CALVINGSigns of Normal Calving are firmness and enlargement of the udder,extending well forward following the milk veins. The teats as a ruledischarge a thin milky fluid, relaxation of the muscles on each side ofthe croup or the base of the tail. The outer surface of the womb becomesswollen and inflamed, discharging sticky, stringy, transparent mucus.The cow becomes uneasy, stops eating, and if in a pasture becomesseparated from the rest of the herd; will lie down and get upalternately as if in great agony. When birth pains start, the back isarched, and a severe straining follows the contraction of the abdominalmuscles. The membranes covering the foetus will be the first to maketheir appearance, engorged with a fluid from the womb. This is commonlyknown as the water bag, which eventually bursts and the two fore feetcan be seen, and, as the animal continues to strain, the nose and headwill be next to be seen. When the calf's shoulders are exposed, the cowas a rule rises suddenly to her feet and the entire calf is expelled,also the membranes surrounding it, but the membranes next to the womb,as a general rule, remain longer and sometimes require artificialassistance to remove them. (See Retention of the Afterbirth.) Destroythe foetal membranes by burning or burying them deeply. Do not permitthe cow to eat them. Wash the calf's navel with Bichloride of Mercury,one part to one thousand parts water, once or twice a day until thenavel is thoroughly dry, as an infection may follow, producing Joint Illor Scours, from which death may result.ABNORMAL CALVING: This is a condition where the foetus is not normallypresented, as that just described. Their feet may be presented in anormal manner, but the head and neck twisted back or to one side, or thehead and one fore foot may be presented normally, while the other forefoot is doubled back, or there may be a breech presentation as the rumpof a foetus with both hind feet thrown close to its body. This is a verydifficult presentation, especially if in a young animal. A foetusabnormally presented requires good judgment and cleanliness, alsolubrication of the walls of the womb with unsalted Lard, Cotton or SweetOil. Endeavor to place the foetus in as near a normal position aspossible before any force is used in its delivery, although where bothhind feet are presented, it is advisable to remove it in this position.The hands and ropes should be clean and washed with a five per centsolution of Carbolic Acid. It is not only dangerous to the animal, butto the operator as well, if proper antiseptic precautions are notpracticed.Space does not permit me going into details on various foetalpresentations nor does it permit me to explain the exact methods oroperations I would use in each particular case. Nevertheless, goodjudgment and cleanliness are important. Do not hurry. Take your time,and you will be successful in most cases.When the foetus is removed, and the afterbirth does not come away withintwelve or eighteen hours, remove it. (See Retention of Afterbirth, whichwill describe its means of attachment and its removal.)CASTING THE WITHERS(Eversion of the Womb)CAUSE: Failure of the womb to contract after Calving. If the wombcontracts naturally and the afterbirth expelled, the cavity of the wombis nearly closed and the neck of the womb becomes so narrow that thehand cannot be inserted. When the womb fails to contract, one or bothhorns of the womb become so relaxed that they fall into the cavitycausing straining and contraction of the abdominal muscles, forcing thewomb out gradually until the organ is turned inside out. The womb can beeasily distinguished from the other membranes on account of the presenceof sixty to eighty mushroom-like bodies (cotyledons) two to four inchesin diameter attached to the walls of the womb by a narrow neck. The wombwhen hanging out becomes engorged with blood and inflamed until it is aslarge as a grain sack, very dark in color, tears and bleeds with theslightest touch. Later it becomes lacerated and gangrenous.SYMPTOMS: At first, the general health is not very much interfered with,but the inflammation which is marked by an elevation in temperaturebecomes very noticeable, accompanied by severe straining and exhaustion.The animal lies down, but continues to strain until death, unless reliefis afforded the animal at once.TREATMENT: Great care must be exercised. The parts of the womb coming incontact with the cow's hips, tail or floors must be thoroughly washedwith a five per cent solution of Carbolic Acid, using a soft cloth orsponge to remove dirt, clots, etc. Place the cow in a position so as tohave her hind quarters much higher than the head, and then endeavor toreplace the womb. After washing as stated above, bandage the tail with aclean cloth; have an assistant hold up the womb and the operator usegentle manipulation and pressure with clean hands; this perhaps is thebest method of replacing the womb. Then follow by flushing out the wombwith a weak Carbolic Acid solution and luke warm water. This has atendency to straighten out the horns of the uterus and preventinfection. If the cow continues to strain, give Potassium Bromide inounce doses every two or three hours in her drinking water, or place incapsule and give with capsule gun.Sometimes stimulants and tonics are necessary and the following will befound very effective: Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root,four ounces; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Make into sixteencapsules and give one capsule every six hours with capsule gun.It is well to compel the animal to stand or lie with the hind partselevated, until the signs of straining have ceased.CATARACT OF THE EYECAUSE: Is due to deep seated inflammation of the eye produced by aninjury or weakened condition of the optic nerve.SYMPTOMS: If the pupil of one of the eyes appears larger than the otherit is well to make a careful examination, as this is the first sign ofCataract. If such a condition is neglected, partial or completeblindness will follow and a white, pearly deposit can be seen on thelens of the eye.TREATMENT: Very unsatisfactory unless treated carefully when the firstsigns are noticed. Place the animal in a darkened stable. Feed clean,sloppy food and it may be necessary to give a physic consisting of twodrams of Aloin, two drams of Pulv. Ginger, placed in a capsule and givenwith capsule gun. The following ointment, Yellow Oxide of Mercury, fourgrains; Lanolin, one ounce, should be mixed well and applied to the eyetwo or three times a day.CATARRHCAUSE: Ill ventilated stables, inhalations of irritating gases or suddenexposure to cold, wet weather, after being accustomed to warm stables.Most commonly seen in the Spring or Fall.SYMPTOMS: Chilling and temperature elevated one or two degrees, pulsenot much affected, breathing hurried to some extent, sneezing, coughing,dullness and the appetite is slightly impaired. In the first stages thenostrils are very dry and considerably inflamed, but in the course of afew days the fever subsides and a profuse discharge from the nose isobserved.TREATMENT: Place the animal in dry, well ventilated stall, blanket welland supply a good quality and quantity of bedding. Give inhalations fromsteam and hot water and Pine Tar. If the animal is constipated, giverectal injections of Soap and Warm Water two or three times a day. Alsoadminister Potassium Nitrate, Pulv. Nux Vomica, each four ounces;Capsicum, two ounces, and Pulv. Ginger two ounces. Make into twenty-fourcapsules and give one capsule three or four times a day. This should notbe neglected, as neglected Catarrh is liable to be followed byLaryngitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Pleurisy or other diseases of theorgans of breathing, which are very serious and sometimes cause thedeath of the animal.CHAPPED TEATSCAUSE: Anything that tends to irritate them. A sudden chilling of theteat in cold weather after the calf has just let it go, or after theoperation of milking with wet hands or from an animal wading throughdeep water or tall wet grass. Also filth or irritants coming in contactwith teats when lying down.TREATMENT: Remove the cause if possible and dry the teats well aftereach milking and apply Zinc Oxide ointment. Feed laxative food that iseasily digested, as it has a very good effect on the blood, consequentlyit promotes the healing of wounds.CHOKING(Obstruction of the Esophagus)CAUSE: An obstruction of the Esophagus (gullet) produced by an animalattempting to swallow apples, potatoes, roots, dry grain, etc.SYMPTOMS: A stringy discharge of saliva from the mouth, violentcoughing, wrenching of the head and neck. The animal will bloat veryquickly if the Esophagus or gullet is completely obstructed.TREATMENT: The obstruction as a rule is easily located, and as quicklyas possible withdraw the obstruction by inserting the hand andextracting the object. Do not attempt to push the object down into thestomach, except as a last resort, as there is a great deal of danger ofrupturing the Esophagus or gullet. Push the object upward by gentlemanipulation from the outside. If this fails, a smooth piece of hoseabout eight or nine feet long, well greased with Lard, Butter or Oil,should be passed down the Esophagus or gullet. A block of wood about twoinches in diameter with a hole bored through the center just a littlelarger than the hose, placed in the mouth, will prevent the animal frombiting the hose, and make the operation easier.When the animal is bloated severely, puncture with a knife about four orfive inches from the point of the hip downward and forward.CHRONIC DYSENTERY(Bacterial Dysentery--Jones Disease)CAUSE: Acid-fast Bacillus resembling the Tubercular Bacillus that invadethe intestines by the way of the animal drinking water or eating foodcontaining the Acid-fast Bacteria.SYMPTOMS: Diarrhoea, loss of flesh, although the appetite is good, hairbecomes dry and harsh, temperature remains about normal. The Diarrhoeabecomes persistent and tinged with blood. The animal becomes emaciatedand anemic, exhausted, and death follows. This disease may continue fora month or even a year before death takes place. However this is veryuncommon. They generally die very shortly.TREATMENT: Separate the affected cattle from the healthy ones. All fecalmatter should be deeply buried or burned, the stalls, barnyards, alsothoroughly disinfected. Administration of medicine thus far has beenunsatisfactory, although a treatment should be directed toward theintestines with internal antiseptics such as Zinc Sulphocarbolates, oneand one-half grains; Protan, three drams; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one dram;Bismuth Subnitrate, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give withcapsule gun. This dose should be repeated three or four times a day.Feed a good quality of food, such as wheat bran mashes or steamed rolledoats and see that the water supply is fresh and non-contaminated.COLICCAUSE: Drinking large quantities of cold water when overheated. However,this disorder is very uncommon in cattle owing to the fact that they arenot worked, seldom overheated and drink water very slowly.SYMPTOMS: Kicking or raising of the feet to the belly. Lying down andgetting up alternately. Distention of the stomach or paunch with gas.The animal chills or shivers, etc.TREATMENT: Strong stimulants or tonics as the following will giveimmediate results if administered in its first stages: Pulv. Nux Vomica,two ounces; Pulv. Ginger, two ounces; Pulv. Capsicum, two ounces. Makeinto eight capsules and give one capsule every two hours until relieved.Give the capsules with capsule gun. If severe bloating accompanies acase of Colic in cattle place one ounce dose of Oil of Turpentine inounce capsules and give with capsule gun.CHAMPION GALLOWAY BULL, STANDARD FAVORITE,INTERNATIONAL 1913.Owned by C. S. Hetehncr, Chariton, Iowa.CONGESTION OF THE LUNGSCAUSE: Cattle permitted to stand in drafts when warm after being driven,etc., irritating drugs escaping into the lungs when drenching, as it isvery difficult for cattle to swallow when their heads are elevated.SYMPTOMS: Dullness. The animal loses its spirits, so to speak, usuallyshivers or trembles. When this ceases, the temperature rises to perhaps105 or 106 degrees F. The ears and legs grow cold, the nose hot and dry,pulse rapid but firm, breathing short and labored, a short hacking coughwill be present. Such animals generally remain standing.Other symptoms are constipation, the feces covered with mucus or aslime, great thirst. The eyes are inflamed and look glassy. Thesecretions of milk are suppressed, if these symptoms develop in milkingcows.TREATMENT: Place the animal in clean, warm, comfortable quarterspermitting light and as much pure air as possible, but avoid drafts andblanket the animal if chilly. Hand rub the legs and bandage with woolencloths. Administer Pulv. Carbonate of Ammonia, four ounces; Pulv. NuxVomica, three ounces; Quinine, two ounces; Nitrate of Potash, twoounces; Potassium Iodide, one ounce. Make into twenty-four capsules andgive one capsule every four hours with capsule gun. Also apply a pastemade from Mustard and cold water over the lung cavities just back of thefore legs. Apply once a day and perhaps one or two applications will besufficient.If this disease is treated when the first symptoms develop, a goodrecovery will follow. Feed easily digested food as hot wheat bran mashesor steamed rolled oats, vegetables and green grass if possible.CONTAGIOUS ABORTION(Infectious Abortion)CAUSE: Due to a germ (Bacillus Abortus) coming in direct contact withthe genital organs of a bull or cow and can be indefinitely transmittedfrom one herd to another by infected bulls serving healthy cows, orinfected cows when served transmit the infection to healthy bulls.Healthy cows become infected by their genital organs coming in contactwith litter on floors when lying down or rubbing against fences, wallsor posts previously soiled by aborting cows. Cattle licking one anotheris also a prolific cause.SYMPTOMS: The signs of calving are not so well marked as in normalcalving, especially where the aborting animal is a heifer and thegestation period has not exceeded three or four weeks. In cows,especially where the gestation period has advanced to five or sevenmonths, the symptoms are easily detected as a rule by a swelling of theudder, or what is commonly termed "making bag," the outer portions ofthe womb swollen and inflamed as in normal calving. As the period ofabortion approaches, there will be a discharge of mucus and blood fromthe womb. Labor pains are not as severe as in normal calving, owing tothe absence of hair on the foetus and being smaller; although theafterbirth (foetal membranes), may be retained the same as in normalcalving.PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: This perhaps is the cheapest and best method oftreating Contagious Abortion. When purchasing bulls or cows, ascertainwhether the farm you purchased from has Contagious Abortion. Aninvestigation of this kind often saves labor, time and money.MEDICAL TREATMENT: When once Contagious Abortion makes its appearance,separate infected from non-infected animals, remove all litter, manure,etc., from barns, corrals, and burn or bury deeply. The conveyances usedshould be tight so as to prevent scattering. Scrub and disinfect floors,fences, walls of barns and rubbing posts with a solution made from threepounds of Copper Sulphate to ten gallons of water, permitting it tothoroughly dissolve before using. Use an ordinary barrel and cover so asto prevent any cattle drinking same, as it is very poisonous. When acow aborts, remove the calf and afterbirth in a tight receptacle thatwill prevent any portion from being scattered, and burn or bury deeply;disinfect the floor and walls of stall where the abortion took place aslong as the cow is discharging any fluids from the womb. A gallon ofdistilled or boiled water containing about one per cent Carbolic Acidshould be injected into the womb with an ordinary hose and funnel. Thisshould be repeated once a day for a week. Use a solution of the samestrength for washing the tail and parts around the outer part of thewomb, or in fact any part that the discharge of an aborting cow may comein contact with.Internally, give Methylen Blue in thirty grain doses, every other dayfor two weeks. This is an exceptionally disagreeable drug to administeras it stains everything it comes in contact with. Place it in a gelatincapsule or have your druggist prepare six or seven capsules containingthirty grains each. Then administer with capsule gun. Insist on pureMethylen Blue, accept no substitute. This treatment has proven veryeffective in many localities where strict aseptic precautions werecarried out, as washing out the womb or any parts that the discharge ofan aborting cow may come in contact with and proper cleanliness anddisinfection of stables, etc. Cows should not be bred for several weeksfollowing abortion or as long as there is a discharge present. Bullsshould be treated in much the same way, as administering Methylen Bluein same size doses for the same length of time as that of the cow. Butin addition to this, use a one per cent solution of Carbolic Acid forinjecting into the bull's sheath, holding the end of the sheath whilethe solution is being injected, until it is well distended; holding theopening of the sheath allowing the solution to remain as long asconvenient. Also, wash belly, muzzle, etc., with a solution of the samestrength.COUGH(Acute and Chronic)As a cough is a symptom of various diseases, these in addition to thecough should be treated.KINDS OF COUGH: Many writers give several different varieties, but forthe sake of convenience I will divide them into two forms, namely: Acuteand Chronic.CAUSE: Acute coughs are generally due to sudden exposure to cold, draftsand are the forerunning symptom of a disease of the organs of breathing.Chronic Coughs are associated with, and are a result of sore throat,lung fever, pleurisy, bronchitis, catarrh and tuberculosis.TREATMENT: Under each disease, of which a cough is a symptom, I havealso prescribed to include its suppression. The following prescriptionis reasonable in price, yet very effective in all forms of cough: TannicAcid, one ounce; Potassi Chlorate, four ounces; Potassi Nitrate, fourounces. Powder well and mix with Black Strap Molasses, one pint, placingcontainer retaining the above in hot water, which assists in dissolving.When this is thoroughly mixed, add Pine Tar, one pint, and place onetablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every threeor four hours, according to the severity of the cough.Sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and windpipe has a goodeffect, and I would recommend the following on account of itspenetrating qualities: Aqua Ammonia Fort., two ounces; Turpentine, twoounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply twice daily, shakingthe contents of the bottle well before using.COWPOX(Variola)CAUSE: Investigations lead us to believe that it is due to a protozoa.So far, the true micro-organism has not been discovered. This disease isvery contagious and is transmitted by direct communication but notthrough the air. Perhaps the most common way of transmitting the diseaseis by the hands of the milker.SYMPTOMS: A slight raise in the temperature, especially that of theudder and teats. They are red, swollen and tender and after three orfour days small pimples or pustules will appear on the teats about thesize of a pea. The pimples or pustules become larger and within a fewdays may attain the size of one-half inch in diameter. At the end of thesecond week the pimples or pustules burst and discharge an amber coloredfluid leaving raw sores, which cause the animal to suffer intensely whenbeing milked. The supply of milk is also markedly decreased in thiscondition.PREVENTION: A person should not milk both healthy and diseased cowsunless the hands are thoroughly washed in a Carbolated Solution; theclothes that are likely to come in contact with the udder, coat sleeves,etc., changed.TREATMENT: It is advisable to give a physic as it has a very good effecton the blood, such as Aloin, two drams, and Ginger, two drams, which iseasily prepared and administered by placing in capsule and giving withcapsule gun.Also, the application of Zinc Ointment two or three times a day affordsimmediate relief and causes the sores to heal rapidly. Good results arealso obtained by feeding food that is easily digested, as bran mashes,steamed rolled oats and vegetables.CUD CHEWING(Physiology of Rumination)The cow when eating grass or hay merely moistens it with saliva andswallows, then it passes into the rumen or paunch which acts as astorehouse or reservoir for food. After the paunch or rumen is filled,the cow finds a comfortable place to stand or lie down and sheregurgitates it into the mouth by a contraction of the muscles of thewalls of the esophagus in small quantities or pellets from the rumen orpaunch back into the mouth and is there masticated. When it is chewedfinely she swallows and it passes into the second stomach and is theredigested for assimilation.DIARRHOEACAUSE: Giving rich succulent foods after being fed on stimulating dietsfor some time, and such a case may be a benefit to the animal instead ofan injury. Turnips, carrots, etc., especially if frozen slightly, areapt to produce it. Also impure and stagnant water which acts as a poisonor some irritant in the food, as sand, clay, etc., or it may result fromexcitement, as driving cattle or shipping cattle in cars when notaccustomed to it. Or, it may be the result of an overdose of irritatingmedicines. Diarrhoea as a rule is not fatal. It is often an effort ofnature to relieve some disease, as poison in the blood. The easiest wayto get rid of it is by way of the bowels.SYMPTOMS: It is easily detected. An animal passes large amounts of feceswhich are of a liquid nature. At first the pulse is but little affected,but after a day or two it becomes weak and slightly increased. If itcontinues for a few days the pulse increases, the ears and legs getcolder than normal, there are slight gripping pains in some cases due toslight irritation or perhaps to slight spasm of the intestines. Thesepains may increase and result in inflammation of the bowels, especiallyif the cause is due to stagnant water or irritating drugs.TREATMENT: In many cases all you have to do is to change the food andclothe the body according to the temperature. Do not let the animaldrink large quantities of water at one time. Give pure water in smallquantities, but often, and it may be necessary to give medicines.Endeavor to find out the cause and if due to some irritant in theintestines, prepare Flaxseed tea by pouring a quart of boiling water ona half pint of pure Flaxseed, allowing it to cool. Compel the animal todrink it. This is very soothing to the bowels when irritated and alsobeneficial in removing the irritant; in cases where the Diarrhoeacontinues for some time, it is necessary to stop it by administering GumCatechu, two ounces; Protan, two ounces; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eightgrains. Mix and make into eight capsules and give one capsule every fourhours with capsule gun. Keep the animal as quiet as possible and feednon-irritating food that is easily digested, as steamed barley or oats.DEHORNINGDehorning is not considered a cruelty as some people hold it, as hornson cattle do not only add discomfort to themselves but add to theowner's risk. It is much better, safer and I think more humane toprevent the growth of horns on calves after they are three or four daysold by rubbing the elevations where the horns make their appearance witha pencil of Caustic Potash after being moistened with cold water. Repeatthis application two or three times, which is generally sufficient.When dehorning cattle with clippers or saw, it is well to remove aboutone-half inch of the flesh of the horn. This gives their head a muchbetter appearance after the horns are removed and healed. When a horn isfreshly amputated, apply Oil of Tar occasionally, as it is an antisepticand prevents infection and the annoyance of flies. However, this shouldbe performed during the season when the flies are less numerous.CHAMPION JERSEY COW GREY PORTIA.Owned by Mrs. Nelle Fabyan, Geneva, Ill.DROPSY(Ascities)CAUSE: Usually seen in old animals or cattle fed on poor food where theblood becomes so poor, so to speak, that Dropsy follows, The presence ofworms frequently stimulates excessive secretions of fluid, producingDropsy.SYMPTOMS: The abdomen is abnormally increased in size, flanks are gaunt,paleness of the membranes of the mouth and eyes and a general weakness.Pressure with the hand on the abdominal walls will produce a splashing,watery sound.TREATMENT: The cause at first should be determined and the diseasetreated accordingly. If due to worms, withhold all food for twenty-fourhours. Place two ounces of Oil of Turpentine in gelatin capsules andgive with capsule gun. Follow this in six hours with two drams of Aloin,three drams of Ginger in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Feednourishing food as wheat bran mashes and one cup of Flaxseed meal once aday. In their drinking water place one dram of Potassium Iodide two orthree times a day. See that this water is drunk and give no other untilthis is consumed by the animal.ECZEMACAUSE: Insanitary surroundings, as warm, damp stables. Overfeeding,swills, decomposed vegetables. Applying irritating drugs to the skin.SYMPTOMS: Redness of the skin and the animal rubs itself; is usuallyconfined to a small area at first, but eventually spreads. Considerableinflammation is present, also eruptions of the skin which dischargewhite, serous, sticky fluid, terminating in scabs and thickness of theskin. Sometimes suppuration or formation of pustules containing pus ispresent. These symptoms do not always occur in regular succession; insome cases the serums oozing from the skin will be more prominent thanin others.TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it. If due to poor food,improve the quality. Also feed laxative food, as hot bran mashes,steamed rolled oats. If the bowels do not act freely, administer Aloin,two drams, and Ginger, three drams. Place in gelatin capsule and givewith capsule gun, An ointment made from the following is very effectiveas an application in this condition: Blue Ointment, one ounce; ZincOxide, three ounces. Mix well and apply two or three times a day. Atonic usually has a very good effect in the treatment of this disease,and I would recommend the use of the following: Pulv. Gentian Root, fourounces; Potassium Nitrate, four ounces; Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Mixand make into twelve capsules and give one capsule two or three times aday with capsule gun.ERGOT POISON(Ergotism)CAUSE: Ergotism is produced by cattle eating fungoid growths whichattack kernels and seeds of rye and blue grass, etc. These kernels orseeds grow dark in color and become abnormally large and curved inshape. The infected grass or hay when eaten by cattle contract thearteries, especially those of the legs, just above the feet, althoughall the arteries in the body are contracted to a certain extent. Thisdisease is frequently seen in Spring and Summer.SYMPTOMS: Ergot is prescribed in cases of bleeding, because of itscontracting effect upon the arteries (closing or stopping the flow ofblood) where the blood supply is the weakest, as in the extremities. Itis cut off and this, of course, causes the skin just above the hoofs tobreak or crack as though it were cut with a knife. This shuts off theentire supply of blood to the foot, which mummifies, and the lowerportion becomes gangrenous and eventually sloughs off. One of the firsteffects of Ergot Poison in pregnant cattle is abortion, due to the bloodsupply to the womb being shut off by its contracting effect on thearteries. Cattle are particularly susceptible to Ergotism.TREATMENT: When Ergotism is so advanced as to produce sloughing of thefeet it is best to destroy the animal. If other animals are affectedslightly, find out the cause and remove it. Look to the hay or pastureas the producer. Administer one-half ounce of Chloral Hydrate, two orthree times a day in their drinking water or mix it with sufficientquantity of Flaxseed meal to fill an ounce gelatin capsule and give withcapsule gun. If the skin is slightly broken above the foot, wash withfive per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. Where the feet have becomegangrenous amputation of the foot or feet is necessary, which is notadvisable unless the animal is very valuable.FLUKE(Liver and Lungs)CAUSE: This disease is contracted by cattle grazing on marshy lands.There are two different species of Fluke that affect the liver and lungsof cattle. They are both flat, leaf-like worms. The Common Liver Flukeis about one-half inch long, while the so-called American Fluke issomewhat larger. In their life history these Flukes depend on snails asintermediate hosts. At a certain stage of development the young Flukeslive on snails. They become encysted on stalks and blades of grass whichare finally swallowed by grazing cattle. This disease is most frequentlyseen in young cattle.SYMPTOMS: The animal shows no marked signs at first, but eventually theappetite diminishes, rumination or chewing of the cud becomes irregular,the animal becomes dull, hide-bound, hair standing, the visible mucousmembranes of the mouth and eyes become pale and bloodless, the eyesdischarge watery fluids oozing down the face, temperature varying fromtwo to three degrees above normal and milk supply, if in aged cattle,remarkably reduced. In all cases there is great thirst and the animalbecomes very much emaciated and refuses to eat. Swellings about thebelly and breast, etc. Diarrhoea at first, alternating withconstipation, but finally becomes continuous. The diseased animalsuccumbs to the malady in from two to six months.TREATMENT: Medical treatment is unsatisfactory. The disease will beprevented to a considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt andin the marshes containing pools of water introduce or plant carp, frogsand toads into the infected tracts. These will destroy the youngparasites and feed upon the snails which serve as their intermediatehosts. Or, prevent the cattle from grazing upon swampy marshes byfencing them out.FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE(Infectious Aphtha--Epizootica Eczema)CAUSE: This disease is produced by a specific agent or germ, the exactnature of which is not known. It will pass through the Berkfelt filter,which is the most minute filter known to science, and is therefore knownas a filterable virus. This is an eruptive fever and belongs to theclass of Exanthematous diseases such as smallpox, measles, scarletfever, etc. Every outbreak starts from some pre-existing infection. Theinfection is distributed by manure, pastures, barnyards, hay, drinkingtroughs, box-cars, ships, boats which have been previously occupied byanimals affected with this disease, travel over public highways or manmay carry the infection of this disease on his clothing and transmit itto healthy cattle, etc. Foot and Mouth Disease not only affects cattlebut attacks a variety of animals, as the horse, sheep, goat, hog, dog,cat, also wild animals as buffalo, deer, antelope, and man himself isnot immune from this disease. Children also suffer from Foot and MouthDisease, resulting from drinking unboiled milk from infected cattle.Therefore, when purchasing cattle be very careful, as you may be buyingan infections disease. Keep the newly purchased animals to themselvesfor two or three weeks, if possible. This will give ample time for themajority of infectious diseases to develop.SYMPTOMS: The disease usually makes its first appearance in three to sixdays after being exposed, by chilling, rise of temperature, and in a dayor so pustules varying in size from that of a pin head to that of a peaappear. They appear upon the inner surface of the lips, gums and uppersurface of the tongue. The feet also become affected between the digits.The udder usually becomes affected, especially in milking cows. As soonas this disease becomes well established the affected animal evincesgreat pain when attempting to eat. The animal generally refuses food. Inmany instances they shut and open the mouth with a smacking sound owingto the stringy saliva flowing from the mouth. The ulcers in the mouthcontinue to enlarge until they attain the size of one-half to two inchesin diameter. The mucous membrane covering these ulcers breaks and awatery discharge escapes. In a few days the surface of the ulcers takeson a whitish appearance. The same changes take place in the feet and theanimal becomes very lame and the udder very much swollen, the ulcersdischarge, etc.PREVENTION: When any of the above mentioned symptoms are noticed,non-affected animals should immediately be removed to non-affectedquarters. This disease is not communicated through the atmosphere but bythe animal coming into direct contact with the infection or virus; henceit is not necessary to move unaffected animals any great distance butmerely to clean, sanitary quarters which have not been subjected to anypossible infection from the diseased animals. It must be borne in mindthat the attendant or helper cannot be too careful in the matter of hisown actions and dress as the infection is easily carried throughclothes, fecal matter, etc., adhering to shoes or any matter orarticles, such as buckets, brushes, rubrags, blankets, etc.The existence of this disease should at once be reported to your nearestVeterinarian. He will report to the State Veterinarian of your State orto the United States Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, D. C.TREATMENT: I cannot recommend any treatment as being satisfactory or acure, for although under some treatments the animal appears to make agood recovery, in the majority of cases the feet are disfigured andcrippled, the udder permanently injured with growths, animal unfit formilking purposes, and the mouth, tongue and teeth left impaired; themouth and tongue strictured from wounds and the teeth loosened from thegums. Furthermore, should an animal make apparent recovery, it is notimmune from a recurrence of the disease. In treating the disease, thereis not only danger of spreading the disease to other animals, but toman. The flesh or milk from animals apparently cured should never beused unless first examined by a qualified Veterinarian.Without question, all animals showing severe symptoms as above describedshould be at once slaughtered and buried six feet or deeper, coveringcarcass with Quicklime and then promptly filling grave, according to theGovernment regulations, which should be followed explicitly. Be carefulto disinfect scene of slaughter, as bloodstains, etc. The United StatesBureau of Animal Industry regulates the disinfectants to be used and thestrength thereof, and as these are subject to change from time to time,I must refer you in this matter to the proper Government authorities.MEDICAL TREATMENT: If permitted by Government authorities, I wouldsuggest the following treatment as being beneficial: In mild attacks ofFoot and Mouth Disease benefits may be derived by cleanliness and theapplications of antiseptics as placing Boracic Acid, one dram; PotassiumChlorate, two drams, in a bucket of water, compelling the animal todrink it. Repeat this dose two or three times a day. Also compel theanimals to stand in tubs or troughs containing a one in one thousandthsolution of Bichloride of Mercury for at least five minutes, twicedaily. When other parts of the body become affected, as the cow's udder,apply Carbolated Vaseline twice daily. This treatment should becontinued until all ulcers have ceased to discharge. Always keep in mindthat this disease is contagious and is transmitted to other animals, aswell as to man. For disinfecting corrals, barns, clothing, hands andanything which the diseased animal might come in contact with, I wouldrecommend Coal Tar products, diluted one part to fifty parts warm water.Spray, sprinkle or scrub.HEREFORD BULL.Owned by C. A. Tow, Norway, Iowa.FOOT ROT(Foul in Foot)CAUSE: Due to filth or from hard substances accumulating between the twodigits, producing irritation and inflammation and suppuration.SYMPTOMS: Lameness. On examination the foot is swollen, hot and painfulto the touch. When the case is of long standing, suppuration occurs andpus will ooze from between the digits, and is very offensive in smell.This condition causes the digits to slough off, if no attempt is made torelieve it.TREATMENT: Cleanliness. Where there is considerable inflammationpresent, apply Hot Bran or Flaxseed poultices. Keep clean and treat asan ordinary wound. The following prescription will be found veryeffective in Foot Rot: Oil of Origanum, four ounces; Oil of Pisis, fourounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces. Saturate oakum or cotton withthe above liniment placing between the digits and bandage. Feed laxativefood, as hot wheat bran mashes and vegetables.FOUNDER(Laminitis)Inflammation of the internal, sensitive structure of the foot.CAUSE: Overfeeding, overheating, driving on rough, stony soil. Cattleconfined to stand on hard floors without exercise frequently suffer fromFounder.SYMPTOMS: The animals lie down a great part of the time. Feet hot andtender and if made to walk they do so with great difficulty. One or allfour feet may become affected, although it is more frequently found inthe front feet. The temperature is somewhat elevated, varying from 104to 106 degrees F., breathing very rapid, appetite fairly good and therewill be great thirst. Founder in cows reduces the milk secretion, owingto the great fever that is present.TREATMENT: Apply cold packs to the feet, ice packs preferred. If theanimal can be made to stand in a stream of water having a soft bottom,it, perhaps, is the best method of cooling out the feet. Give a physicof Aloin, three drams; Pulv. Gentian Root, two drams. Place in a gelatincapsule and give with capsule gun. To their drinking water add two orthree drams of Potassi Nitrate three or four times daily. Animalssuffering with Founder should be provided with soft ground to stand on,as their feet will be tender and subject to the chronic form of thedisease.GARGET(Congestion of the Udder)CAUSE: Very common in heavy milkers before or just after calving whenthe bag is very much enlarged and very sensitive; exposure to chillingor standing in drafts or even neglected for too long a time in milking.Injuries may also cause Garget.SYMPTOMS: The bag is very much enlarged, showing signs of inflammation.The swelling extends well forward following the milk veins. The cow hasgreat difficulty in walking due to sensitiveness of the bag. When milkedfor two or three days the swelling disappears after the secretion isfully established, but as a rule is tinged with blood. Sometimes smallclots of milk or cheese-like particles are ejected with the milk.TREATMENT: Give a physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger,three drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun:Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen ounces; Nitrate of Potassi, four ounces.Mix and make into sixteen powders. Give one powder three times a day indrinking water or place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun.Also dissolve Bichloride of Mercury, two grains; Boracic Acid, twodrams, in one quart of boiling hot water. When this solution cools toabout blood temperature, after stripping all milk fluid or pus from theaffected teat or teats, inject with an ordinary bulb injection syringeafter placing a teat tube into the end from which the air escapes whenthe bulb is pressed. Now, place the end of the syringe retaining theteat tube in the affected teat, the other end place in a bottle orvessel containing the solution and gently press the bulb and injectabout a pint of the solution in each affected quarter. Leave thesolution in the teat for only fifteen to twenty minutes and milk outthoroughly. Repeat this treatment two or three times a day.For an external application the following ointment has given remarkablygood results: Blue Ointment and Zinc Ointment, equal parts. Mix well andapply two or three times daily.HARD MILKERSCAUSE: A thickness or contraction of the mucous membranes lining theteat or growths inside the teat.TREATMENT: All antiseptic precautions should be carried out in thisoperation, as boiling the instruments and then covering them withCarbolated Vaseline. Then with a hidden bistoury or a knife concealed ina tube, force upward into the teat, then press out the little blade anddraw the instrument down the teat, making about four incisions equaldistance apart around the inner surface of the teat. The use ofself-retaining teat dilators prevents the contraction of the cutsurface, permitting them to remain in the teat for two weeks, removingthem only when the milk is being stripped from the teat. Always placethem in boiling water and cover with Carbolated Vaseline beforeinserting.HOLLOW HORNHorns of the cattle tribe are normally hollow, although a core extendswell into the horn. This, however, is merely a prolongation of a porousbone of the head which affords a point for the horns' attachment,consequently when a cow is sick and the temperature is elevated, thehorns are naturally hot, it being the symptom of a disease and not adisease of itself, and which should be treated under its specialheading.The supposed disease "Hollow Horn" once upon a time was treated byboring a hole into the horn with a small gimlet and pouring Turpentineinto the opening. This treatment is useless and harmful. It producesinflammation of the frontal sinuses of the head and chances are death ofthe animal will follow as a result of the treatment and not of thedisease.INDIGESTIONCAUSE: Animals with a voracious appetite will overload their stomachswith food that is hard to digest or is decomposed, causing the organs ofassimilation to become weakened, sluggish and incapable of doing theirproper work.SYMPTOMS: The animal ceases to ruminate (chew its cud); stands quietly,hair rough, nose dry, temperature elevated one to two degrees, breathingusually faster than normal with slight grunts at each expiration of airfrom the lungs. The secretions of milk are suddenly diminished. If thehand is placed against the left side and quickly removed, a markeddepression or pit will remain, which shows that the paunch is full ofundigested food. Bloating is also frequently accompanied by indigestion.TREATMENT: Administer Aloin, three drams; Ginger, three drams. Place incapsule and give with capsule gun. Permit the animal to drink all thewater possible. If bloating is present give two-ounce capsules filledwith Turpentine with capsule gun. A tonic is quite necessary in thiscondition, and the following I am sure will be followed by good resultsif the case is not of too long a standing: Sodium Bicarbonate, eightounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces;Pulv. Ginger, four ounces. Place two tablespoonfuls in gelatin capsuleand give with capsule gun every six hours. Very good results are alsoobtained from rectal injections of soap and warm water. Feed goodnourishing food sparingly, compelling the animal to exercise, etc.GUERNSEY COW MURNE COWAN 19597 A. R. 1906.SIRE FANTASIA'S JEWELLER 7259; DAM: JANET BROWN 12403.(Years record 24008.0 lbs. Milk; 1098.18 lbs. Butter Fat.)Owned by O. C. Barber, Akron, Ohio.INFLAMMATION OF THE BAG(Simple Mammitis)CAUSE: Injuries, as blows, kicks, etc.; lying on cold, rough ground orfloor, standing in drafts, sudden change of weather. Derangement of thesystem is likely to affect the udder; poorly milked or stripped cows areoften victims of Mammitis. Infections in the teat from inserting dirtyinstruments, as using a bicycle pump for the treatment of Milk Fever.Cows with a retained afterbirth are likely to infect the udder byswitching their tail. This condition is very common in heavy milkersfollowing calving.SYMPTOMS: The animal chills, hair stands, temperature elevated from oneto three degrees above normal; ears, horns and legs cold, which maysuddenly become very hot; pulse rapid, breathing hurried, bag hard andswollen and very tender on pressure. When attempts are made to milk, awatery substance comes away, almost colorless at first, but laterbecomes tinged with blood and pus and has a fetid odor. The cow's muzzleis dry, appetite poor, but great thirst exists. This condition mayaffect one or more quarters of the udder. Abscesses may form and theudder break and a thick yellowish pus oozes out or the milk glands maysolidify and cause hard, lumpy growths in the udder.TREATMENT: Prevention. If an animal is once slightly affected withinflammation of the bag, it is likely to develop a bad case of Mammitisfrom the slightest injury or exposure as stated above, which depreciatesa cow considerably as a milk producer, especially on the market. Greatcare should be exercised when purchasing a cow for milking purposes. Seethat the teats and udder are sound, free from lumps, etc.MEDICAL TREATMENT: Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen ounces; Nitrate ofPotassi, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders. Give one powderthree times a day in drinking water or place in a gelatin capsule andgive with a capsule gun. Also, dissolve Bichloride of Mercury, twograins; Boracic Acid, two drams, in one quart of boiling hot water. Whenthis solution cools to about blood temperature, after stripping all milkfluid or pus from the affected teat or teats, inject with an ordinarybulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the end from whichthe air escapes when the bulb is pressed. Now, place this end of thesyringe retaining the teat tube in the affected teat; the other endplace in a bottle or vessel containing the solution and gently press thebulb and inject about a pint of the solution into each affected quarter.Leave the solution in the teat for only fifteen to twenty minutes andmilk out thoroughly. Repeat this treatment two or three times a day.For an external application, the following ointment has given remarkablygood results: Blue Ointment, two ounces; Lard, two ounces. Mix well andapply twice daily.INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE(Conjunctivitis)CAUSE: Injuries; irritating gases, from an animal standing in dark andpoorly ventilated stables or foreign bodies in the eye, as chaff, etc.SYMPTOMS: A constant flow of tears from the eye running down theanimal's face, which are due to the inflammation of the lining membranesof the eye. The eye is partially or completely closed.TREATMENT: If due to a foreign body, remove it. In order to accomplishthis, the animal must be placed in a stanchion, the head twisted and theeyelid turned back. Do not use burned alum as this will only make thecondition worse. Use Boracic Acid, thirty grains; distilled water, oneounce. Apply to the eye three or four times daily, using an ordinaryeye-dropper.INFLAMMATION OF THE HEART SACK(Pericarditis)CAUSE: Cattle being ruminants, therefore, not masticating their foodfinely before swallowing, consequently foreign bodies, such as nails,wire, etc., are picked up with the food and taken into the rumen orpaunch. These sharp objects penetrate the walls of the paunch, rumen orfirst stomach and pierce the membrane or sack surrounding the heart,which produces an inflammation of the heart sack, or Pericarditis.SYMPTOMS: Symptoms develop very slowly or indications of indigestionwill be present as the appetite is variable, temperature elevated,breathing labored, the animal avoids walking down hill as it causes painfrom the stomach and intestines pressing the lungs against the heart.The symptoms, however, are so slight that they may easily escape thenotice of a casual observer. The animal eventually becomes poor,emaciated and dies. If you open the heart sack, it will be found full ofwatery pus.TREATMENT: Unsuccessful, as this disease is seldom diagnosed correctly,and if it is an operation is necessary and this does not provesuccessful in the majority of cases.INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYSCAUSE: Injuries in the region of the kidneys, exposure to cold weather,especially in cows soon after calving. Eating poisonous plants,decomposed food or drinking stagnant water, irritating medicines givenignorantly of their bad effects are frequently followed by inflammationof the kidneys.SYMPTOMS: The attack will first be noticed by slight shivering orchilling followed by an increased temperature, breathing increased. Theanimal attempts to urinate frequently and the amount passed is small andof a dark amber color and may be flaked with blood. There will bestiffness and straddling of the hind legs which is always present duringurinary disorders. There may be slight swelling and tenderness over thekidneys. As the disease progresses the animal grows weak and finallydies if prompt relief is not afforded. Fortunately this disease is notcommon among cattle.TREATMENT: Clothe the animal if the weather is cold. Mild physics arebeneficial, as Aloin, one and one-half drams; Ginger, two drams; NuxVomica, two drams, placed in a gelatin capsule and given with capsulegun. Also, the following, which is very soothing to the urinary tract:Potassium Acetate, Potassium Bromide, each four ounces, made intosixteen powders. Give one powder every four hours in their drinkingwater. Feed nitrogenous food as hot wheat bran mashes, steamed rolledoats, and see that the animal has pure water to drink.INFLAMMATION OF THE PENISCAUSE: Injuries received from snags, walking through the underbrush,jumping fences, etc.SYMPTOMS: Arched back, swelling of the sheath and in some cases adischarge. It may be serious enough to affect the appetite and causefever.TREATMENT: Wash out the sheath two or three times daily with a three percent solution of Boracic Acid. If the inflammation extends pretty wellback in the sheath, it is advisable to inject this solution with asyringe, carefully, as far back as possible. Withdraw the syringe,holding the opening of the sheath so as to retain the solution for a fewminutes before allowing it to escape.Feed laxative food and supply the animal with fresh water to drink. Ifthere is considerable fever, administer Potassium Nitrate, Pulv. NuxVomica, each two ounces. Make into eight capsules and give one capsuletwo or three times a day.INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMBCAUSE: Injuries, as bruises, laceration, sustained during calving,especially where the cow is assisted with instruments or hands that arenot thoroughly aseptic, an animal retaining the afterbirth whichundergoes putrefaction, and consequently sets up an inflammation of thewomb, or perhaps the animal may become infected during the act ofremoving the afterbirth if the operator is neglectful about washing hishands or washing the womb out thoroughly.SYMPTOMS: The animal will chill, the temperature elevated two or threedegrees, the back will be arched, stiffness of the hind parts, legs,ears and horns cold, nose hot and dry, grinding of the teeth, the cowusually remains standing, ceases to chew her cud, the secretions of milkwill be markedly reduced and a day or so after the symptoms appear,there will be a discharge from the womb of a reddish lumpy nature. Thisbecomes thick and yellow containing small particles of flesh, showingthat the inner lining of the womb is sloughing. This discharge is veryoffensive in odor. A cow in this condition requires the best of care orshe will die as the decomposed substance in the womb may be absorbedinto the circulation and produce Pyemia or Septicemia (Blood Poison).TREATMENT: Give Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger, three drams, place in agelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Flush out the womb thoroughlywith a tablespoonful of Carbolic Acid to one gallon of water two orthree times a day. A convenient instrument for flushing out the womb canbe made from an ordinary funnel and a clean hose about four feet long.This answers the purpose of an injection syringe very well. In theirdrinking water add the following: Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen ounces;Potassium Iodide, two ounces. Make into sixteen powders and give onepowder two or three times a day.In addition to the above treatment it is necessary to give alterativesand bitter tonics to build up the condition of the animal as soon aspossible. The following will be found very effective: Pulv. GentianRoot, four ounces; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces; Nitrate of Potash,four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders and give one powder threetimes a day. Place in a gelatin capsule and administer with a capsulegun.My reasons for giving animals medicine in capsules are:1. There is no danger of liquids, as in drenching, escaping into thelungs.2. Any drug having any beneficial effects as a tonic is very bitter,consequently the only way the animal will take it is by placing incapsule.JOINT ILL, NAVEL ILL(Umbilical Pyemia and Septicemia)CAUSE: This disease is produced by various germs entering the navel cordof newly born calves when dropped, the navel being freshly severed andits coming in contact with filth and manure where germs are numerous,consequently germs adhere and enter the blood stream. Calf Scours as arule is associated with this disease.SYMPTOMS: Swelling of the joints which are very hot and painful onpressure, and when the calf is made to move it walks stiffly and slowly,does not care to nurse its mother or take any food, temperature elevatedfrom 105 to 108 degrees F., breathing hurried, pulse very weak andquick. There will be an offensive discharge from the navel cord of a