CAUSE: Exposure to cold rains, drafts, lying on damp ground when theblood is in poor condition. Also due to over-stimulating food.SYMPTOMS: Lameness, swelling or soreness which may shift from one placeto another, then finally locate in or near one of the joints of thelimbs.TREATMENT: Take away all grains and feed laxative foods such aspotatoes, carrots, apples, kale and good hay. If the weather is warmturn out to pasture, but confine in warm stable at night. It isadvisable to give a physic, as Aloin, two drams; Gentian, one dram;Ginger, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give at one dose withcapsule gun, as its action on the blood has a very good effect. When theswellings are painful, apply Camphorated Liniment once or twice daily.Also, administer the following tonic: Potassi Iodide, one ounce; Nitrateof Potash, two ounces; Chlorate of Potash, two ounces; Pulv. GentianRoot, one ounce; Ferri Sulphate, one ounce; Pulv. Anise Seed, fourounces. Mix well and make into twenty powders. Give one powder threetimes a day in bran or place in capsule and give with capsule gun.RING BONECAUSE: Faulty conformation--as a narrow or straight pastern joint isconsidered faulty. Be very careful in selecting a sire when breeding, asfaulty conformation is hereditary. Ringbone may also result when younganimals are put to work on hard roads or running in stony pasturessometimes produces Ringbone before the bones have become properlyhardened. Other causes are injury to tendons or ligaments, bruisedjoints, blows, calking, or picking up a nail.SYMPTOMS: Lameness will manifest itself when the horse first starts outin the morning; this may become less noticeable or even disappeartemporarily as the animal works. They gradually grow lamer andexamination will disclose an enlargement at or around the top of thehoof. This may appear in one or more feet, but the front feet are moreoften affected.TREATMENT: If the Ringbone is very much inflamed, reduce the heat byapplying cold water or ice packs to the part. Clip off all hair fromaround the top of the hoof and rub in well for twenty minutes thefollowing: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Pulv. Cantharides, twodrams; Turpentine, one dram; Pine Tar, two drams, and mix in two ouncesof Lard. This applied every two days for a week and repeat sametreatment in two weeks. Keep the animal as quiet as possible as itassists in producing a recovery. If the animal is comparatively young,recovery is certain, although the enlargement may never disappear.ROUND WORM(Ascaris Megalcephala)Resembles the Earth Worm somewhat in shape, yellowish-white in color,stiff and elastic. When full grown, it varies in length from six tosixteen inches. These worms are usually found in the small intestines,although they sometimes invade the stomach, and when numerous seriouslydisturb the animal's health.SYMPTOMS: The animal's general health is affected as is evident from themorbid state of his appetite, rough coat, pot-belly, liability to colicand slight diarrhoea. Some of these worms are often expelled with thefeces. As they increase in number, they block up the small intestines,giving rise to colic, and may in time kill the horse. They sometimescause perforation of the bowels.TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours, thenadminister the following: Ferri Sulphate, two drams; Antimony Tartrate,two drams; Pulv. Quassia, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and givewith capsule gun. Follow this from six to eight hours with Aloin, twodrams; Ginger, two drams, and give as above directed. It is a good planto repeat the above treatment in ten days to insure the removal of anyworms which may have survived the first treatment.SCROTAL RUPTURE(Inguinal Hernia)CAUSE: Abnormal size of the upper ring through which a part of theintestines or its connecting membrane descends into and through thecanal leading from the abdomen to the scrotal cavity. There is littledanger of strangulation from this form of rupture which may occur atbirth and disappear with age. A careful examination should therefore bemade of the scrotum before castration.SYMPTOMS: In most cases, this condition is easily detected. The scrotumwill be somewhat enlarged. Sometimes the intestines will becomestrangulated and colicky symptoms appear. When a young male colt showssigns of colic, examine him for Scrotal Rupture.TREATMENT: The trouble usually disappears with age although in somecases it is well to operate. Where colicky symptoms are present, rollthe colt on its back, manipulating the scrotum. Diet carefully.SHOE BOIL(Capped Elbow)CAUSE: Injuries, bruises or pressure when lying on a rough floor. Sharpheeled shoes and kicks also have a tendency to produce it.SYMPTOMS: A hot painful swelling of the Elbow joint when first noticed.When neglected, it takes on a white fibrous or callous growth.TREATMENT: First remove the cause. Do not lance the enlargement; let itcome to a head of its own accord, by applying Red Iodide of Mercury, twodrams; Pulv. Cantharides, three drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix welltogether and apply twice a week. When the swelling is hot and painful itis well to apply cold water or ice packs before applying the abovementioned prescription.SPLINTSCAUSE: This disease is chiefly produced by trotting or running on hardground, etc. It is evident that horses with high knee action and heavybodies are more liable to this disease. Jumping is also a common causeof splints, but the more accustomed a horse is to jumping the lessliable he is to throw splints, because practice teaches the animal toregulate his movements so as to more or less diminish the disagreeableif not actually painful effect of concussion.SYMPTOMS: A splint is detected by grasping the horse's leg with thefingers upon one side and the thumb upon the other, and tracing theinner and outer splint bones from their heads downward to their taperingextremities. Any actual enlargement will at once arrest the hand; anyrising or irregularity will create suspicion and lead to closeexamination. Horses, especially young ones which have lately been put towork, not infrequently develop splints before any swelling appears. Forthis reason, in examining a case of obscure lameness, particularly ifthe animal is young, do not fail to look for the sign of splintlameness, namely: that the lameness is abnormally greater at a trot thanat a walk and that the animal usually fails to bend the knees freely andgrows worse with exercise. The last mentioned condition is also presentwith corns, but an examination of the foot will determine the questionof their existence. In young horses splints are sometimes mistaken forcoffin-joint lameness or navicular disease. To avoid this error, itshould be remembered that, when brought on by navicular disease, theaction of the limb improves with exercise; also that horses of fiveyears of age or less very rarely suffer from coffin-joint disease. Somehorses, owing to unusual development of the inner splint bones of thefore legs may appear to have splints, although careful examination mayprove both limbs to be free from any bony deposit. When deciding such apoint, note if the two inner splint bones are of the same size. Anyswelling perceptible in a limb recently affected with splint-lameness isusually attended by heat and pain.TREATMENT: If there is heat present, foment with hot or cold water; whenheat has subsided, apply the following ointment: Red Iodide of Mercury,two drams; Turpentine, twenty drops, and mix. Apply every forty-eighthours until three applications have been applied. Rub in for twentyminutes each time.During this treatment use the horse for slow work on soft roads, etc. Asa rule the splints will not disappear at once, but will gradually. I mayadd that common splints are not considered an unsoundness.PRIZE WINNING PERCHERON STALLIONS LYCEE 105934 (102746);KAPON 97589 (90705); MICMAC 106083 (105208),AND MARTELET 106199 (106199).Owned by Oaklawn Farm, Wayne, Ill. (Dunhams)SPASMODIC COLICCAUSE: Horses seem to be predisposed to this form of colic on account ofthe great length of their intestines which are apt to be telescoped,twisted or their circular muscular fibers spasmodically contracted.Perhaps the principal cause is a change of food, sudden change oftemperature, constipation, drinking cold or too large a quantity ofwater, especially if the animal is warm; overloading the stomach withfrozen or mouldy food. Worms frequently produce colic.SYMPTOMS: If the animal is tied it will become uneasy, paw, point itsnose to the flank, twitch the tail, lie down and get up frequently. Ifthe animal is loose it will walk around, paw, kick at its belly with thehind feet, make attempts to lie down, roll on its back and remain inthat position for a while. The pulse increases with the pain,temperature rises from one-half to one degree, breathing labored andfast, the animal sweats in spots, there may be diarrhoea present, butthis does not frequently occur.Unfavorable symptoms of spasmodic colic are cold legs to the feet, pointof the ears cold, trembling of the muscles, cold sweats, mucousmembranes of the nose, mouth and eyes have a dark color due to thecongestion.TREATMENT: In all cases of spasmodic colic, except where there isdiarrhoea present or mares heavily in foal, give Aloin, two drams;Ginger, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun.It is advisable to give rectal injection of Warm Water and Glycerine.They are soothing and cooling to the intestinal canal. Also give thefollowing prescription: Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Carbonate ofAmmonia, four ounces; Asafoetida, four ounces. Make into six powders;place one powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every twohours until relieved. The former prescription removes the cause as it isa physic. The latter contains medicines blended so as to counteract thespasmodic contractions of the bowels. It is also a heart stimulant, justwhat is needed in colic to keep up the animal's vitality. Beware ofcolic remedies that are given in drop doses. They contain drugs to onlyrelieve the pain and not remove the cause. When their effects are wornoff, the disease has progressed; the animal's heart action has beenweakened and chances are that the animal will die. If drenching isresorted to, it must be done with great precaution. Remember a horsecannot breathe through his mouth.SIDE BONESCAUSE: The chief causes of Side Bones are: Deprivation of frog pressure,injuries, high heeled shoes, the use of which is almost entirelyconfined to draft horses. A high-heeled shoe prevents the frog fromresting on the ground which is its natural support.SYMPTOMS: Enlargement just above the hoof, usually affecting the frontfeet, or may affect only one side of one of the feet. The pain whichproduces the lameness is due to pressure on the soft tissues between thenewly formed side bone and the hoof. Sometimes the enlargement has atendency to spread the hoof. In such a case the lameness is not sosevere.TREATMENT: Clip the hair from over the Side Bone and rasp the foot belowthe enlargement, so that the hoof will be flexible on pressure from thefingers. Then apply the following to both the enlargement and the raspedsurface on the hoof: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Pulv.Cantharides, four drams. Mix well in two ounces of Lard and apply everyforty-eight hours until three applications have been applied.If you must work the animal, put it to some easy work where it has softground to walk upon.STAGGERS(Forage Poisoning--Inflammation of the Brain)(Cerebral Meningitis)CAUSE: Certain plants or stagnant water are most commonly instrumentalin producing staggers; frequently seen in the early autumn months whenthe grass in the pastures becomes dry and certain forage remains greenwhich contains toxic principles. These plants are ravenously eaten byhorses on account of being green and tender. This is one of the commoncauses of the disease, although mouldy, indigestible or highlynitrogenous foods are frequently producers of staggers. This form ofstaggers is not contagious, although what produces staggers in one horsewill also produce it in another. In this way several horses may becomeaffected with staggers at the same time. Inflammation of the brain mayoccur as a complication of some infectious or digestive disease. Othercauses are blows to the head, tumors in or on the brain, which cause theanimal to naturally stagger, as the brain controls the horse's organs oflocomotion.SYMPTOMS: Vary to a certain extent, but a careful observer will detectsome trouble connected with the nervous system, as the animal walkingunsteadily, stepping high and keeping the legs spread apart, bracingitself to keep from falling. There is also great depression, as dullnessand sleepiness with little or no inclination to move about. The head maybe placed against a wall or fence and the legs kept moving as if thehorse were trying to walk. As the disease progresses and no attempts aremade to relieve it, they will become fractious, nervous, easily excited,pawing and eventually fall, keeping the feet moving as if walking,throwing their heads about in a delirious manner and eventually deathfollows. The horse as a rule eats and drinks ravenously when the firstsigns of staggers are noticed, but in its latter stages the tongue andgullet become paralyzed and although the animal attempts to eat anddrink he cannot swallow. The pulse varies. It is strong, but subnormalwhen the first symptoms of staggers are noticed, that is to say, it isas slow as twenty to twenty-five beats per minute. As the diseaseprogresses, however, it becomes weaker and faster. Constipationfrequently accompanies this disease, also paleness tinged with yellowabout the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes. In many instances Ibelieve that the poisonous forage eaten by horses depresses the heartaction to such an extent that it results in the brain not receiving theproper blood supply, causing dizziness or staggers.TREATMENT: Place the animal in a clean, dark stall, keeping thesurroundings as quiet as possible. In its first stages it is easilytreated, but as the horse becomes easily excited and his swallowingbecomes difficult, treatment becomes more difficult. When the firstsigns are noticed, administer a physic as: Aloin, two or three drams;Ginger, two or three drams, according to the size of the animal. Placein gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. This physic removes theirritant from the intestines and prevents its absorption into the blood.Also administer the following: Bromide of Potassium, twelve ounces;Nitrate of Potash, four ounces; Iodide of Potash, three ounces. Makeinto twenty-four capsules and give one capsule every four hours.My method of administering medicine to animals places me in a positionto treat them and compel them to take the medicine even though paralysismay exist. When animals will eat, feed food that is easily digested, ashot wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables and give smallquantities, but often, of clean fresh water. It is necessary to givestimulants and tonics as soon as they are on the road to recovery, asPulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Sulphateof Iron, two ounces. Make into sixteen capsules and give one capsulethree times daily.STIFLE JOINT LAMENESS(Dislocation of the Patella)Although dislocations are infrequent, this is the most common form whichoccurs in the horse.CAUSE: Young loose jointed horses are predisposed to dislocation of thestifle on account of the comparative want of strength of theirligaments. They are much more liable to this accident than older horses,especially if they are in poor health or in rough hilly pastures; thenature of which would naturally make them susceptible to this injury,which, however, may take place as a result of accident at any age. Younghorses that suffer, off and on from dislocation, often lose theirliability with increasing strength and age. This dislocation may bepartial or complete. In the former instance and the most common is wherethe patella, or the little stifle bone that glides in the groovecomposed of the lower hip and upper thigh bones, has become partiallydislocated or removed from its natural position.SYMPTOMS: When the dislocation is complete the affected limb is drawnforward, while the foot from the pastern down is drawn backward, and theanimal may throw weight on it when made to move, which is accomplishedwith great difficulty. When the dislocation is partial, the symptoms areabout the same as mentioned, only the limb is less rigid. If the horseis moved, the stifle makes a klick sound. In this form, you may haveboth limbs affected.TREATMENT: In partial dislocation, the stifle bone may be replaced bydrawing the leg forward, and with the hand pressing in on the stifle. Incomplete dislocation, tie a rope around the pastern of the affected leg,then draw the rope through a collar placed around the horse's neck anddraw forward as far as possible and tie. Then press with both handsinward. After the stifle is placed back into position use the followingliniment: Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; Oil of Turpentine, fourounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply well over the stiflejoint once or twice a day for two or three days. Feed nourishing foodand put the animal to slow, easy work or turn out to good pasture.In old chronic cases of Stifle Joint Lameness, treatment is of no value,therefore, care for the animal as soon as the catch in the walk orlameness appears.STRING-HALTCAUSE: Several theories have been put forth as to the cause ofString-Halt which is generally supposed to be a nervous disease; acondition opposite to paralysis. The exact cause of this disease is hardto determine, but it is likely to occur in highly nervous horses. Itsometimes follows an injury which may have irritated the nerves in someway. I believe that castration causes it in many instances, due to thesevere struggle when being thrown, or pulling down severely on thespermatic cord when removing the testicle.SYMPTOMS: Spasmodic contraction of one or both limbs. This sign varies,as sometimes it is very violent, while in others it may be so slightthat it is hard to detect when stepping the horse forward, but onbacking or turning the horse around the signs are easily noticed. Allsymptoms are better marked in the winter than in the summer, as someshow it in the winter that do not show it in the summer at all.TREATMENT: Very unsuccessful, although an operation proves beneficial insome cases, but if this is attempted, the services of a competentVeterinarian should be secured.The feeding of laxative foods that are easily digested relievesString-Halt in many instances.SORE THROAT(Pharyngitis--Laryngitis)CAUSE: Exposure to cold weather or rain when the animal is notaccustomed to it; drenching with irritating medicines or inhalingirritating smoke or gases.SYMPTOMS: At first the animal generally chills, the legs and ears arecold, but eventually they become very warm as the temperature increases,coughing, grinding of the teeth, saliva oozing from the mouth; theanimal will hold its head in a stiff straight position, moving it aslittle as possible. There will be great difficulty in masticating andswallowing, as the food will come from the mouth in the form of wads,and as this soreness of the throat progresses food will also come fromthe nostrils. This is a bad sign, as extensive inflammation is no doubtpresent. Water, also, runs through the nostrils freely when the animalattempts to drink, due to the swollen condition of the throat. Theanimal forces the water back into the mouth, but is unable to swallowand hence the water gushes out through the nostrils. The animal evincesgreat pain when pressure is applied from the outside and he breatheswith great difficulty. Although the pulse is not much affected at thisstage, the temperature is elevated from one to two degrees above normal.The urine becomes scanty and highly colored, the eyes bloodshot anddischarging. Eventually the throat becomes greatly swollen and abscessesmay form and discharge. As a rule constipation is associated with thisdisease.TREATMENT: Mild attacks of sore throat are easily treated, but whenserious cases develop, it is unsuccessful. Place the animal in a clean,comfortable stall; permit as much fresh air as possible, but avoid alldrafts. If the weather is chilly, blanket the animal, hand rub the legsand bandage with woolen cloths or bandage. Administer a mixture madefrom Chlorate of Potash, three ounces; Nitrate of Potash, three ounces;Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Molasses, one-half pint; Pine Tar, one-halfpint. Mix well and place about one tablespoonful on the tongue every twohours in severe cases; in mild attacks, give less frequently. When theywill eat, feed food that is easily digested, as hot wheat bran mashesand steamed rolled oats containing two or three ounces of pure groundflaxseed. It is always necessary to apply strong liniments to thethroat, as they relieve inflammation and stimulate the formation of anabscess. The following liniment will be found very beneficial: AquaAmmonia Fort., four ounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil,six ounces; shake well and apply two or three times daily. If theswelling is extreme between the jaws, so as to interfere with theanimal's breathing, it is well to lance the abscess if a soft spot canbe found. Just cut through the skin with a knife; then use a clean bluntinstrument to locate the pus cavity. Otherwise, severe hemorrhage may beproduced.SURFEIT(Nettle-Rash--Urtecaria)CAUSE: The usual cause of Surfeit is supposed to be due to a characterof food consumed which upsets the animal's digestive organs, the skinbeing continuous with the mucous membranes lining the intestinal canal.A disturbance of the one structure is readily communicated to the other.Apparently, owing to the extreme dry nature of the forage during thegreater part of the year, horses in the United States frequently sufferfrom Surfeit.SYMPTOMS: Surfeit is a term applied to an eruption of small irregularlumps or boils which are more or less painful to the touch and whichbreak out suddenly as a rule on the horse's body and neck, and in rarecases on the legs. A favorite seat of Surfeit is the parts covered withthe harness or saddle and along the neck and withers. Surfeit is verytroublesome and annoys both the horse and driver, especially when thehorse perspires, as he will rub violently when coming in contact withany object.TREATMENT: Give two to four ounces of Epsom Salts in hot wheat branmashes every morning. Feed as much sloppy food as possible, vegetables,etc. Avoid feeding dry woody hay, as it irritates the intestines andaggravates the disease.SWEENEY(Atrophy)CAUSE: An ill fitting collar, one tug longer than the other, striking anobject when pulling, like a stone or a corner of a building, slipping,kicks, or the animal may have a splint, sprain, ringbone, side bone,coffin-joint lameness, curb, corns, stifle lameness, in fact anythingthat tends to make an animal favor the use of certain muscles. It is nota disease, just a lack in the development of the muscles, which wasteaway or shrink when not used as nature provided. For instance, perhapsyou have had or have seen persons that had a fractured leg or arm and onaccount of not being able to use the leg or arm the muscles wasted away(Atrophy), until they were used normally for sometime, when the musclesagain came back to their normal size.SYMPTOMS: First locate the cause. The animal may be very lame although Ihave seen Sweeneys where lameness was very hard to detect, being thosewhich were usually due to ill fitting collars. Remember you can have aSweeney of the hip as well as the shoulder, and keep in mind the abovementioned causes.TREATMENT: When you have an animal affected with Sweeney, find the truecause and remove it if possible. Unless the Sweeney is an old chronicone, it is successfully treated with Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces;Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply well overwasted muscles once a day. If the application is too irritating, as somehorses have thinner skins than others, it is advisable to add more SweetOil than above mentioned.TAPEWORM(Taenia)These worms have been found in the horse, but so rarely that they neednot be considered.THOROUGHPINCAUSE: Generally due to some irritation of the hock joint such as severesprains from animal jumping, slipping, kick or falling through a culvertor bridge or it is frequently hereditary; so be very careful in choosinga sire when breeding.SYMPTOMS: Sometimes there is lameness when the Thoroughpin is firstnoticed, but it will gradually disappear as soon as the inflammationceases. There will be a puffy, soft enlargement which occurs at theupper and back part of the hock, beneath the great tendons. Generallyboth sides are enlarged and puffy, but occasionally it happens that oneside is only involved. Thoroughpin is also a forerunner of Bog Spavin asthey generally are connected, as you are aware that the hock containsjoint oil as all other joints do, retained in place by a thin, whitefibrous membrane. Irritation of the hock joint tends to develop an extralarge quantity of joint oil, and the hock is less protected by tendonswhere a Thoroughpin or Bog Spavin occurs--hence those puffy swellingsare filled with joint oil and are connected. If you press on one side ofa Thoroughpin, you will see the other side bulge out. If you press on aBog Spavin and there is a Thoroughpin present, you will see it bulge oneither side of the Thoroughpin--or vice versa.TREATMENT: If on an old horse and the Thoroughpin is of long standing,treatment is unsatisfactory, but on the other hand if the animal isyoung it can be successfully treated with Tincture of Iodine, one ounce;Gum Camphor, two ounces; Gasolene, one pint. Mix well and rub in withnail or tooth brush twice a week. Keep the animal as quiet as possibleas the results will be accomplished much sooner. Never attempt to openor lance a puffy swelling about a joint as it contains joint oil. Theresult would be an open joint.THRUSHCAUSE: The two main causes of Thrush are lack of pressure on the frogand the decomposing effect of filth and fermentation of organic matterwhich accumulates in the cleft of the frog.SYMPTOMS: The animal in some cases is lame; there will be a swellingaccompanied by a very fetid discharge; in some cases the frog haspractically rotted away; there will be more or less inflammation in thefoot. The legs may even swell. Thrush is more frequently found in thehind feet because of the manure and filth with which they must come incontact.TREATMENT: Cut away all loose pieces of horn from over the frog andapply a Flaxseed meal poultice and leave it on for twenty-four hours,after which wash well with Soap and warm water. Then apply Calomel tothe groove in the frog. Keep the foot clean. Do not allow the animal tostand in filth.WIND COLIC(Flatulent Colic)CAUSE: This dangerous form of Colic is a distension of the bowels withgas, resulting generally from the decomposition of undigested food inthe bowels. It sometimes follows Spasmodic Colic, in which there isfirst spasms due to the irritations set up by the presence of undigestedmatter, and subsequently this food decomposes and forms gas. I mayconclude that Flatulent or Wind Colic is usually caused by errors infeeding and watering horses. Perhaps the animal has been given largequantities of rank grass, watery roots, which on account of its moistnature is quickly swallowed without being properly masticated.SYMPTOMS: The signs resemble those of Spasmodic Colic, except that theyare less violent. In most cases there is general accumulation of gas,the abdomen distended to a considerable size before the animal showssigns of uneasiness. In cases where the animal swells on the right side,it is the large intestines filled with gas. In other cases where bothsides are equally swollen, the stomach and small intestines contain gas.The horse's back will have an arched appearance, passing of gas from theanus frequently, the horse will make attempts to vomit. In some casesactual vomiting takes place. This is a bad sign, as rupture of thestomach usually occurs at this stage.TREATMENT: Give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams, in gelatin capsuleand give with capsule gun. However, this is a physic and should not begiven to mares heavily in foal. Also apply to the abdominal cavity,liniment consisting of Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; Oil ofTurpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, four ounces. Mix and rub in wellover the abdomen.To mares heavy with foal, apply the above liniment and give rectalinjections of Glycerine and warm water frequently.The following remedy should be administered to all cases of Colic,including mares heavy with foal: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, sixounces; Turpentine, six ounces. Mix well together and place one ounce ingelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every hour. Puncturing theintestines is advisable in some cases to relieve them of gas. Thisrequires a special instrument for the purpose and no one should attemptto perform the operation unless they know the anatomy of the part, asthe arteries of the intestines may be penetrated and produce internalhemorrhage or infection of the intestines, or abscesses may follow.WIND GALLSCAUSE: By concussions from fast work on hard roads and from sprains fromslipping.SYMPTOMS: When concussions alone are responsible, the suspensoryligament and the back tendons will at first be in a normal condition,and the swelling will probably be confined to both the inside andoutside of the leg, and may be felt in the form of a puffy swelling oneach side of the fetlock by placing the fore finger and the thumb on thejoint. In more serious cases resulting from sprains, the vacant spacebetween the back tendons and the suspensory ligament may also becomefilled with fluids. In other words, a Wind Gall has formed. In somecases the animal may be lame.TREATMENT: When there is heat present apply cold, wet packs until theheat disappears. Then apply Tincture of Iodine, one ounce; Gum Camphor,two ounces; to one pint of Gasolene. Apply every three days with nail ortooth brush. Shake contents of the bottle well each time beforeapplying.I may add that this is a very difficult blemish to treat and is notalways successful, so do not be discouraged if the enlargements do notdisappear, but the above prescription has proven the most successful ofany treatment I have personally used in my private practice.WOLF OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETHWolf Teeth are comparatively small in size and have only one root andare found just in front of the upper molar teeth. Sometimes they doharm, but that is an exception and not the rule. They can be easilyremoved with a pair of small forceps or they may be punched out in someinstances.I think they interfere with the eyes, causing them to become watery andinflamed due to the tooth exerting some influence upon the ophthalmicdivision of the fifth nerve.Supernumerary Teeth: Tooth substance may develop in almost any part ofthe body. These are called Supernumerary Teeth and are most commonlyfound in the testicles, ovaries and sinuses of the head, etc.WOUNDSWounds caused by external injuries have a general resemblance, andwhether clean-cut, punctured, lacerated, poisonous, gunshot, etc.,require practically the same treatment.TREATMENT: Wash with a Carbolic solution, one tablespoonful to one pintof distilled water.SEWING OF WOUNDS: I cannot say that I am in favor of sewing woundsunless they are gaping or wide open.After the wound is washed, dust with Iodoform, Boracic Acid and TannicAcid, each one ounce. Powder finely and place in a sifter top can andapply twice daily. Cord or heavy thread may be used for sewing the woundafter being saturated in a Carbolic Acid solution, using a large darningneedle. If the animal is vicious, place a twitch on his nose or it maybe necessary to throw him.DISEASES OF CATTLECauses, Symptoms and Treatments1. Mouth2. Nostrils3. Muzzle4. Face5. Eyes6. Forehead7. Ears6. Poll9. Horns10. Jaws11. Dewlap12. Brisket13. Neck14. Withers15. Crops16. Shoulders17. Heart Girth18. Fore flank19. Legs20. Feet21. Dew claws22. Belly23. Milk wells24. Milk veins25. Fore udder26. Teats27. Barrel or ribs28. Back29. Coupling30. Rear Flanks31. Hook points32. Tail-head33. Pin bones or thurls34. Rump35. Esoutcheon36. Tail37. Thighs38. Rear Udder39. SwitchCHAPTER IIABSCESSESCAUSE: Bruises and injuries. They are also seen in complication withvarious other diseases, as Laryngitis, Pharyngitis, Tuberculosis, LumpJaw, Blood Poison or Pyemia and Septicemia.SYMPTOMS: Symptoms will vary according to the nature of the disease orinjury. It may not be noticed at first, but upon careful examinationswollen lines will be observed running from the point of swelling. Inmany cases a swelling is noticed which is hot, painful and throbbing,which enlarges rapidly in two or three days. The swelling and heatgradually disappear but the Abscess continues to grow. The hair fallsfrom the point of swelling and in a short time breaks and dischargespus. The cavity gradually fills up and heals by granulation.TREATMENT: In all cases, hasten the ripening process as much as possibleby applying hot water packs or hot bran, flaxseed or vegetablepoultices. It is common with Veterinarians to lance an Abscess as soonas possible, but this requires considerable skill and practice and Iwould advise stock owners to be very cautious when performing thisoperation, as there is great danger of cutting arteries which wouldcause excessive bleeding. A very good plan is to encourage the fullripening of an Abscess, as above stated. When opened, do not squeeze theAbscess to any extent, but press gently with clean hands or cloth toremove the core or clot. After this, just simply keep the Abscess openby washing with a three per cent Carbolic Acid solution, or Bichlorideof Mercury, one in one thousand solution. Hyposulphite of Soda in ouncedoses should be given two or three times a day in their drinking water.This will prevent the absorption of impurities from the abscess into theblood circulation.ABORTION(Non-Contagious)CAUSE: Injuries from slipping or falling on icy roads, in box cars, anddeep gutters; receiving blows on the body, keeping the animal ininsanitary stables, eating poor food that may be irritating orpoisonous, etc. In such cases, the cow's vitality is low so that thefoetus dies and is expelled as a result. Losing large quantities ofblood also produces Abortion, or a cow heavy with calf, on being placedin the same quarters with the cows that retain their afterbirth, isliable to abort. Intestinal worms, lung worms, liver flukes, causing anexcessive drain upon the system or producing irritation of the digestiveorgans, in consequence of which cow gets very poor and emaciated. Theabove mentioned are perhaps the most common causes of "Non-ContagiousAbortion."SYMPTOMS: The cow is uneasy, becomes separated from the herd, the bagand vagina may be slightly inflamed and perhaps the latter discharging.If a cow heavy with calf craves the chewing and eating of dirt, rags,nails, etc., this is a sign of a lack of iron or phosphorus in hersystem and food containing these elements should be provided.PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Provide clean, warm, comfortable quarters, goodfood, pure water to drink, do not subject her to any injuries, do notpermit her coming in contact with cows retaining their afterbirth.The above mentioned is very important, especially if the cows arevaluable and a large yield of milk is expected. If they have worms,treat the same as under their special heading. If they have a loss ofblood or a lack of mineral matter in their system, the following is veryefficient: Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, twoounces; Pulv. Fenugreek Seed, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteenpowders. Give one powder two or three times a day in feed or place in agelatin capsule and give with capsule gun.AMAUROSIS OF THE EYECAUSE: Paralysis of the optic nerve.SYMPTOMS: Pupil fully dilated and of a glassy appearance. This conditionis sometimes called "Glass Eye." The cow carries the head high and stepshigh. This condition is very uncommon in cattle.TREATMENT: Nothing can be done for a cow if she is blind, but thiscondition may be prevented if detected in its early stages ofdevelopment by the proper feeding of nourishing food, good cleansurroundings and the administration of nerve tonics, as Pulv. NuxVomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Potassium Iodide,three ounces. Make into twenty-four powders and place one powder in feedtwo or three times daily; or make into twenty-four capsules and give onecapsule two or three times a day with capsule gun.ANTHRAXAnthrax is a very contagious disease and is communicable to all warmblooded animals and man.CAUSE: Due to the presence of a germ called the Bacillus of Anthrax andis one of the oldest diseases attributed to germs. These Bacilli thrivein warm climates, although found in cold countries. The infection iscarried to various parts of the world by box-cars, ships, hides, hoofs,horns, wool and hair taken from sick or dead animals affected withAnthrax. This, perhaps, is the most common method of spreading thedisease.SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, grinding of the teeth indicating great pain,trembling of the muscles, temperature elevated to 104 or 106 degrees F.,breathing very rapid, pulse fast and weak, hair rough. There are somecases where the animals are seized quickly with the disease and die verysuddenly. This form resembles apoplexy. Carbuncles or Abscesses are seenon the surface of the body in nearly all cases, also a bloody dischargefrom the mouth and nose. The animal may stamp the ground, rear in theair, run and finally go into convulsions and die. This is termed "thefurious form of Anthrax."TREATMENT: Prevention is the most important. Fields or pastures that areinfected with this disease should be burned every summer if possible, todestroy the germs. The animals that succumb to the disease should beburied deeply and quicklime thrown upon them, also any blood stains uponthe ground should have a strong disinfectant thrown upon them. The hideof such an animal should not be used as the person removing it is likelyto contract the same disease, especially if an abrasion is present onthe hand, or such a hide or any portion thereof is likely to spread theinfection after reaching the tannery, etc.MEDICAL TREATMENT OR SERUM TREATMENT: This is the only thorough methodof eradicating the disease, and when this disease once becomes prevalentin a locality the services of a competent Veterinarian should be securedand all the animals inoculated.BARRENNESS(Failure to Breed)CAUSE: Wasting or Atrophy, chronic inflammation of the mucous membranelining the organs of generation, Whites, absence or excessive secretionsof the organs of generation, contraction or displacement of the womb,horns being telescoped or twisted, cysts or growths of the ovaries,in-breeding or being a twin, are the predisposing causes of Barrenness.TREATMENT: Unsuccessful as a rule. Unless the cow is very valuable,treatment is not advisable. A careful examination, however, isrecommended. If due to contraction of the neck of the womb it can bereadily dilated by the use of the hand, after being greased withCarbolated Sweet Oil before attempting to perform the operation.BLACK LEG(Symptomatic Anthrax--Black Quarter)CAUSE: Due to germs. The Bacillus of Black Leg perhaps gains entrance tothe blood by wounds of the skin or the mucous membranes lining the mouthand the intestines. This disease principally affects cattle, althoughsheep and goats may become affected with the same disease.SYMPTOMS: This disease affects cattle that are in good condition betweenthe ages of six months and two years. In most cases death is verysudden, and perhaps the animal is found dead. The first symptoms arehigh temperatures from 104 to 108 degrees F., loss of appetite, theanimal stops chewing the cud, breathing considerably hurried, the jointsof the limbs become swollen, also the chest and shoulders. All theswellings are painful on pressure and spread very rapidly over the body.The affected animals move with great difficulty and lie down frequently.If the hand is passed over the body, there is a peculiar crackling sounddue to the gas developing under the skin. At the most distended portionsof the swellings, the skin becomes dry and the animal apparently has nosense of feeling. If the skin is punctured at this place, there will bea dark-red, frothy discharge which has a very disagreeable odor. Therewill be a shivering of the muscles and the animal dies from convulsions.TREATMENT: Remove non-affected animals to non-infected pastures, andconfine affected animals to as small a territory as possible. Thecarcasses of the dead animals should be buried deep and covered withlime or burned, being very careful that all blood stains on the groundwhere the animals have been skinned are thoroughly disinfected.Inoculation is necessary, and is the best form of treatment inlocalities where Black Leg exists. Inoculate or vaccinate the calveswhen six months old or over, although after the animal reaches the ageof two years or over they generally become immune from this disease.BLEEDING(Hemorrhage)CAUSE: Sometimes bleeding follows dehorning, castration, and wounds dueto various other causes.TREATMENT: When bleeding from a large artery, it should be tied with aclean silk or linen thread or twisted with a pair of forceps orcauterized with a hot iron. Sometimes compression by the use of tightlybound bandages proves effective, although the former appliances are morepractical. Tincture Chloride of Iron applied to small arteries or veinscauses the blood to clot in the arteries or veins and hence stops theHemorrhage. It is very essential that all wounds should be treatedantiseptically and I cannot say that I favor washing a wound with wateronly in cases where the wound is very filthy, and I prefer powderapplications in preference to any other antiseptics. The following willbe found very effective in the treatment of the majority of wounds:Boracic Acid, two ounces; Iodoform, two drams; Tannic Acid, one-halfounce; Calomel, one dram. Powder finely and mix well. Place in siftertop can and apply two or three times daily.BLOATINGA very common disorder in cattle and characterized by a puffed upappearance of the left flank. The cow has four stomachs of which therumen is the largest, its capacity being about fifty gallons in theaverage cow, and it is this stomach which fills with gas when a cowbloats.CAUSE: Eating green clover or alfalfa; even when a cow is accustomed tothis diet, it may cause bloating if wet with dew or rain; cured alfalfa,moldy or frozen mangles will also produce bloating; the above mentionedfoods undergo a process of fermentation which causes excessive formationof gas, and death may result very quickly and may be due to rupture ofthe stomach or the diaphragm (muscle separating the abdominal and lungcavities), but is more often due to suffocation caused by the distensionof the stomach which becomes so large that it presses the diaphragmforward against the lungs in such a manner as to stop their movement andthe animal smothers. When the cow falls, it indicates that one of thesepossibilities has occurred and death follows quickly.SYMPTOMS: Cattle usually bloat suddenly and without warning; the leftflank becomes abnormally swollen; back is arched, breathing labored;sometimes the tongue hangs out and the animal bellows. When rupture orsuffocation occurs the animal reels, staggers, and falls, after whichnothing more can be done.TREATMENT: No time should be lost. Where the stomach is enormouslydistended with gas so as to cause the animals to stagger and breathevery rapidly, they should be gagged. This can be easily accomplished bytaking a piece of wood about two inches in diameter, and eight inches toone foot long, placing it in their mouth and retaining it in thatposition by tying a string on each end and placing it back of the ears.If this does not give relief immediately, puncture the left flank aboutfive inches downward and forward from the angle of hip bone. However,puncturing should not be resorted to only in cases where death threatensthe animal, as abscesses, infection and severe hemorrhage may follow. Avery reliable medical treatment for this condition should be in themedicine chest of every stockman, such as Pulv. Asafetida, Oil ofTurpentine, each one ounce. Place in gelatin capsules. This is a veryefficient remedy for the eradication of excessive fermentation of gasesin the stomach or bloating.BLOOD POISON(Pyemia-Septicaemia)CAUSE: Due to a septic infection taken into the blood, frequently foundin cows with retained afterbirths, following inflammation of the womb orintestines, wounds and bruises of the skin and frequently found incalves affected with Joint Ill.SYMPTOMS: High temperature 103 to 107 degrees F., pulse rapid andfeeble, breathing increased, grinding of the teeth, the animal refusesto eat in most cases and ceases to chew the cud, although there may begreat thirst present. Abscesses may form in various parts of the body,the membranes of the eyes and mouth will be injected with blood, givingthem a dark-red appearance, although in the latter stages of BloodPoison this may change to a yellowish tinge. Constipation or Diarrhoeamay be connected with the disease. The animal dies by general emaciationfrom four to six days after the first symptoms are noticed.TREATMENT: Unsuccessful, as when the infection once becomes absorbed inthe blood it is always certain that death will follow. If due toinjuries or wounds, wash them with Bichloride solution, one part to onethousand parts of water, but if due to retained afterbirth orinflammation of the womb, inject one gallon of distilled watercontaining five per cent Carbolic Acid. If in young calves, treat thesame as under the heading of Joint Ill. If due to inflammation of theintestines, give Hyposulphite of Soda, two ounces; Potassi Iodide, onedram, two or three times a day in their drinking water. When abscessesform, lance them with a clean, sharp knife. If the animal is constipatedplace two drams of Aloin, two drams of Pulv. Gentian Root in a capsuleand give with capsule gun. If Diarrhoea is present give Gum Catechu, twodrams; Protan, three drams; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one grain. Place ingelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Feed warm wheat bran mashes,steamed rolled oats, vegetables and green grass, if possible.BLOODY FLUX(Dysentery)CAUSE: Chilling of the outer surface of the body. Improper feeding, ascontaminated food or water, sometimes connected with parasitic diseasesof the intestines.SYMPTOMS: Dysentery is a sign of some irritation of the intestinesterminating into increased contractions of muscular fibers of thebowels. The fecal matter, if frequently expelled, at first consists of athick feces, but as the disease progresses the fecal matter becomes verythin and watery and tinged with blood and very offensive. When the firstsigns are noticed the animals show no constitutional disturbances, butlater they exhibit abdominal pain by looking around to the flank. Atthis stage they are very weak, throwing the feet well together, givingthe back an arched appearance, and are very uneasy although they may liedown frequently. Temperature elevated from one to three degrees. Theanimal becomes emaciated and eventually dies.TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. Keep theanimal quiet. Give pure water to drink in small quantities but often. Ifthe animal will eat, feed steamed rolled oats, etc. Flaxseed tea is verybeneficial, as it is soothing to the intestines and assists in removingthe irritations. Pour one quart of boiling water on one-half pint ofpure Flaxseed, allowing it to cool, then compel the animal to drink it.The following prescription will be found very effective in all forms ofDiarrhoea: Tannic Acid, one ounce; Protan, two ounces; Gum Catechu, twoounces; Beechwood Creosote, four scruples; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eightgrains. Make into eight capsules and give one capsule every three orfour hours with capsule gun.DAIRY HERD AT OAKLAWN FARM, WAYNE, ILLS. (DUNHAMS.)BLOODY MILKCAUSE: Bloody Milk may be the result of injury, congestion, inflammationof the udder. Feeding on rich milk-producing food suddenly may produceit. Bloody Milk is also produced in a cow by excitement when in heat orfrom eating resinous plants or shrubs.TREATMENT: It is advisable in most cases to give a physic consisting oftwo drams of Aloin and Ginger two drams. Also administer PotassiumNitrate, four ounces; Potassium Chlorate, two ounces, made into eightcapsules and give one capsule twice daily with capsule gun. If due torich food, reduce it. If due to eating resinous plants, remove them fromthe pasture containing such shrubbery. Where congestion or inflammationof the bag is thought to produce it, apply Hot Water Packs, then dry andapply Blue Ointment and Camphorated Ointment, equal parts, two ounces.Mix well and rub on thoroughly two or three times a day.BLUE MILKCAUSE: This condition is due to a germ (the Bacillus Cyanogenes) whichmay occur in rich milk or cream immediately after being drawn or thegerm may find its way into the opening of the teat.TREATMENT: Injections into the teat of a solution composed of thefollowing: Hyposulphite of Soda, two drams; Boracic Acid, one dram,dissolved in one pint of boiling water. Permit to cool and inject asmall quantity in each teat once or twice a day for three or four days.This will destroy the Blue Milk producing germ without any injuries tothe cow, udder or teats.BRONCHITISCAUSE: Inhaling irritating gases or foreign bodies. It is commonly seenafter drenching from liquid escaping into the windpipe instead of goingdown the gullet. Animals exposed to cold, wet weather when notaccustomed to it frequently develop Bronchitis.SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, chilling, temperature elevated two or threedegrees above normal; ears and legs cold, nose hot and dry, breathingshort and labored, painful coughing, slight discharge from the nostrilsand saliva oozing from the mouth. If the ear is placed over the lowerportion of the neck, a crepitating sound can be heard.TREATMENT: Place the animal in a clean, comfortable stall where there ispure air and light but no drafts. Clothe the body if the weather iscold. Hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths. Give inhalationsof steam from Hot Water and Pine Tar for twenty minutes two or threetimes a day. Also administer Nux Vomica, four ounces; Ginger, fourounces; Nitrate of Potash, four ounces. Make into sixteen capsules andgive one capsule every four hours. Applications of the followingliniment are of some value: Aqua Ammonia Fort., three ounces; Oil ofTurpentine, three ounces; Sweet Oil, six ounces. Apply over the regionof the windpipe the full length of the neck.CALF SCOURS(Cholera--White Scours--Bloody Flux)CAUSE: It is produced by a specific germ and is communicated by director indirect contact with the germ which may gain entrance into the bloodby the umbilical cord at or shortly after birth or through the digestivecanal by drinking milk or eating food contaminated with thedisease-producing germ. The more common means of spreading the diseaseis through pails, drinking troughs, etc.SYMPTOMS: One of the most deadly forms of Diarrhoea. This usuallyappears a few days after birth, although in some cases it takes severaldays for it to develop. Every sign of Diarrhoea is present, as frequentpassages of feces of a yellowish-white color, frothy and very offensivein odor. The calf is very dull, weak, back arched, hair rough, eyesglassy and sunken back in their sockets, belly retracted, breathingshort and fast. The calf finally lies flat on the side, head resting onthe floor or ground with a temperature generally below normal. The calffinally becomes unconscious and death follows.TREATMENT: Give Protan, three ounces; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eightgrains; Gum Catechu, powdered, two ounces; Ginger, one ounce; BeechwoodCreosote, one dram. Make into eight capsules and give one capsule everytwo hours until relieved. When the calf will take its feed, if notnursing its mother, see that the milk is pure and the utensil containingit thoroughly scalded with hot water. Keep the animal in clean, sanitaryquarters, as quiet as possible for a few days, and if the disease is nottoo far advanced a good recovery will follow.