1864, p. 65), criticising all writers who have maintained that evil follows from consanguineous marriages. No doubt on this side of the question many advocates have injured their cause by inaccuracies: thus it has been stated (Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages,' &c., 1862, p. 141) that the marriages of cousins have been prohibited by the legislature of Ohio; but I have been assured, in answer to inquiries made in the United States, that this statement is a mere fable.
[266]Seehis most interesting work on the 'Early History of Man,' 1865, chap. x.
[267]On Consanguinity in Marriage, in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1865, p. 710; Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c.
[268]Sir G. Grey's 'Journal of Expeditions into Australia,' vol. ii. p. 243; and Dobrizhoffer, 'On the Abipones of South America.'
[269]'The Art of Improving the Breed,' p. 13.
[270]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.
[271]'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205;seealso Ferguson on the Fowl, pp. 83, 317;seealso 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 135, with respect to the extent to which cock-fighters found that they could venture to breed in-and-in, viz., occasionally a hen with her own son; "but they were cautious not to repeat the in-and-in breeding."
[272]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.
[273]'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, vol. i. p. 43.
[274]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.
[275]'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i. p. 89.
[276]'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 210.
[277]Ibid, 1866, p. 167; and 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii., 1855, p. 15.
[278]'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' by J. M. Eaton, p. 56.
[279]'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.
[280]'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 18.
[281]'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 35.
[282]'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Aug. 6th, 1860, p. 126.
[283]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, pp. 39, 77, 158; and 1864, p. 206.
[284]'Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 366.
[285]'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 371.
[286]'De la Fécondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 79.
[287]'Mémoire sur les Cucurbitacées,' pp. 36, 28, 30.
[288]Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. viii., 1832, p. 52.
[289]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 25.
[290]'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. vi. p. 189.
[291]'Philosophical Transactions,' 1799, p. 200.
[292]'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' 1828, s. 32, 33. For Mr. Chaundy's case,seeLoudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. vii., 1831, p. 696.
[293]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1846, p. 601.
[294]'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1799, p. 201.
[295]Quoted in 'Bull. Bot. Soc. France,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 327.
[296]Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 259, 518, 526et seq.
[297]'Fortsetzung,' 1763, s. 29; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 44, 96; 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1782, part ii., p. 251; 'Nova Acta,' 1793, pp. 391, 394; 'Nova Acta,' 1795, pp. 316, 323.
[298]'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 31, 41, 42.
[299]Max Wichura fully accepts this view ('Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 43), as does the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' Jan. 1866, p. 70.
[300]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 394, 526, 528.
[301]Kölreuter,' Nova Acta,' 1795, p. 316.
[302]Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 430.
[303]'Botanische Zeitung,' Jan. 1864, s. 3.
[304]'Monatsbericht Akad. Wissen,' Berlin, 1866, s. 372.
[305]International Hort. Congress, London, 1866.
[306]'Proc. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh,' May, 1863: these observations are given in abstract, and others are added, in the 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii. Bot., 1864, p. 162.
[307]Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 76.
[308]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64, 357.
[309]Idem, s. 357.
[310]'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10; 'Dritte Fort.,' s. 40.
[311]Duvernoy, quoted by Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 334.
[312]'Gardner's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 183.
[313]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1830, p. 95.
[314]Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 1845, p. 70; Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64.
[315]'Gardener's Chron.' 1866, p. 1068.
[316]'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 168.
[317]'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 371; 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii., 1847, p. 19.
[318]Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. xi., 1835, p. 260.
[319]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 470.
[320]'Journal Hort. Soc., vol. v. p. 135. The seedlings thus raised were given to the Hort. Soc.; but I find, on inquiry, that they unfortunately died the following winter.
[321]Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, p. 453. Lecoq, however ('De la Fécond.,' 1862, p. 369), states that this hybrid is descended fromG. psittacinusandcardinalis; but this is opposed to Herbert's experience, who found that the former species could not be crossed.
[322]This is the conclusion of Prof. Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages Consang.,' 1862, p. 97. Virchow quotes, in the 'Deutsche Jahrbücher,' 1863, s. 354, some curious evidence on half the cases of a peculiar form of blindness occurring in the offspring from near relations.
[323]For England,seebelow. For Germany,seeMetzger, 'Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 63. For France, Loiseleur-Deslongchamps ('Consid. sur les Céreales,' 1843, p. 200) gives numerous references on this subject. For Southern France,seeGodron, 'Florula Juvenalis,' 1854, p. 28.
[324]'A general Treatise of Husbandry,' vol. iii. p. 58.
[325]'Gardener's Chronicle and Agricult. Gazette,' 1858, p. 247; and for the second statement, idem, 1850, p. 702. On this same subject,seealso Rev. D. Walker's 'Prize Essay of Highland Agricult. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 200. Also Marshall's 'Minutes of Agriculture,' November, 1775.
[326]Oberlin's 'Memoirs,' Eng. translat., p. 73. For Lancashire,seeMarshall's 'Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 295.
[327]'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 186. For Mr. Robson's subsequent statements,see'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 18, 1866, p. 121. For Mr. Abbey's remarks on grafting, &c., idem, July 18, 1865, p. 44.
[328]'Mém. de l'Acad. des Sciences,' 1790, p. 209.
[329]'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 52.
[330]Mr. Spencer has fully and ably discussed this whole subject in his 'Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. ii. ch. x. In the first edition of my 'Origin of Species,' 1859, p. 267, I spoke of the good effects from slight changes in the conditions of life and from cross-breeding, and of the evil effects from great changes in the conditions and from crossing widely distinct forms, as a series of facts "connected together by some common but unknown bond, which is essentially related to the principle of life."
[331]'Essais de Zoologie Générale,' 1841, p. 256.
[332]Du Rut, 'Annales du Muséum,' 1807, tom. ix. p. 120.
[333]'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 49, 106, 118, 124, 201, 208, 249, 265, 327.
[334]'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' 1863, vol. i. pp. 99, 193; vol. ii. p. 113.
[335]'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 534.
[336]'Journal,' vol. i. p. 213.
[337]'Säugethiere,' s. 327.
[338]On the Breeding of the larger Felidæ, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1861, p. 140.
[339]Sleeman's 'Rambles in India,' vol. ii. p. 10.
[340]Wiegmann's 'Archif für Naturgesch.,' 1837, s. 162.
[341]Rengger, 'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 276. On the parentage of the guinea-pig,seealso Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.'
[342]Although the existence of theLeporides, as described by Dr. Broca ('Journal de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 370), is now positively denied, yet Dr. Pigeaux ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1867, p. 75) affirms that the hare and rabbit have produced hybrids.
[343]'Quadrupeds of North America,' by Audubon and Bachman, 1846, p. 268.
[344]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 571; Audubon and Bachman's 'Quadrupeds of North America,' p. 221.
[345]Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' &c., 1845, p. 88.
[346]See'Annual Reports Zoolog. Soc.,' 1855, 1858, 1863, 1864; 'Times' newspaper, Aug. 10th, 1847; Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' p. 85.
[347]'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 34, 49.
[348]Art. Brazil, 'Penny Cyclop.,' p. 363.
[349]'The Naturalist on the River Amazon,' vol. i. p. 99.
[350]'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 691.
[351]According to Sir A. Burnes ('Cabool,' &c., p. 51), eight species are used for hawking in Scinde.
[352]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. vi., 1833, p. 110.
[353]F. Cuvier, 'Annal. du Muséum,' tom. ix. p. 128.
[354]'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2648.
[355]Knox, 'Ornithological Rambles in Sussex,' p. 91.
[356]'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2566; vol. ix.-x., 1851-2, p. 3207.
[357]Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. der Stubenvögel,' 1840, s. 20.
[358]'Ornithological Biography,' vol. v. p. 517.
[359]A case is recorded in 'The Zoologist,' vol. i.-ii., 1843-45, p. 453. For the siskin breeding, vol. iii.-iv., 1845-46, p. 1075. Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 139, speaks of bullfinches making nests, but rarely producing young.
[360]Yarrell's 'Hist. British Birds,' 1839, vol. i. p. 412.
[361]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. History,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 347.
[362]'Mémoires du Muséum d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. x. p. 314: five cases of parrots breeding in France are here recorded.See, also, 'Report Brit. Assoc. Zoolog.,' 1843.
[363]'Stubenvögel,' s. 105, 83.
[364]Dr. Hancock remarks ('Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ii., 1838, p. 492), "it is singular that, amongst the numerous useful birds that are indigenous to Guiana, none are found to propagate among the Indians; yet the common fowl is reared in abundance throughout the country."
[365]'A Week at Port Royal,' 1855, p. 7.
[366]Audubon, 'American Ornithology,' vol. v. pp. 552, 557.
[367]Moubray on Poultry, 7th edit., p. 133.
[368]Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. iii. pp. 288, 382; 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xii., 1843, p. 453. Other species of partridge have occasionally bred; as the red-legged (P. rubra), when kept in a large court in France (see'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxv. p. 294), and in the Zoological Gardens in 1856.
[369]Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'The Dovecote,' 1851, pp. 243-252.
[370]Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., tom. ii. pp. 456, 458; tom. iii. pp. 2, 13, 47.
[371]Bates, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' vol. i. p. 193; vol. ii. p. 112.
[372]Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' &c., tom. iii. p. 125. ForTetrao urogallus,seeL. Lloyd, 'Field Sports of North of Europe,' vol. i. pp. 287, 314; and 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 600. ForT. Scoticus, Thompson, 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' vol. ii., 1850, p. 49. ForT. cupido, 'Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.,' vol. iii. p. 199.
[373]Marcel de Serres, 'Annales des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xiii. p. 175.
[374]Dr. Hancock, in 'Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.' vol. ii., 1838, p. 491; R. Hill, 'A Week at Port Royal,' p. 8; 'Guide to the Zoological Gardens,' by P. L. Sclater, 1859, pp. 11, 12; 'The Knowsley Menagerie,' by Dr. Gray, 1846, pl. xiv.; E. Blyth, 'Report Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' May, 1855.
[375]Prof. Newton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1860, p. 336.
[376]'The Dovecote and Aviary,' p. 428.
[377]'Ornithological Biography,' vol. iii. p. 9.
[378]'Geograph. Journal,' vol. xiii., 1844, p. 32.
[379]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 153.
[380]'Zoologist,' vols. v.-vi., 1847-48, p. 1660.
[381]'Transact. Entomolog. Soc.,' vol. iv., 1845, p. 60.
[382]'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. vii. p. 40.
[383]Seean interesting paper by Mr. Newman, in the 'Zoologist,' 1857, p. 5764; and Dr. Wallace, in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' June 4th, 1860, p. 119.
[384]Yarrell's 'British Birds,' vol. i. p. 506; Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 185; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1772, p. 271. Bronn ('Geschichte der Natur,' Band ii. s. 96) has collected a number of cases. For the case of the deer,see'Penny Cyclop.,' vol. viii. p. 350.
[385]'Journal de Physiologie,' tom. ii. p. 347.
[386]For additional evidence on this subject,seeF. Cuvier, in 'Annales du Muséum,' tom. xii. p. 119.
[387]Numerous instances could be given. Thus Livingstone ('Travels,' p. 217) states that the King of the Barotse, an inland tribe which never had any communication with white men, was extremely fond of taming animals, and every young antelope was brought to him. Mr. Galton informs me that the Damaras are likewise fond of keeping pets. The Indians of South America follow the same habit. Capt. Wilkes states that the Polynesians of the Samoan Islands tamed pigeons; and the New Zealanders, as Mr. Mantell informs me, kept various kinds of birds.
[388]For analogous cases with the fowl,seeRéaumur, 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, p. 243; and Col. Sykes, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1832, &c. With respect to the fowl not breeding in northern regions,seeLatham's 'Hist. of Birds,' vol. viii., 1823, p. 169.
[389]'Mém. par divers Savans, Acad. des Sciences,' tom. vi., 1835, p. 347.
[390]Youatt on Sheep, p. 181.
[391]J. Mills, 'Treatise on Cattle,' 1776, p. 72.
[392]Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 242.
[393]Crawfurd's 'Descriptive Dict. of the Indian Islands,' 1856, p. 145.
[394]'Bull. de la Soc. Acclimat., tom. ix., 1862, pp. 380, 384.
[395]For pigeons,seeDr. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 66.
[396]'Swedish Acts,' vol. i., 1739, p. 3. Pallas makes the same remark in his Travels (Eng. translat.), vol. i. p. 292.
[397]A. Kerner, 'Die Cultur der Alpenflanzen,' 1864, s. 139; Watson's 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. p. 131; Mr. D. Cameron, also, has written on the culture of Alpine plants in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, pp. 253, 268, and mentions a few which seed.
[398]'Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 333.
[399]'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1793, p. 391.
[400]'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 44, 109.
[401]Dr. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 176.
[402]Gärtner, 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 560, 564.
[403]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 215; 1850, p. 470.
[404]'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 252, 333.
[405]'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. 1847, p. 83.
[406]'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 117et seq.; Kölreuter, 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10, 121; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 57. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 355. Wiegmann, 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' s. 27.
[407]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 356.
[408]'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 84; 'Traité du Citrus,' 1811, p. 67.
[409]Mr. C. W. Crocker, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1092.
[410]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 80.
[411]Verlot, idem, p. 88.
[412]Prof. Allman, Brit. Assoc., quoted in the 'Phytologist,' vol. ii. p. 483. Prof. Harvey, on the authority of Mr. Andrews, who discovered the plant, informed me that this monstrosity could be propagated by seed. With respect to the poppy,seeProf. Goeppert, as quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 1st, 1863, p. 171.
[413]'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 19th, 1864, p. 1039.
[414]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 681.
[415]'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.
[416]Mr. Fairweather, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. p. 406; Bosse, quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 77. On the effects of the removal of the anthers,seeMr. Leitner, in Silliman's 'North American Journ. of Science,' vol. xxiii. p. 47; and Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 84.
[417]Lindley's 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.
[418]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1865, p. 626; 1866, pp. 290, 730; and Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' p. 75.
[419]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 628. In this article I suggested the following theory on the doubleness of flowers.
[420]Quoted by Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 567.
[421]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 901.
[422]Lindley, 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 175-179; Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. i. p. 106: Pickering, 'Races of Man;' Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 101-110. Meyen ('Reise um Erde,' Th. ii. s. 214) states that at Manilla one variety of the banana is full of seeds; and Chamisso (Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 310) describes a variety of the bread-fruit in the Mariana Islands with small fruit, containing seeds which are frequently perfect. Burnes, in his 'Travels in Bokhara,' remarks on the pomegranate seeding in Mazenderan, as a remarkable peculiarity.
[423]Ingledew, in 'Transact. of Agricult. and Hort. Soc. of India,' vol. ii.
[424]'De la Fécondation,' 1862, p. 308.
[425]Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 99; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' p. 110.
[426]'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xvii. p. 563.
[427]Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 106; Herbert on Crocus, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 1846, p. 254.—Dr. Wight, from what he has seen in India, believes in this view; 'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' vol. iv., 1836, p. 61.
[428]Wahlenberg specifies eight species in this state on the Lapland Alps:seeAppendix to Linnæus' 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J. E. Smith, vol. ii. pp. 274-280.
[429]'Travels in North America,' Eng. translat., vol. iii. p. 175.
[430]With respect to the ivy and Acorus,seeDr. Bromfield in the 'Phytologist,' vol. iii. p. 376.Seealso Lindley and Vaucher on the Acorus.
[431]'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Zool., tom. iv. p. 280. Prof. Decaisne refers also to analogous cases with mosses and lichens near Paris.
[432]Mr. Tuckerman, in Silliman's 'American Journal of Science,' vol. xlv. p. 41.
[433]Sir J. E. Smith, 'English Flora,' vol. i. p. 339.
[434]G. Planchon, 'Flora de Montpellier,' 1864, p. 20.
[435]On the non-production of seeds in EnglandseeMr. Crocker, in 'Gardener's Weekly Magazine,' 1852, p. 70; Vaucher, 'Hist. Phys. Plantes d'Europe,' tom. i. p. 33; Lecoq, 'Géograph. Bot. de l'Europe,' tom. iv. p. 466; Dr. D. Clos, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xvii., 1852, p. 129: this latter author refers to other analogous cases. On the non-production of pollen by this RanunculusseeChatin, in 'Comptes Rendus,' June 11th, 1866.
[436]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 565. Kölreuter ('Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 73, 87, 119) also shows that when two species, one single and the other double, are crossed, the hybrids are apt to be extremely double.
[437]'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 73.
[438]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 573.
[439]Ibid., s. 527.
[440]'Transactions Phil. Soc.,' 1799, p. 202. For Kölreuter,see'Mém. de l'Acad. de St. Pétersbourg,' tom. iii., 1809 (published 1811), p. 197. In reading C. K. Sprengel's remarkable work, 'Das entdeckte Geheimniss,' &c., 1793, it is curious to observe how often this wonderfully acute observer failed to understand the full meaning of the structure of the flowers which he has so well described, from not always having before his mind the key to the problem, namely, the good derived from the crossing of distinct individual plants.
[441]This abstract was published in the fourth edition (1866) of my 'Origin of Species;' but as this edition will be in the hands of but few persons, and as my original observations on this point have not as yet been published in detail, I have ventured here to reprint the abstract.
[442]The termunconscious selectionhas been objected to as a contradiction: butseesome excellent observations on this head by Prof. Huxley ('Nat. Hist. Review,' Oct. 1864, p. 578), who remarks that when the wind heaps up sand-dunes it sifts andunconsciously selectsfrom the gravel on the beach grains of sand of equal size.
[443]Sheep, 1838, p. 60.
[444]Mr. J. Wright on Shorthorn Cattle, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii. pp. 208, 209.
[445]H. D. Richardson on Pigs, 1817, p. 44.
[446]'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 24.
[447]Sheep, pp. 520, 319.
[448]Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. viii., 1835, p. 618.
[449]'A Treatise on the Art of Breeding the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 9.
[450]'Recreations in Agriculture,' vol. ii. p. 409.
[451]Youatt on Cattle, pp. 191, 227.
[452]Ferguson, 'Prize Poultry,' 1854, p. 208.
[453]Wilson, in 'Transact. Highland Agricult. Soc.,' quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 29.
[454]Simmonds, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 637. And for the second quotation,seeYouatt on Sheep, p. 171.
[455]Robinet, 'Vers à Soie,' 1848, p. 271.
[456]Quatrefages, 'Les Maladies du Ver à Soie,' 1859, p. 101.
[457]M. Simon, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. ix., 1862, p. 221.
[458]'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i., 1854, p. 607.
[459]J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' 1852, p. xiv., and 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 11.
[460]'Journal Royal Agricultural Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 22.
[461]'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 596.
[462]Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 254.
[463]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.
[464]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 152.
[465]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 369.
[466]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 381.
[467]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 285.
[468]Rev. W. Bromehead, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 550.
[469]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 721.
[470]Dr. Anderson, in 'The Bee,' vol. vi. p. 96; Mr. Barnes, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 476.
[471]Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 69; 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 258.
[472]On Sheep, p. 18.
[473]Volz, 'Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 47.
[474]Mitford's 'History of Greece,' vol. i. p. 73.
[475]Dr. Dally, translated in 'Anthropological Review,' May 1864, p. 101.
[476]Volz, 'Beiträge,' &c., 1852, s. 80.
[477]'History of the World,' ch. 45.
[478]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1848, p. 323.
[479]Reynier, 'De l'Economie des Celtes,' 1818, pp. 487, 503.
[480]Le Couteur on Wheat, p. 15.
[481]Michel, 'Des Haras,' 1861, p. 84.
[482]Sir W. Wilde, an 'Essay on Unmanufactured Animal Remains,' &c., 1860, p. 11.
[483]Col. Hamilton Smith, 'Nat. Library,' vol. xii., Horses, pp. 135, 140.
[484]Michel, 'Des Haras,' p. 90.
[485]Mr. Baker, 'History of the Horse,' Veterinary, vol. xiii. p. 423.
[486]M. l'Abbé Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' vol. xxiv., 1784, p. 181: this memoir contains much information on the ancient selection of sheep; and is my authority for rams not being killed young in England.
[487]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 389.
[488]Communications to Board of Agriculture, quoted in Dr. Darwin's 'Phytologia,' 1800, p. 451.
[489]'Mémoire sur les Chinois,' 1786, tom. xi. p. 55; tom. v. p. 507.
[490]'Recherches sur l'Agriculture des Chinois,' par L. D'Hervey-Saint-Denys, 1850, p. 229. With respect to Khang-hi,seeHuc's 'Chinese Empire,' p. 311.
[491]Anderson, in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xii. p. 253.
[492]'Mém. de l'Acad.' (divers savans), tom. vi., 1835, p. 333.
[493]'Des Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 333, 371.
[494]'The Great Sahara,' by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, 1860, p. 238.
[495]Pallas, 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1777, p. 249; Moorcroft and Trebeck, 'Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,' 1841.
[496]Quoted from Raffles, in the 'Indian Field,' 1859, p. 196; for Varro,seePallas,ut supra.
[497]Erman's 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 453.
[498]Seealso 'Journal of R. Geograph. Soc.,' vol. xiii. part i. p. 65.
[499]Livingstone's 'First Travels,' pp. 191, 439, 565;seealso 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, p. 465, for an analogous case respecting a good breed of goats.
[500]Andersson's 'Travels in South Africa,' pp. 232, 318, 319.
[501]Dr. Vavasseur, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 136.
[502]'The Natural History of Dee Side,' 1855, p. 476.
[503]'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 457.
[504]'Cattle,' p. 48.
[505]Livingstone's Travels, p. 576; Andersson, 'Lake Ngami,' 1856, p. 222. With respect to the sale in Kaffraria,see'Quarterly Review,' 1860, p. 139.
[506]'Mémoire sur les Chinois' (by the Jesuits), 1786, tom. xi. p. 57.
[507]F. Michel, 'Des Haras,' pp. 47, 50.
[508]Col. Hamilton Smith, Dogs, in 'Nat. Lib.,' vol. x. p. 103.
[509]Azara, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 324.
[510]Sidney's edit. of Youatt, 1860, pp. 24, 25.
[511]'Rural Economy of Yorkshire,' vol. ii. p. 182.
[512]Moll et Gayot, 'Du Bœuf,' 1860, p. 547.
[513]'The India Sporting Review,' vol. ii. p. 181; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 58.
[514]'The Horse,' p. 22.
[515]'History of England,' vol. i. p. 316.
[516]'Uber Beständigkeit der Arten.'
[517]Youatt on Sheep, p. 315.
[518]'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51.
[519]Low, 'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 363.
[520]'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 392.
[521]H. von Nathusius, 'Vorstudien ... Schweineschædel,' 1864, s. 140.
[522]Seealso Dr. Christ, in 'Rütimeyer's Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 226.
[523]The passage is given 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1858, p. 11.
[524]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 394.
[525]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 85.
[526]SeeMr. Wildman's address to the Floricult. Soc., in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 86.
[527]'Journal of Horticulture,' Oct. 24th, 1865, p. 239.
[528]Prescott's 'Hist. of Mexico,' vol. ii. p. 61.
[529]Sageret, 'Pomologie Physiologique,' 1830, p. 47; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 88; Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' 1859, tom. ii. pp. 63, 67, 70. In my tenth and eleventh chapters I have given details on the potato; and I can confirm similar remarks with respect to the onion. I have also shown how far Naudin concurs in regard to the varieties of the melon.
[530]Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 27.
[531]'The Anthropological Treatises of Blumenbach,' 1865, p. 292.
[532]Mr. J. J. Murphy in his opening address to the Belfast Nat. Hist. Soc., as given in the Belfast Northern Whig, Nov. 19, 1866. Mr. Murphy here follows the line of argument against my views previously and more cautiously given by the Rev. C. Pritchard, Pres. Royal Astronomical Soc., in his sermon (Appendix, p. 33) preached before the British Association at Nottingham, 1866.
[533]On the Vision of Fishes and Amphibia, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xviii., 1866, p. 469.
[534]Fourth edition, 1866, p. 215.
[535]Quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 325.Seealso Youatt on Cattle, pp. 62, 69.
[536]MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 311.
[537]'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 123.
[538]Youatt on Sheep, p. 312.
[539]'Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 33.
[540]Dr. Heusinger, 'Wochenschrift für die Heilkunde,' Berlin, 1846, s. 279.
[541]Youatt on the Dog, p. 232.
[542]'The Fruit-trees of America,' 1845, p. 270: for peaches, p. 466.
[543]'Proc. Royal Soc. of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius,' 1852, p. cxxxv.
[544]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1856, p. 379.
[545]Quatrefages, 'Maladies Actuelles du Ver à Soie,' 1859, pp. 12, 214.
[546]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1851, p. 595.
[547]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 476.
[548]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, pp. 435, 691.
[549]Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' 1801, B. i. s. 310.
[550]Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 224.
[551]G. Lewis's 'Journal of Residence in West Indies,' 'Home and Col. Library,' p. 100.
[552]Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, p.24.
[553]'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, pp. 476, 498; 1865, p. 460. With respect to the heartsease, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 628.
[554]'Des Jacinthes, de leur Culture,' 1768, p. 53: on wheat, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 653.
[555]W. B. Tegetmeier, 'The Field,' Feb. 25, 1865. With respect to black fowls,seea quotation in Thompson's 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' 1849, vol. i. p. 22.
[556]'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii. 1860, p. 359.
[557]'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. 2nd series, 1835, p. 275. For raspberries,see'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 154, and 1863, p. 245.
[558]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 806.
[559]Ibid., 1850, p. 732.
[560]Ibid., 1860, p. 956.
[561]J. De Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 120.
[562]Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' pp. 266, 501: in regard to the cherry, p. 198.
[563]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 755.
[564]'Journal of Horticulture,' Sept. 26th, 1865, p. 254;seeother references given in chap. x.
[565]Mr. Selby, in 'Mag. of Zoology and Botany,' Edinburgh, vol. ii., 1838, p. 393.
[566]The Reine Claude de Bavay, 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 27, 1864, p. 511.
[567]Mr. Pusey, in 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc., vol. vi. p. 179. For Swedish turnips,see'Gard. Chron.,' 1847, p. 91.
[568]Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 98.
[569]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 732.
[570]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, pp. 820, 821.
[571]'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 59.
[572]Mr. Hewitt and others, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1862, p. 773.
[573]'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 405.