the Streptococcus of Schutz. It is contagious and a number of animals inthe same stable may become affected at the same time. It is supposed toattack an animal but once, but it may be contracted a second time. Mayoccur at any time of the year.SYMPTOMS: The animal will first appear dull, and show loss of appetite;and the hair will look dull and rough. There will be a watery dischargefrom the nose, and in a day or so a lump will appear between the jaws;the animal keeps his head in a peculiar position; saliva runs from itsmouth; the pulse will be a little faster than normal. The breathing willbecome more rapid and the lump between the jaws will get larger. Thislump, or tumor, may form in other parts of the body, on the shoulder, inthe groin, lungs or intestines. It usually causes death if it cannot beabsorbed. This is called irregular distemper. A determined effort shouldbe made to draw the lump, or tumor, to a head as soon as possible.TREATMENT: Place the horse in a clean, well-ventilated and lightedstall, excluding all drafts, blanket the animal, hand rub the legs andbandage them; give inhalations of steam from Hot Water and Turpentine. Agood method for heating water for this purpose is to place hot stones orbricks in the water and Turpentine. This will relieve the hardbreathing. Remember a horse cannot breathe through his mouth, therefore,liquid drenches are dangerous. A paste made from Potassi Chlorate, twoounces; Potassi Nitrate, two ounces, dissolved in a pint of warmmolasses and given well back on the tongue in tablespoonful doses everytwo or three hours is very beneficial. A liniment made from equal partsof Aqua Ammonia Fort., Turpentine and Sweet Oil should be applied, everymorning over the enlargement that appears in the region of the throat.If the enlargement fails to come to a head, secure the services of anaccomplished veterinarian, who will use a clean instrument for lancingpurposes.After an attack of distemper your horse is generally run down incondition. Give the following: Potassi Nitrate, four ounces; Pulv.Gentian Root, four ounces; Pulv. Anise Seed, eight ounces. Make intothirty-two powders and give one powder three times daily in feed.DROPSY(Of the Belly, Chest, Sheath, Udder and Legs)CAUSE: Poor circulation; kidneys not working properly; lack of exercise;diseases of the lungs, liver, heart, womb or sheath. Mares heavy withfoal often have dropsical swellings.SYMPTOMS: Swelling seldom contains fluid, although sometimes a stickyserum oozes through the skin; fingers pressed against the swollen partsleave impressions.TREATMENT: Avoid giving physics in this condition when possible,especially to mares with foal. Feed laxative food, as hot bran mashes,green grass, carrots, potatoes, etc.; also the following mixture:Potassi Iodide, two ounces; Potassi Nitrate, four ounces; Chloride ofPotash, two ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders. Place one powderin their drinking water three times a day. Exercise the animal as muchas possible and you will derive good results from this treatment withina week or so.I may add that in the above affection it is a bad practice to apply hotapplications, as the chances are it would produce a sloughing of theskin.ECZEMACAUSE: Anything that interferes with the healthy action of the skin, aschecked sweating, irritation from dirty blankets or harness, or fromaccumulation of dirt on the skin through want of grooming, errors infeeding, overheat, or by infection. In some cases the cause seems to beconstitutional; in others, local. Though the disease is not parasitic incharacter, it is probable that when once contracted the diseased partsmay be become infected.SYMPTOMS: Slight dryness and eruptions that may affect the head, ears,neck, shoulders, flanks, inside of thighs and root of the tail, followedby vesicles or pimples which burst and discharge, or the contents may beabsorbed. The animal will rub against the stall, manger, or any otherobject he can reach, until the parts are very sore, or if worked, hewill rub himself violently when unharnessed.TREATMENT: Give Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, one tablespoonful morningand night on their feed; also give a physic consisting of two drams ofAloin and two drams of Pulverized Ginger in gelatin capsule. Give at onedose. One physic is all that is necessary to cool out the blood, whichwill assist materially in treating Eczema. Also, apply Zinc Ointmenttwice daily over the vesicles or pimples which will appear on the skin.Also, feed easily digested food if possible, such as carrots, apples,grass, hot bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, and keep the animalclean and groom carefully with clean combs and brushes.EYE DISEASESCONJUNCTIVITIS, or Inflammation of the superficial structure of the eye.CAUSE: Direct or indirect injury to the eye, as a blow from a whip,dust, sand or chaff in the eye, or it may be due to extreme cold, heat,or foul air.Inflammation of the Membrane of NictitansThe membrane of nictation is an accessory eyelid common to all domesticanimals, the purpose of which is to remove foreign substances from theeye in much the same manner as we use the hand.SYMPTOMS: Conjunctivitis and inflammation of the membranes of nictitansare very much the same. A partial or complete closure of the eye, and awatery discharge due to overstimulation of the lachrymal glands, thefluid being secreted so abundantly that it is impossible for the tearduct to carry it away; hence, there will be a continuous overflow oftears down the horse's face. The formation of a film or scum over theeye need not cause alarm if the eye shows no sign of puncture.TREATMENT: Examine the eye carefully and remove any foreign body withclean cloth or feather and apply the following: Yellow Oxide of Mercury,three grains; Lanolin, one ounce. Mix well together and apply to the eyethree or four times daily. Avoid the use of liquid medicines, as theyare hard to apply, and the animal throws them out by shaking the head.FISTULOUS WITHERSCAUSE: Fistulous Withers are seen mostly in horses that have a thickneck as well as those that are very high in the withers, or among saddlehorses, those that are very low on the withers, the saddle here ridingforward and bruising the parts. They are often caused by ill-fittingcollars or saddles, by direct injury from blows, and from the horserolling upon rough, sharp stones. In this location, the ulcer of theskin or a simple abscess, if not properly and punctually treated, mayterminate into Fistula. The pus burrows and finds lodgment deep downbetween the muscles, and escapes only when the sinuses become surchargedwhen, during motion of the muscles, the pus is forced to the surface.SYMPTOMS: These of course will vary according to the progress made bythe Fistula. Following an injury we may often notice soreness orstiffness of the front legs, and upon careful examination of the witherswe will see small tortuous lines running from the point of irritationdownwards and backwards over the region of the shoulder. The stiffnessof the limbs may disappear at this time, and heat and soreness of theparts may become less noticeable, but the swelling of the shoulderscontinues to enlarge. The swelling may often have the form of a runningulcer, or its contents may dry up and leave a tumor, which graduallydevelops the common characteristic of a fistulous tumor. When theenlargement has an opening, we should carefully examine the pus cavity,as upon this condition will wholly depend our treatment.TREATMENT: Keep the animal as quiet as possible, as any movements of thelimbs cause the pus to spread between the lines of the muscles and formlarger abscesses or tumors. When the bone becomes diseased, it is verydifficult to effect a cure, especially where the pus burrows back of theScapula (Shoulder Blade). In case the abscess is newly formed, and closeto the surface, syringing out with a solution made from Bichloride ofMercury, five grains to one ounce of water, generally causes the whitefibrous tissue to slough away and the parts to heal rapidly. If theabscess is deep, and the bones become diseased, the pus will have a veryoffensive odor, and I would recommend the services of a competentVeterinarian to remove all diseased portions of bone or muscle.FILARIAE(Thread-like Worm)CAUSE: Drinking stagnant water, or eating hay gathered from swamps ormarshy land. When full grown, the worm measures from two to six inchesin length; the tail is more or less curved. They are found in the lungcavity, the heart sac, and the intestinal cavity, from which theysometimes descend into the sac containing the testicles. Animals said tohave a snake in the eye have been exhibited as curiosities; in all casesthe simulated snake was nothing more than the Filariae.SYMPTOMS: Colicky spells; poor appetite, indigestion, pot-belly, roughcoat; swelling of the sheath, legs, and the lower surface of the belly.TREATMENT: Prevention is the only treatment, for when the worms onceenter the digestive canal, it is impossible to remove them.FOUNDERCAUSE: Overeating or drinking--in fact, any irritation of the stomach orintestines is liable to be followed by Founder, owing to the similarityin the sensitive structure of the foot, skin, and mucous membranes.Horses with weak feet are predisposed to Founder, but it may also occurin strong-footed animals. Founder is also produced by driving an animalon a hot summer day and then placing in the stable where the sweat issuddenly checked by drafts, etc.SYMPTOMS: The horse is stiff, and moves with great difficulty; he willgenerally, though not always, remain standing. Throws weight upon theheel of the foot to relieve the toe, and if an effort is made to backhim he will drag his feet. Excessive heat is present at the top of thehoof, and a throbbing of the arteries may be felt. When the fore feetonly are affected, the horse will relieve them of as much weight aspossible when walking by placing the hind feet well under the body,which results in a peculiar jumping motion. Founder may occur in allfour feet, but the fore feet are more often affected than the hind ones.Mares sometimes founder after giving birth to a colt, due toinflammation of the womb; symptoms correspond to those of commonFounder. Founder may be mistaken for disease of the lungs or kidneys,owing to the standing position and arched back. Veterinarians have beenknown to mistake it for lung fever; the services of such men aredangerous and should be avoided.TREATMENT: In all cases of Founder, administer Potassi Iodide, oneounce; Soda Bicarbonate, four ounces; Potassi Nitrate, four ounces. Mixand give one tablespoonful in drinking water every six hours. If theanimal will not take it in its water, place in gelatin capsule and givewith capsule gun.Find out the true cause of the disease, if possible, and perhaps aphysic will be indicated, containing Aloin, two drams; Ginger, twodrams; place it in a capsule and give with capsule gun. If desiredresults are not obtained in eighteen hours, repeat the dose until thereis an action of the bowels. Founder following excessive irritation ofthe stomach and intestines, or mares heavy with foal, should not receivephysics. Feed food that is easily digested, as carrots, kale, apples,potatoes, hot bran mashes, or steamed rolled oats, etc.It is well to elevate the hind quarters and give rectal injections ofWarm Water and Glycerine. Stand in mud or water, or apply bagscontaining mud, bran or ice; in fact, anything that will have a cool,moist effect on the feet.After the inflammation of the feet has subsided, and the animal walksfairly well, you should apply a blister containing Red Iodide ofMercury, two drams; Lard, two ounces, around the top of the hoofs, andrub in well twice forty-eight hours apart. In some cases of Founder itis recommended to bleed the animal in the foot. If this is attempted,good disinfectants should be used, as lock-jaw might follow.GALLSCAUSE: Injuries from ill-fitting collars, saddles, harness, hobbles andscalping-boots.TREATMENT: Remove the cause. Never wash a Gall with water, as thisprevents its healing, nor use oils or salves, as they accumulate dirt,dust and germs, which may cause infection. The following applicationmakes a very valuable dressing for Galls: Boracic Acid, one ounce; CornStarch, one ounce; Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Iodoform, one dram.Powder finely and place in sifter-top can. Dust on Gall before going towork and on retiring. This heals and refreshes the Galls and wounds byforming a smooth surface over the part, which permits it to heal whilethe horse works.GREASE HEELCAUSE: Parasitic fungi invading cracked heels.SYMPTOMS: Offensive discharge from the glands under the skin, and if notproperly treated, red spots will appear, and the yellow discharge willform a hard crust sticking to the roots of the hair.TREATMENT: Cleanliness is one of the most important measures. Also, goodnourishing food. If the skin is swollen and tender, poultice with hotFlaxseed Meal or bran. After the swelling and tenderness have abated,wash well with good Castile Soap and Warm Water. Dry with clean clothand apply the following mixture: Calomel, one dram; Iodoform, one dram;Boracic Acid, one ounce. Mix well and apply two to three times a day.Feed green grass, carrots, kale, apples, or potatoes if possible, alsofeed hot bran mashes. In all cases of Grease Heel give the followingphysic: Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger, two drams. Place in a capsuleand give with capsule gun. A physic has a very good effect on the blood,which assists materially in healing the cracks and nodules that appearin Grease Heel.BELGIAN STALLION BELVEDERE, FIRST PRIZE WINNER.Owned by Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa.GLANDERS OR FARCYCAUSE: Due to a specific germ called the Bacillus Malleii, or Bacillusof Glanders. Glanders, or Farcy, is very contagious, and istransmissible to man as well as animals. Cattle and sheep alone areimmune. The disease may be contracted at watering troughs, stables,horseshoeing shops, in boats, trains and by harness, bits, curry combs,bedding, pails, etc., as well as by direct contact with a diseasedanimal.SYMPTOMS: Animal does not thrive although the appetite is good at times;loss of flesh, and is subject to sweats, the hair looks rough, thetemperature increasing slightly, perhaps two degrees, a cough isgenerally present. Legs and abdomen are swollen; discharge from thenose, sometimes tinged with blood and very sticky, the membranes of thenose look dusty, and ulcers or spots are visible if closely examined.The glands under the back of the ears and between the jaws are hard,lumpy and swollen.In addition to the above symptoms, Farcy affects the skin by producingswellings, or nodules, varying from the size of a pea to that of ahickory nut (called Farcy buds, or Farcy buttons), which are foundinside of the hind legs under the abdomen, on the side of the chest;shoulder and neck, also around the nose, lips and face. Generally thereis a discharge of greenish-yellow pus, which is very sticky.Glanders, or Farcy, may be mistaken for nasal catarrh, nasal gleet,ulcerated teeth, nettle rash, lymphangitis, distemper, etc. Fortunately,this dreaded disease is not very prevalent in this country, as everyprecaution has been taken to stamp it out.NO TREATMENT: If at any time you have reason to think one of youranimals has the disease, or even a neighbor's, or a transient horse,exhibits the symptoms, it is your duty to report the fact to the StateVeterinarian at once. You will do this if you have your own welfare andthat of your neighborhood at heart.HEAVES(Emphysema of the Lungs)CAUSE: Fast or heavy work. It may follow Lung Fever or Pleurisy, or theanimal may inherit weakness in the walls of the air-cells of the lungs.A very common cause is feeding dusty or dirty hay, or bulky food. Horsesthat are accustomed to eating ravenously are often victims of Heaves.SYMPTOMS: Disease may develop slowly or rapidly. When the animal is atrest, the air is taken into the lungs in a more or less normal manner,but is expelled by two distinct efforts, the abdominal muscles aidingthe lungs in expiration, as may be seen by the heaving of the flank; themovement of the ribs in breathing is scarcely noticeable in a heavyhorse. A healthy animal, when at rest, will throw the air from the lungsin a single effort. The difficulty in breathing is constant andincreases in proportion to the amount of food in the stomach andintestines. At the beginning of the attack there is a spasmodic cough,which is more or less intermittent; this develops later into a short,weak, suppressed cough, as if the animal lacked strength in his chest toexpel a full breath, often accompanied by expulsion of wind from theanus, which is somewhat protruded.TREATMENT: Feed good, nourishing food, but nothing that is of a bulkynature. Feed more grain and less hay, which should be dampened withwater if dusty. Do not feed dusty, musty or bulky food, but give plentyof potatoes, apples, kale and green grass. Have your druggist make youup one quart of Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, omitting the Tincture ofLavender. This is soothing to the organs of breathing, and should begiven two tablespoonfuls three times a day on the feed. After a week orten days you might increase the dose slightly. Although this will makethe horse work much better, do not give it with the hope of effecting acomplete cure, as very few cases recover fully from this disease.HORSE DENTISTRYThis is a very important branch of Veterinary Science, although, if Iwere to go into detail on the subject, it would require the writing ofan individual volume. This science requires considerable practice. Theprice of special costly instruments would prohibit the average stockmanfrom doing his own dentistry.My advice is to secure nothing but the services of a qualifiedVeterinarian, who has had privileges of a thorough knowledge ofVeterinary Science.The art of animal dentistry has been abused by the owners of stockallowing the services of irresponsible men in the veterinary profession,who do not look to the betterment of the animal's condition. The ownerof the animal, not being able to see the condition of the animal's teethfor himself, is persuaded into having the animal's teeth worked onregardless of whether it is needed or not. The quack or transientVeterinarian will pull and crack healthy, sound teeth, and also laceratethe poor animal's mouth. Be sure the Veterinarian employed for thispurpose is competent.INFLUENZA(Pink Eye-Epizootic Catarrh)CAUSE: Influenza is a specific and infectious fever, which shows amarked tendency to rapidly spread over a large area of country. Itgenerally appears suddenly, without, preliminary symptoms, and maybecome fully developed in twenty-four hours.SYMPTOMS: The usual symptoms are those of Catarrh, although the bowels,lungs and brain complications may be present, either singly or combined.It always gives rise to great weakness. The distinguishingcharacteristics of Influenza from Distemper, Sore Throat, and otherdiseases affecting the organs of breathing, are the suddenness of theattack, rise of temperature, varying from 103 to 106 degrees F., pulsefeeble and fast, and a pinkish, swollen appearance of the inside of theeyelids. The animal is dull, in some cases almost unconscious. Sometimesthe legs are very stiff and swollen, and there is great difficulty inmoving about.TREATMENT: Place the affected animal in a clean, well ventilated stall,avoid drafts, give pure water to drink with chill taken off, in smallquantities but often. Blanket if the weather is chilly, hand rub thelegs and bandage, give Quinine, two drams, in a gelatin capsule withcapsule gun every four hours. In addition to the above, administer thetreatment recommended for Acute and Chronic Coughs.Feed good, nutritious food that has a laxative effect on the bowels, asit is dangerous to give horses physic with this disease. Hot branmashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables are very beneficial.LAMPASCAUSE: In young horses it is commonly caused by cutting teeth. In olderanimals it is usually due to indigestion.SYMPTOMS: A puffy swelling and redness of the gums. The animal may havedifficulty in eating.TREATMENT: In young animals, when cutting teeth, let nature take itscourse, but when an animal is five years or over, place two drams ofAloin, and two drams of Pulv. Ginger, in a gelatin capsule andadminister with capsule gun. Then tone up the digestive organs by mixingone ounce of Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce of Pulv. Nux Vomica, fourounces of Bicarbonate of Soda. Make into eight powders and give onepowder in feed twice daily, or place in gelatin capsule and administerwith capsule gun.LEECHES(Haemopis)The leeches which suck the blood of the horse may be divided into twoclasses, the external parasites which attach themselves to the skin ofthe legs and adjacent parts of the horse, and the Haemopis Sanguisuga,and others of this class, which, not being able to penetrate the skin,endeavor to enter the mouth or nostrils of the horse when he is drinkingor grazing in wet and leech-infected pastures. They sometimes cling tothe mucous membrane of the eyes. The horse leech, which lives in thewater, usually gains access to the mouth and nostrils of the animal,when young and not more than one-tenth of an inch long. They rarely gobeyond the air and food passages, generally fastening themselves to thewalls of the windpipe and gullet, where they cling till the animal diesfrom loss of blood or suffocation. They often cause bleeding from themouth and nostrils, and may be seen by close examination.TREATMENT: Endeavor to build up the condition of the animal withsuitable food. Also feed liberal quantities of stock salt. Where theleeches cling tightly to the mucous membranes of the mouth and nostrils,it is well to cause the horse to inhale the vapor from hot watercontaining turpentine.LOCK-JAW(Tetanus)CAUSE: The bacilli of Tetanus are widely distributed and can be found inpractically every part of the globe. Their favorite place of production,however, is in barn yards and marshy ground. They are frequentlyswallowed by stock along with forage, and can often be found in recentlyexpelled feces. The most favorable temperature for their development isabout 70 degrees F. They act by means of extremely virulent poisonswhich they produce, and which causes the terrible symptoms that arecharacteristic of the disease.SYMPTOMS: The muscles of expression are usually the first brought underthe continual spasm of tetanus, and when thus affected give the face ofthe animal a pinched and drawn-in appearance. The other muscles of thehead and those of the neck are next attacked. The mouth is closed, thenose poked out, the head elevated. The muscles of breathing, and thoseof the limbs, become contracted so that the neck is hollowed, and thetail is raised, the horse stands with outstretched limbs. The animalshows great stiffness or rigidity in attempted movements. The eyes aresunken, and when startled or excited, the breathing is quickened and theflanks have a wrinkled or corrugated appearance. Death may quickly occurfrom continuous spasms of the muscles of the throat. Another sign is theflying up of the accessory eyelid when the animal is excited.TREATMENT: If noticed in its first stages, and if the animal is able toeat, secure the services of an accomplished Veterinarian and insist onthe use of fresh vaccine. This disease is almost impossible to cure, andabout ninety per cent die.LUNG FEVER(Pneumonia)CAUSE: Predisposition is largely accountable for this disease, which ismore common to young horses than old; also, changes of temperature,introduction of foreign bodies or liquids into the trachea (windpipe)and the bronchial tubes, inhalation of smoke or irritating gases,excitement, exposure to cold after clipping, turning out to pasture froma warm stable, or injury to chest or ribs from being struck with a pole,etc.SYMPTOMS: Dullness in spirit; animal usually shivers or trembles; whenthis ceases the temperature rises to perhaps 103 to 106 degrees F.,pulse increases to sixty or ninety per minute, full and bounding;breathing short and labored and abnormally quick, increasing to perhapsfifty inspirations per minute, whereas in health it does not exceedtwelve or thirteen per minute. A cough is also likely to be present, andthe animals remain standing until they are on the road to recovery, oruntil death takes place. Other symptoms are constipation, feces coveredwith mucus or slime; urination frequent, scanty and dark in color;appetite poor, but thirst great; the eyes look glassy and the membraneshave an inflamed appearance. It is a good sign if the animal looks aboutfreely. When the critical stage is past the temperature and pulsegradually fall, the appetite returns and the urine becomes moreabundant, and takes on its natural color, the cough loosens, and thedischarge from the lungs is profuse, and of a yellowish color, and thebreathing becomes normal.TREATMENT: Good care is of the utmost importance. Place the horse in acomfortable, well ventilated stall, being careful to exclude drafts.Hand rub and bandage the legs with woolen cloth. Blanket the animal,give plenty of bedding and keep pure water before him at all times.Internally administer Quinine, two ounces; Iodide of Ammonia, twoounces; Ammonia Bicarbonate, two ounces. Mix well and make into sixteenpowders. Place powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun everyfour hours. It is quite necessary that the above remedy should be placedin capsule, as drugs of this nature tend to irritate the throat. Do notgive physics, as it is much safer to give laxative food, as hot branmashes, steam rolled oats or some vegetables, in fact anything theanimal will eat, i.e., that has food values. It is advisable to applyover the chest the following liniment; Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces;Turpentine, four ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and shakewell before applying each time over the chest cavity.In case the animal is constipated, give rectal injections of soap andwarm water containing a few drops of Turpentine.MANGE(Scabies)CAUSE: Mange is a contagious disease, produced by the presence of asmall parasite that varies in length from a fiftieth to a hundredth ofan inch, according to the species, of which there are three: Sarcoptes,which generally affects the withers; Symbiotes Communis, affecting thelegs, and the Psoroptes Communis, which affects horses about the root ofthe tail and mane. The latter is the one most commonly found affectinghorses. They multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to healthyhorses by their bodies coming in contact with one another, or bycorrals, stables, railroad cars, etc., recently occupied by mangyhorses.SYMPTOMS: The mange mite attacks the skin and produces a thickness ofits outer surface, covering it with crusts and scabs, with a consequentloss of hair. Intense itching accompanies the disease, and affectedhorses continually bite and rub themselves.Psoroptic Mange commences at the root of the tail, or at the roots ofthe mane on the neck or withers, and gradually spreads over the back, upto the head, over the sides, and finally affects the entire body. Incases of long standing the skin becomes ulcerated, the animal becomesgreatly weakened, emaciated and finally dies.TREATMENT: When a large number of horses are affected (in one locality)it is best to prepare a vat and dip them, under the supervision of theUnited States Bureau of Animal Industry. When just a few horses becomeaffected, the following has proven very effective: Sulphur, eightounces; Oil of Tar, eight ounces; Sweet Oil, two quarts. Mix and applyliberally to the parts affected. A few applications are generallysufficient to eradicate the disease.MONDAY MORNING DISEASE(Lymphangitis)CAUSE: This ailment is common with hard working horses, and is caused byconfining them in the stable and allowing their usual amount of food.More nutriment is consumed than can be taken up by the system, whichcauses an irritation. It is frequently found in certain stables onMonday morning, hence its name--Monday Morning Disease.SYMPTOMS: Swelling and lameness, most usually affecting the hind leginside of the thigh and extending down the leg in a hard ridge. It willpit on pressure, and cause intense pain; the horse will have difficultyin extending the limb forward, the swelling may surround the legentirely. Pulse will be fifty to sixty per minute, temperature 102 to104 degrees F., breathing will be faster than normal. The animal hasgreat thirst, but the appetite is very poor; usually remains standing;if he lies down will have great difficulty in getting up.TREATMENT: In this particular disease apply hot fomentations to theaffected limb or limbs, for one hour, then rub dry and apply CamphoratedLiniment. Give Nitrate Potassi, Chlorate of Potassi, Iodide Potassi,each four ounces. Mix and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powderthree times a day in drinking water or in a gelatin capsule and givewith capsule gun.In most cases it is advisable to give a physic: Aloin, two drams; Pulv.Gentian Root, one dram; Ginger, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule andgive with capsule gun.MUD FEVERCAUSE: Horses driven over muddy roads during the day and exposed tofreezing weather at night, or driving them over muddy roads, thenwashing the limbs and not drying them properly, often produces asuperficial inflammation of the legs.SYMPTOMS: The legs are swollen, extremely hot and tender, the horse isstiff, the hair comes off the legs easily and if the cause is notremoved severe complication may follow, as the secretions of the skinbecome greatly affected.TREATMENT: Prevention. Horses that are driven over muddy, wet roadsshould have their legs rubbed dry when stabling them for any length oftime. When the legs are badly swollen wash them with clean warm waterand Castile soap and dry them well with a clean soft cloth. Then applyZinc Oxide Ointment or a lotion made from Acetate of Lead, one ounce;Zinc Sulphate, one-half ounce. Place in a quart of clean water and applytwice daily. Either application is very beneficial in the treatment ofMud Fever. Feed the animal wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats,vegetables, etc., as they have a very good effect on the system whichaids in relieving the inflammation of the skin.NASAL GLEET(Chronic Catarrh)CAUSE: Exposure to cold followed by neglect, and lack of nourishingfood; bruise or fracture of the frontal bones of the head; injury of theblood-vessels inside the bones, or an ulcerated tooth. May also becaused by tumor, or foreign substance or liquids in the nasal cavities.Sometimes dried pus in the nostrils, resulting from a cold, will causenasal gleet.SYMPTOMS: A white or yellowish discharge from one or both of thenostrils, the quantity varying with the severity of the attack and thelength of time the disease has been established. If, when tapping overthe nose below the eye, a dull sound is produced, it is safe to concludethat the cavities are filled with pus; to make certain, compare the sickanimal with a healthy one; in some cases you will notice that even thebones of the nose below the eye are slightly elevated. The lining of thenose may be of a red or yellow color but not ulcerated in spots, as inGlanders. The animal may continue in pretty good spirits and work wellfor a time but as the case develops he becomes lean in flesh and what istermed hide-bound. Always examine the teeth. In a case of long standing,the discharge has a fetid smell, differing in this respect also fromGlanders.TREATMENT: If not due to fractured bones of the head or ulcerated teeth,the animal will, in most cases, recover with proper medical treatment.When due to injury to the bones of the head, tumors, ulcerated teeth ordried pus in the nasal cavities, it is best to secure the services of askillful Veterinarian, one whose professional knowledge renders himthoroughly competent. In the mild forms of nasal-gleet or chroniccatarrh, administer the following: Ferri Sulphate, Potassi Iodide, NuxVomica, each four ounces. Mix well and make into thirty-two capsules.Give one capsule three times daily and feed food that is nourishing andeasily digested.SADDLE STALLION ASTRAL KING, CHAMPION SADDLE STALLION.Owned by James Houchin, Jefferson City, Mo.NAVEL STRING INFECTION(Umbilical Pyemia)CAUSE AND NATURE: While the unborn foal (foetus) is in the womb of itsmother, it is surrounded by enveloping membranes which constitute theafter-birth on delivery. These membranes are attached to the wall of thewomb and are connected to the foetus by means of the navel-string(umbilical cord) which is provided with two arteries and a vein for thenourishment of the young creature and for the removal of its wasteproducts.It also has a narrow canal (the urachus) which serves to remove theurine of the foetus; in fact the subsequently formed bladder takes itsorigin from a dilation of the urachus. Under normal conditions when thefoal is born, respiration takes place, the umbilical arteries and veinsbecome quickly blocked up, urine is discharged through the urethra(which communicates with the penis or vagina, as the case may be), thefoal enjoys a separate existence and the wound caused by the division ofthe umbilical cord leaves a scar which is known as the navel.It is usually supposed that the germ of navel-string infection gainsadmittance into the body through the exposed surface before the wound isclosed. However, I am of the opinion that the mother is the bearer ofthe infection in a great many cases for in the uterine secretions ofmares whose foals fell with navel-string infection, the samecharacteristic germs were found as were present in the joints of theaffected foals. The infectious material is, by the act of covering,conveyed from mare to mare, so that the mucous membranes of the wombbecomes the habitat of the specific germ. By inoculation of these germsinto the blood stream of foals an illness is produced which in thesmallest particular cannot be distinguished from that arising innaturally affected foals. It is a strange fact that when the infectedgerms are transmitted by the mother, their presence does not produce anydisturbance in her.This is a very common malady in most places. I have known severalinstances on particular farms where they were unable to raise eitherfoals or calves, but if the mother were removed to another farmimmediately after or before foaling, the foal or calf lived and wasreared without difficulty, and although constitutional debility plays animportant part, the presence of specific germs constituting an infectedarea is, I believe, the most important factor in producing this disease.According to my observation, about seventy-five per cent of the casesdie within the first three weeks after birth. This high rate ofmortality would be considerably diminished if proper treatment wasadopted.SYMPTOMS: The attack usually comes on during the second or third weekafter birth and almost always before the closure of the navel opening,which, in affected animals, will be found to be in a wet and suppuratingcondition. Occasionally foals two or three months old which have theurachus closed and are in an apparently healthy condition contract thisdisease in a form of painful swelling of the joints. The first symptomsare generally dullness; more or less fever; lameness which is oftenattributed to rheumatism or to injury caused by the mare treading on thefoal; the disinclination to move or even to stand. Upon examination thepatient will be found to have a soft, gelatinous swelling of one or moreof the joints of which the hock, elbow, fetlock, stifle and hip usuallymanifest the enlargement most clearly.These swellings are hot and painful to the touch; they tend to suppurateand frequently cause intense lameness. In very rare cases open urachusmay exist without any joint inflammation. In this disease, inflammationof the joints and open urachus are almost always co-existent.Animals that recover from a bad attack are seldom worth the trouble ofrearing, because as a rule their constitution becomes permanentlyimpaired and one or more of their joints becomes stiffened by theattack.TREATMENT: In the treatment of this disease, we have to attend toconstitutional disturbances, inflamed joints, open urachus andcomplications such as constipation and diarrhoea. The comfort of ourlittle patient must be studied under all circumstances. If the weatherbe at all cold it should be covered by a warm sheet. Should the foalhave any difficulty in rising from the recumbent position, an attendantshould assist it to rise and see that it is regularly fed. It is only inextreme cases that the animal refuses to suck its dam. During warmweather, and especially if the ground is dry, such a patient is alwaysbetter off for a little sunshine, but on no account must it be left outduring extreme heat, as in this state it is very liable to sunstroke.The best food for the mare is grass, which, during the day, she cangenerally have. The inflamed joints of the foal should be rubbed lightlywith the following, after being thoroughly mixed: Red Iodide of Mercury,two drams; Vaseline, two ounces, every forty-eight hours, which, whenapplied to the skin, appears to have a well-marked antiseptic action onthe underlying tissues. An inflamed joint should on no account be bathedwith warm water, fomented or poulticed because the application of moistheat would be the best possible means for promoting the development ofthe infective germs which are the cause of the local and generaldisturbance. The open navel-string should not be ligatured because thatoperation is generally followed by an increased inflammation of thepart, and by an aggravation of the other symptoms apparently on accountof this outlet for deleterious products becoming blocked up. If thenavel-string has been ligatured and is in an inflamed state, theligature should be removed without delay. If the foal is constipatedgive two to three ounces of Castor Oil; also, administer the following:Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one-half dram; Hyposulphite of Soda, four ounces.Mix and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powder well back on thetongue every four hours.As a supplement to the food, we may give brown sugar or treacle, both ofwhich are easily digested and are very nourishing. Four or five eggsdaily will also aid in keeping up the strength.NAVEL RUPTURE(Umbilical Hernia)CAUSE: Hereditary predisposition is well marked in this complaint. Itmay exist at birth, but so-called congenital rupture may very probablybe the result of the pulling which the navel-string underwent at thetime of foaling. However, umbilical hernia usually occurs during thefirst two or three months after birth; that is to say, while the openingat the navel is becoming obliterated and the tissues at that place arebecoming consolidated. They can, however, appear later and may resultfrom more or less violent strains sustained when the foals are jumpingor playing. At other times these strains are induced by intestinalirritation accompanied by diarrhoea or constipation with straining. But,however the strain may take place, the abdominal muscles contract andpush the intestines towards the wall of the belly. Then if they find anopening or even a weak spot, like the ring of the navel while it isundergoing the process of becoming blocked up, they select it and arupture is produced.SYMPTOMS: This rupture, the situation of which clearly shows itscharacter, may vary in size from that of a hen's egg to that of anostrich's egg. If pressed upon with the hand, especially if the animalis placed on its back, the rupture will disappear, to return, however,when the pressure is removed. If it be composed of intestines it will besoft and elastic when the bowels are empty, but when they are full ofsemi-solid food they will be doughy. In any event, the tumor will feelelastic when composed of intestines, but when formed of its connectingmembranes, will naturally not vary in consistence. If intestines bepresent, movements and abdominal rumblings may be detected in it. Thisrupture rarely gives rise to serious consequences because its contentsare composed of large intestines and omentum, either of which is, inthis position, not liable to become strangulated. It may, however,become engorged and inflamed from injury. Its existence naturallydepreciates the value of an animal suffering from it.TREATMENT: In the majority of cases, they will disappear with their ownaccord in two or three months. In case the rupture shows no signs ofdiminishing in size it is well to apply a bandage around the abdomen orsecure the services of a competent veterinarian and he will prescribe atreatment or operate, which will apply directly to your colt's orhorse's particular case.OPEN JOINTCAUSE: Injuries such as a kick from a sharp shoe, wire cuts, puncturesfrom snags, or from probing a wound near a joint. Open joint is one ofthe most serious accidents that may happen to a horse, for the suffereris apt to die from the ensuing constitutional disturbance, and even ifhe recovers the joint will, in all probability, be permanently stiff.SYMPTOMS: If the joint is opened or severely injured the wound will havean ordinary appearance except that there may be a flow of joint oil fromthe injured oil sack. However, the discharge gradually becomes moreunhealthy until finally it is mixed with pus and blood and assumes afetid odor. After two or three days the joint swells and becomes verypainful and a high fever sets in. In unfavorable cases the animal diesfrom exhaustion very shortly, or at best recovers with a permanentlystiff joint.TREATMENT: Never probe a wound near a joint. If the injury is small andnoticed immediately, apply Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Vaseline,two ounces. Mix and rub in well over the wound. This will set upsufficient inflammation to close the opening and kill any infection thatmay be present, as it possesses powerful antiseptic properties. If thewound is large, wash with Bichloride of Mercury, one part to onethousand parts distilled water. The wound should be washed twice a daywith this solution. Then dust the wound with Tannic Acid, one ounce;Iodoform, one ounce; Boracic Acid, one ounce; Calomel, one dram. Mix andplace in sifter top can and apply this after washing each time. Thenbandage the wound by first placing clean absorbent cotton over thewound. Do not attempt to syringe a solution into an opening or some ofthe solution may gain entrance into the joint. Keep the animal as quietas possible and feed laxative food.PALESADE WORM(Strongulus Armatus)This parasite thrives on marshy ground and is commonly found in theUnited States and Canada. The body of the worm is gray in color, more orless stiff and straight and thicker in the front than in the hind part;it varies in length, the male measuring from three-fourths of an inch toone inch and the female from one to two inches. It may occur in an adultor an immature state. In the former it implants itself on the mucousmembrane of the large intestines by means of its armed mouth, while inthe latter it lives in cysts underneath the mucous membrane of theintestines and is sometimes found in the brain, testicles and liver. Theimmature worms which do not issue directly from the cysts get into thearteries and are carried by the force of the blood to all parts of thebody.SYMPTOMS: Same as in Red Worm with the exception of colicky pains causedby the worms blocking the arteries which carry blood to the intestines,thus interfering with the process of digestion. Where the worms enterthe arteries of the limbs it results in lameness. It is a good plan toexamine your animals once or twice a year to insure them against thispest.TREATMENT: Same as for Red Worm.PLEURISYCAUSE: Exposed to a sudden change of temperature, confinement inill-ventilated, damp stables, wounds penetrating the chest, fracturedribs, heart diseases. It also occurs in conjunction with Bronchitis,Influenza, etc.SYMPTOMS: Generally only one side of the lungs is affected and thatbeing the right, although it may affect both sides at the same time.First you will notice the animal distressed, uneasy, shivering, theaffected side is painful to pressure of the hand. The breathing is shortand quick, and the flanks heave--which shows that the animal tries tobreathe as much as possible, by the action of the muscles of the abdomenand not by the movement of the ribs. The nostrils are dilated. There isusually a short, dry, painful cough present, which is repressed by theanimal as much as possible, so as not to shake the inflamed parts. Oftenwhen expelling air from the lungs the horse gives a painful gruntespecially when made to move. The pulse is generally hard and fasterthan usual. The temperature in early stages may rise from 104 to 106degrees F. If the ear is applied to the affected side a dry crackling orfriction sound can be heard; a groove along the lower portion of theribs will extend back to the flank. Within two or three days the pulsewill be softer and weaker, temperature will fall to 101 or 102 degreesF. and there will be fluids form and the painful short breathing willdisappear. The liquids may now undergo absorption if properly treated,and the case terminate favorably in a week or ten days.Frequently large quantities of fluid accumulate in the chest cavity thatcannot be absorbed, the breathing becomes more difficult, short andquick, pulse becomes weak and rapid and the animal dies from exhaustion.TREATMENT: Place the animal in a comfortable, roomy stall; blanket ifthe weather is chilly, permit fresh air, but no drafts, as this is veryimportant. Apply a paste made from Mustard and cold water over the chestcavity. Internally, administer Ammonium Iodide, Chlorate of Potash,Nitrate of Potash, each four ounces. Make into thirty-two powders andgive one powder every two or three hours in gelatin capsule andadminister with capsule gun. The diet is a proper means of keeping upthe animal and is very important. Coax the animal to eat grass orvegetables, hot bran mashes or steam rolled oats. If there is a coughpresent, give the same treatment as recommended for Acute and ChronicCoughs.PIN WORM, THREAD OR MAW WORM(Oxyuris Curvilis)This worm when full grown is about one and three-quarter inches inlength; its tail is thin and whip-like and head thick and terminating ina curve somewhat resembling the crook of a stick. The presence of theseparasites may be detected by a light-yellow substance (the eggs of theworms) which adheres to the skin below the anus. Pin Worms like RoundWorms frequently come away with the feces.TREATMENT: Dissolve four tablespoonfuls Common Salt in one gallon ofwarm water and inject it into the rectum. When this has been expelled,follow with an injection per rectum of Turpentine, four ounces, toone-half gallon Linseed Oil. Elevate the horse's hind quarters so as toretain the injection longer. This will expel the worms and their eggsthat cling to the walls of the rectum. The worms sometimes make theirway so far forward that it is impossible to reach them with aninjection. In this case treat same as for Round worms.Where there is irritation produced about the tail the horse continuallyrubs and it is well to apply Mercurial Ointment to both tail and theanus.POLL EVILPoll Evil is so-called because it occurs in the region of the poll. Itis not a constitutional disease, but comes, no doubt, from well markedcauses, as from inflammation set up and involving the bones and musclesin the region of the poll, and perhaps of the larger ligament. Owing tothe low vitality of the parts and the action of the head in taking food,etc., the pus is apt to burrow deep into the muscles.CAUSE: Direct or indirect injury. A common cause is striking the headagainst a low doorway or an ill-fitting halter or bridle.SYMPTOMS: Swelling just back of the ears on one or both sides of thehead. The animal stands with the nose out; slight heat in the parts,pain on pressure. In the first stages, it is merely inflammatory action.The second stage is suppuration, or there may be great swelling in somecases when there is but little pus formed.In other cases there is profuse suppuration and the pus makes its wayout and discharges to the surface and sinuses are formed, which extendin various directions. Any abscess in this region is called Poll Evil.TREATMENT: When the enlargement is first noticed in the region of thepoll, I would advise the following: Red Iodide of Mercury, four drams;Lard, four ounces, rub in well over the enlargement and perhaps thiswill prevent sinuses from forming, but when the cases are long standingand so-called pipes are formed, I would advise that you secure theservices of an accomplished Veterinarian.PETECHIAL FEVER(Purpura Haemorrhagica)CAUSE: Constitutional weakness following some debilitating disease suchas Distemper, Pink Eye, Catarrh and even following operations, when ananimal becomes weak and from want of exercise, in which case itgenerally appears during his recovery. It is not infectious and cannotbe transmitted by inoculations.SYMPTOMS: There is a slight swelling of the limbs, more likely to beabout the hocks. The swelling may disappear by exercising, but will soonreturn. The swellings present a very abrupt appearance, nearly the sameas if a string were tied around the limbs and swell very quickly, andsymptomatic of Purpura. Exudations take place in which, if on whitelimbs, you will see little red spots, from which a liquid is oozing. Theswelling is very painful and the entire limb may be swollen. Smallvesicles appear on the limbs and also in the mucous membranes, and it iswell to look at the mucous membranes before giving your opinion, as youwill, no doubt, detect these spots, which may extend into the lungs.These spots increase and may run into each other. The mucous membranesof the nose may become a mass of corrupt matter. The upper lip may hangpendulous, which is due to the want of nervous stimulus. If the nostrilsare swollen very badly, there is difficulty in breathing and if theanimal is not able to take food, the symptoms are considered very bad.The pulse varies much in some cases; although the swelling is verygreat, the pulse may not be more than forty or fifty per minute. Thetemperature is elevated one to three degrees above normal, there may bea coughing and a brownish colored discharge from the nostrils. The mouthand eyes become affected and, together with the discharge from the nose,the horse is a loathsome looking object. In milder cases the appetite isretained, or the animal may take food one day and the next refuse it.The bowels are constipated as a general thing in the first stages of thedisease and the urine may be of a dark color, may even contain blood.There may be a peculiar dropsical swelling of these petechial spots orit may show itself in connection with the eyes and there may be bloodextravasation without outer symptoms. This disease may affect thebowels, liver, lungs, etc. The animal usually stands, perhaps from thedifficulty in moving the limbs. It is necessary to watch the caseclosely for flies will attack him and he will be filled with maggots.Sloughing may take place; the entire sheath or patches upon the body mayslough off and there may be paralysis of the penis.TREATMENT: Place the animal in a clean, light, comfortable stall. If theweather is cold, blanket. The following medicine is recommended becauseof its particular effect on the blood in this disease: Chlorate ofPotash, eight ounces; Iodide of Potash, eight ounces; Quinine Sulphate,eight ounces. Make into thirty-two capsules and give one capsule everysix hours. Also administer one ounce capsules filled with Spirits ofTurpentine three or four times a day. Moisten the capsules with SweetOil and give with capsule gun. Feed hot bran mashes containing two orthree ounces of pure Flaxseed meal. Also, feed vegetables, green grass,if possible.QUITTOR(Fistula of the Foot)CAUSE: Injuries. Horses working on rough stony roads are subject topunctures, pricks, bruises, corns, treads, etc., which end in pusformation which does not get a pendant opening and destroys the tissueswith which it comes in contact. Finally it bursts, forms sinuses andpipes, as commonly called, at the top of the hoof.SYMPTOMS: Extreme lameness, heat, pain and swelling will show themselvesabout the top of the hoof. As a rule a Quittor develops slowly and ismore or less painful during the first stages. After the sinus is formedand the pus discharges, the inflammation generally subsides. Its healingprocess is often delayed due to the diseased portion of the cartilagesinside the horny hoof.TREATMENT: Apply Flaxseed or hot Bran poultices to relieve theinflammation and hasten the formation of sinuses or pipes. Then with anordinary syringe inject the following: Silver Nitrate, ten grains;Water, one ounce. Inject fifteen to twenty drops twice daily. Keep thefood clean and the animal as quiet as possible. It is very disagreeable,as stated before, and the healing is very slow, but this must benaturally expected, as we are unable to provide the sinuses with gooddrainage.RED WORM(Strongylus Tetracanthus)The Red Worm varies in length from one-third to three and one-quarterinches, and is sometimes white though it usually appears to be redbecause of the blood it contains. This parasite is found in all parts ofthe world. Its favorite haunt is marshy land.SYMPTOMS: Paleness of all visible membranes, eyes watery and inflamed,swelling of the sheath, legs, and lower surface of the belly; fetiddiarrhoea, dullness, debility, emaciation, rough coat, and the presenceof worms in the feces. The worms when first passed are bright red incolor but after being exposed to the air they turn dark and may easilyescape the notice of the casual observer.TREATMENT: Withhold all food for twenty-four hours, then place thefollowing drugs in a gelatin capsule: Calomel, two drams, BarbadoesAloes, three drams; Ferri Sulphate, two drams. Give with capsule gun.Also place the following tonic in their feed: Pulv. Quassia, one ounce;Ferri Sulphate, two ounces; Pulv. Anise Seed, two ounces. Mix and makesixteen powders. Give one powder two or three times a day in the feed.RHEUMATISM