yellowish color and swollen joints finally break and also discharge athick yellow pus. The calf becomes emaciated and finally dies fromexhaustion.TREATMENT: Prevention. Provide clean surroundings for cows when calving,and in addition to this have a one in one-thousandth solution ofBichloride of Mercury on hand. Wash the navel well in the solution oncea day until the cord is thoroughly dried.MEDICAL TREATMENT: Unsuccessful. Sometimes the calf recovers, but atbest the calf is badly stunted and is very seldom worth keeping.However, the following method of treatment has been followed with fairlygood results: Wash the navel cord well in a one-thousandth solution ofBichloride of Mercury two or three times a day and give ZincSulphocarbolates, one-fourth grain; Potassi Iodide, five grains, in alittle water or milk three or four times a day. Feed them three or foureggs a day, molasses, fresh milk. This will keep up the strength andvitality and a good recovery may follow, although it is an exception andnot a rule.LACERATION OF THE EYELIDCAUSE: An eyelid may be torn on the manger, rubbing post or barb wirefence, etc.TREATMENT: Wash the lacerated portions of the eye thoroughly with a fiveper cent solution of Carbolic Acid. It may be necessary to take a fewstitches in the wound or the torn edges may be cut off with a pair ofsharp scissors. If stitches have been taken, they should be removedafter the parts have united and the eye kept clean. A very convenientapplication for the eye in this condition is Boracic Acid, one dram;Distilled Water, four ounces. Apply liberally to the eye.LEECHES(Blood Suckers)Leeches which suck blood of cattle are sometimes taken up by the animalswhen drinking water from ponds, etc. The leeches attach themselves tothe inner surface of the mouth or nose, and sometimes reach the upperpart of windpipe or the gullet. Bleeding at the mouth or nose may benoticed, the membranes where the leeches attach themselves becomecongested and swollen, and as a result of the loss of blood anemiccondition follows.TREATMENT: If the leeches can be reached, they are easily destroyed bycutting them in two with a pair of scissors or they may be removed witha pair of forceps or with the fingers after wrapping a piece of clotharound them so as to prevent slipping.Steam from boiling hot water containing Pine Tar or Oil of Turpentinemay cause leeches to release their hold if they cannot be removed byother means. In ponds where leeches are numerous, eels should beintroduced as they feed upon blood suckers of this species.SHORT-HORN BULL CUMBERLAND'S TYPE 388132.Winner of many Grand Championships.Owned by C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa.LUMPY JAW(Wooden Tongue, Big Head, Actinomycosis)CAUSE: The Ray Fungus. This organism which occurs in the tissues in theform of russets is directly transmitted from one animal to another. Itseems apparent that the fungus is conveyed into the tissues of the mouthby various food stuff through slight wounds of the mucous membranes ofthe mouth or an animal that has decayed teeth or during the shedding ofmilk teeth. The Ray Fungus is found naturally vegetated or clinging onthe awns of barley, the spears of oats and on other grains. Quantitiesof fungi have been found between the vegetable fibers of barley whichhad penetrated the gums of cattle and on the awns of grain imbedded intheir tongues.Lumpy Jaw can also be transmitted by coming in contact with or eatingfood over which lumpy jawed cattle have slobbered. A healthy animaleating such food with very slight bruises or abrasions of the mouth willcontract the disease very readily. This disease is misleading as otherorgans are affected with the Ray Fungi or the Bacillus of Actinomycosis,as the lungs and even the digestive organs have been found to beaffected with this disease.SYMPTOMS: External symptoms or signs are the only means by which toascertain the disease. Its exact location is on the lower jaw bone nearits angle. It may also affect the upper jaw, but this is an exceptionand not a rule. Internally it may affect the tongue, mouth, throat orlungs, but rarely the intestines. This enlargement continues to growuntil it reaches the size of that of a man's head, breaks and dischargespus. The animal becomes poor and emaciated, the hair takes on a dull,roughened appearance and in many cases it is very difficult for it toeat, especially where the disease separates the gums and bone from theteeth and causes them to become very loose or to drop out. The animal inthe latter stages of this disease generally dies from starvation.TREATMENT: Successful in its first stages. Soft, nitrogenous food shouldbe fed, such as wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley, haydampened with clean water, so as to make it pliable. Hay containingwoody matter as stems, etc., should not be fed to an animal affectedwith Lumpy Jaw as it tends to aggravate the disease. Internally in theirdrinking water give two drams of Potassium Iodide morning and night.This treatment, however, should be omitted when the animal's skinbecomes scaly or when an excessive watery discharge flows from the eyes.On the outer surface over the enlargement apply the following ointment:Red Iodide of Mercury, four drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and rub inbriskly for twenty minutes every five or six days for three weeks. Thecure can generally be ascertained by the animal gaining in flesh,although the lump may remain. Where Lumpy Jaw is of long standing so asto impair the use of the animal's tongue or teeth, it is best to destroythe animal, as this lessens the possibilities of infecting healthyanimals.LUNG FEVER(Pneumonia)CAUSE: Generally follows congestion of the lungs. It may be due toparasitic organisms or exposure to cold, drafts when warm after beingdriven, etc. Drenching perhaps is the most common cause as it is verydifficult for a cow to swallow when the head is elevated; inhalingsmoke, gases, etc., also tend to produce pneumonia.SYMPTOMS: Chilling or shivering, temperature elevated to 105 or 106degrees F., nose hot and dry, horns and legs cold. Pulse rapid thoughstrong, breathing fast and the appetite very good in some cases. Theanimal urinates small quantities of urine but often, of a dark ambercolor. A discharge from the nose follows, also a cough. If the ear isplaced back of the fore leg, a dry crackling sound can be heardsomething on the order of rubbing hair between the fingers.TREATMENT: Place the animal in a dry, well lighted and ventilatedstable, but avoid drafts. Give Pulv. Iodide of Ammonia, one ounce; Pulv.Potassium Nitrate, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv.Capsicum, one ounce; Quinine, one ounce. Mix well and make intothirty-two powders. Place one powder in gelatin capsule and administerevery three or four hours with capsule gun. Supply the animal with freshwater at all times. Feed laxative food as hot wheat bran mashes orsteamed rolled oats. Also feed vegetables, such as potatoes, apples,carrots and kale. It is also advisable to apply the following over theregion of the lungs just back of the fore legs: Aqua Ammonia Fort., fourounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, six ounces. Mixand shake well and apply two or three times daily. It is also advisableto hand rub the legs and bandage them with woolen cloths. If the abovetreatment is properly carried out, the animal will make a completerecovery in a week or ten days.LOSS OF CUDCAUSE: This condition cannot always be traced to a definite cause, as itis a symptom of all diseases where the process of rumination isinterfered with. The only method by which a cow will again chew her cudis to restore her back to health by the proper medical treatment.Artificial cuds are of no value and frequently are a detriment to theanimal. Other symptoms aside from those of the animal not chewing cudwill always make their appearance, as constipation, diarrhoea, elevationof the temperature, etc. The animal should be thoroughly examined andthe disease treated under its special heading.MANGE(Scabies)CAUSE: There are four different parasites which produce Mange or Scabiesin cattle. However, three of these parasites are rarely seen. TheSymbotis Communis is the parasite commonly seen in American cattle.These parasites multiply very rapidly and are conveyed from diseasedanimals to healthy ones by their bodies coming in contact with oneanother and by healthy animals rubbing against fences, walls, posts,etc., where mangy cattle have previously rubbed.SYMPTOMS: Scabs, loss of hair, intense itching, the animals areconstantly rubbing or licking themselves. The parts showing the firstsigns of Mange are those about the croup, or the root of the tail, theneck and withers, but as the disease progresses and no attempts areoffered for its eradication, it finally spreads and covers the entirebody. The scabs become ulcerated, the animal becomes weakened, emaciatedand eventually dies.TREATMENT: Dipping in wood or concrete vats is the most satisfactorymethod of treating Mange. The regular lime and sulphur dip asrecommended by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry isinexpensive and effective.MEASLY BEEFIs produced by a larva of common tapeworm of man. These small tapewormcysts (taenia saginata) are about the size of a pea and found in theflesh of cattle, which become infected by eating food or drinking waterwhich has been contaminated by the feces of persons harboring adulttapeworms. Then again, the person becomes infected by eating raw or rareflesh of cattle infected with the larva stage of Measly Beef. Great careshould be exercised to prevent cattle from becoming infected with thisparasite. Persons' feces should not be placed where it will infect foodor drinking water that is consumed by cattle.MILK FEVER(Parturient Apoplexy)CAUSE: Certain conditions predispose cows to Milk Fever, as being heavymilk producers, cows having enormous digestive power and being heavilyfed on nitrogenous food naturally are in a good condition, consequentlyat the time of calving, or shortly after, they are likely to develop acase of Milk Fever, It is more common during summer months, althoughthis condition may develop at any time of the year in the type of cowdescribed above.SYMPTOMS: At or a few days after calving, the cow is noticed hangingback in the stall, dull, languid, with an unsteady movement of the hindlegs. If the cow is made to walk, she steps unsteadily or staggers, paysno attention to her calf; she finally becomes so paralyzed that shefalls and is unable to rise. The pupils of the eyes are dilated and themembranes reddened or congested with blood. The cow may lie on herbreast or flat on her side, but most likely upon her breast and her headturned in the region of the flank. She apparently is sound asleep. Ifthe eyeball is touched with the fingers she does not close the eye, norwill she evince any pain when being pricked with a pin on any part ofthe body. The nose is dry, the temperature is below normal in mostcases. Just how the name of this disease started by the name of "MilkFever" I cannot understand.TREATMENT: When the above signs are noticed, whether the cow is standingor lying down in a paralyzed condition, obtain an ordinary bulbinjection syringe; insert a tube in the end from which the air escapes.After washing both syringe and teat tube in a five per cent solution ofCarbolic Acid, milk or strip out all the milk possible from the bag,then insert the teat tube that is connected to the syringe in each teat,filling them well with air, and repeat this treatment every hour untilthe cow stops staggering, or if lying down, stands on her feet. It isnecessary to strip the milk from the bag before giving an injection ofair. If the cow is lying flat on her side, prop her up by placing bagsof hay or straw against her side, also make her as comfortable aspossible. If lying in the hot sun, provide shade by placing a canopyover her made from burlap; if the weather is chilly, blanket; if fliesannoy her, use some fly repellant.This disease is satisfactorily treated. Where ninety per cent of thecows died at one time, ninety per cent can be saved by the abovetreatment. It is a custom with some people to use an ordinary bicyclepump for treatment of Milk Fever. This should not be practiced, as thereis great danger of infecting the bag and producing seriouscomplications.MEDICAL OR AFTER TREATMENT: Never drench a cow. Give a physic consistingof Aloin, two drams; Ginger, three drams. Place in a gelatin capsule andgive with a capsule gun. Also, give tonics as Pulv. Gentian Root, twoounces; Pulv. Capsicum, one ounce; Pulv. Nux Vomica, two ounces. Mix andplace into eight gelatin capsules. Give one capsule every eight hours.This tonic is quite necessary, as it stimulates their appetite, bracesup their nervous system and prevents any complications that mightotherwise follow.PARALYSIS(Congestion of the Brain or Spinal Cord)CAUSE: May be due to a morbid condition of the brain or spinal cord,concussion of the spinal cord, fractures of the bones of the spinalcolumn, or violent shocks or jars of the brain, or pressure due tofractures of the skull, or dilated or ruptured blood vessels. Paralysisalso occurs in poorly fed, weak cows when exposed to cold or wet weatherduring the latter stages of pregnancy. Sometimes the back portion of thebowels (the rectum) becomes paralyzed so as to interfere with theexpulsion of the feces which becomes dry and more or less impacted. Thiscondition may also occur in connection with Ergot, Forage or LeadPoisoning, Milk Fever or Parturient Apoplexy.SYMPTOMS: Appear very suddenly. The animal is unable to stand, liesquietly and groans occasionally. Constipation generally accompanies thiscondition. Sometimes great pain is present, especially if due tofracture or pressure, as above mentioned.TREATMENT: If just due to weakness; exposure to cold, wet weather; cowsprior to calving; slight injuries or mild effect of poisons, it issuccessfully treated by placing the animal in a comfortable, welllighted stall, omitting drafts, feeding nourishing food, as warm wheatbran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley and linseed meal; tea todrink prepared as follows: Pour one quart of boiling water on one-halfpint of Pure Flaxseed, allowing it to cool, and compel the animal todrink it. Repeat this once or twice daily, especially if the animal ispregnant. A physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams;prepared in capsule and given with a capsule gun is very effective, butthis, however, should not be administered to heavily pregnant cows.Endeavor to move their bowels by careful feeding of laxative food andrectal injections of soap and water. Nerve stimulants are necessary andI have derived good results from the following: Pulv. Nux Vomica, fourounces; Pulv. Ginger, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces. Makeinto sixteen capsules and give one capsule every four or six hours. Alsoapply powdered mustard, moistened with a sufficient quantity of water tomake a paste, and rub over the full length of the spine about eightinches in width. This should be covered with paper which will adherereadily to the mustard and water. This application can be repeated everytwenty-four hours until satisfactory results have been obtained.RED WATER(Hematuria)CAUSE: Marshy pastures, water from rich decomposed soil. Vegetation alsohas a tendency to produce it as cattle eating green shoots from oak,ash, hellebore, hazel and other resinous plants, etc.SYMPTOMS: Bloody urine containing no blood clots. This condition is notnoticed as a general rule until the cow loses flesh and the productionof milk is considerably decreased. One particular symptom of thisdisease is the milk being exceptionally foamy and perhaps tinged withblood. If the disease is left to run its course, the cow will becomeemaciated and eventually dies.TREATMENT: Find out the cause and remove it if possible. See that thewater supply is clean, feed nitrogenous food, as wheat bran mashes orsteamed rolled oats. Do not permit the animal to eat resinous plants asstated above.Administer Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, fourounces; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteencapsules and give one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun.If the animal is constipated, give two drams of Aloin, three drams ofGinger. Place in capsule and give with capsule gun.RETAINED AFTERBIRTHCAUSE: Retained afterbirth may follow normal or abnormal calving wherethere has been more or less inflammation of the womb prior to givingbirth, which causes the afterbirth to adhere firmly to its attachments.Cows in poor condition fed on poor food during cold weather are verysusceptible to this accident; also very common in aged cows.SYMPTOMS: Very easily detected by portions of the membranes (afterbirth)protruding from the Womb or Vulva, which becomes decomposed very shortlyand offensive in odor. This accident is very serious when absorption isproduced, ill health, drying up of the milk in addition to producinginflammation of the womb, Whites, etc. It may produce blood-poisoningand chances are you will lose your animal.PREVENTION: Very important. Feed the cow on food that is easily digestedand supply her with fresh water to drink that is not too cold. FlaxseedTea is very beneficial if given a day or so prior to calving and isprepared by pouring a quart of boiling hot water on one-half pint ofFlaxseed, permitting it to cool of its own accord. Then compel theanimal to drink it. This appears to have a very good effect onseparating the afterbirth from the mushroom-like bodies of the womb towhich it is attached.MEDICAL TREATMENT: The afterbirth should not be pulled away by force, asit may tear, leaving small portions unremoved that perhaps would resultin Inflammation of the Womb or Whites. To remove the afterbirth insertthe hand and carefully detach it from its attachments, being verycareful that the cotyledons are not torn off. After this has beencarefully removed, wash out the womb with Carbolic Acid solution abouttwo and one-half per cent. An instrument can be made for this purposevery easily from a clean piece of hose about four feet long and anordinary funnel. Sometimes it is necessary to give physics, as Aloin,two drams; Ginger, two drams. Place in a gelatin capsule and give withcapsule gun.In addition to the above, stimulants are also advisable such as powderedNux Vomica, powdered Capsicum, powdered Ginger, powdered Nitrate ofPotash, equal parts four ounces. Make twenty-four capsules and give onecapsule three times a day.RHEUMATISMCAUSE: Exposure, especially when the animal is permitted to lie on colddamp soils or floors. Another common cause is an animal exposed to colddrafts after perspiring or weakened after severe physical exercise.SYMPTOMS: Stiffness when walking, variable appetite, constipation, hairunthrifty looking. Passage of urine is scant and of an amber color,usually slight elevation in temperature and the animal lies down a greatpart of the time. There are two forms of rheumatism--muscular andarticular. The former affects the muscles of the body, while the latteraffects the joints. There will be swellings that are tender on pressure,which may shift to different parts of the body.TREATMENT: Place the animal in warm dry quarters with a sufficientquantity of clean bedding. Feed foods that are easily digested, as wheatbran mashes and steamed rolled oats and vegetables. Keep pure, coldwater within the animal's reach at all times. The following prescriptionhas been found very effective in the treatment of this disease: SodiumSalicylate, six ounces; Nux Vomica, two ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, twoounces; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces. Mix and make into sixteencapsules and give one capsule three times daily with capsule gun. If thebowels are constipated give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, three drams. Placein capsule and give with capsule gun. When the joints or muscles becomeswollen and inflamed, the following liniment will be found veryeffective in reducing the swellings: Aqua Ammonia Fort., two ounces; Oilof Turpentine, three ounces; Sweet Oil, six ounces. Mix and apply byrubbing in well two or three times a day.AYRSHIRE Cows LILY OF WILLOWMOOR.22,106 lbs, Milk; 888.70 lbs. Fat; 1046 lbs. Butter, 4.02% Fat.GERRANTON DORA II.21,023 lbs. Milk; 804.79 lbs. Fat; 947 lbs. Butter, 3.83% Fat.Owned by J. W. Clise, Redmond, Wash.RINGWORMCAUSE: Due to a vegetable parasite. It affects the hair and the outerlayer of skin and is highly contagious, being transmitted from oneanimal to another.SYMPTOMS: The disease usually appears in the form of circular patches ofthe skin, which soon become denude of hair. Sometimes a white stickydischarge and the formation of scaly, brittle crusts on the patchesappear, silvery gray in color. They are generally confined to the headand neck. It is a common disease among young cattle in the Winter andSpring. This disease is attended with more or less itching and iscommunicable to man.TREATMENT: Remove the scabs or crusts with soap and warm water. However,the surface of the body should be well dried after washing each time.Apply Tincture of Iodine with a camel-hair brush to the spots denuded ofhair. It is quite necessary that the barn and rubbing posts bedisinfected by spraying or washing them with a twenty-five per centsolution of Carbolic Acid.ROUND WORMCAUSE: An animal swallowing the eggs of the parasite in food or waterwhich has been contaminated with the feces of infected cattle. There aretwo species, the large Roundworm measuring from five to fourteen inchesin length, the other small Roundworm varying in size from one-quarter ofan inch to two inches in length. Both the small and large Roundwormsinfest the intestines of cattle and calves. These worms, especiallysmall Roundworms, irritate the mucous lining of the intestines, whichmay cause severe inflammation.SYMPTOMS: Anemia, appetite variable, diarrhoea, general weakness,dullness and excessive thirst; also a paleness of the visible membranesof the mouth, nose and eye. Worms frequently pass with the feces and canbe readily seen by a close observer.PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: See prevention of Twisted Stomach Worm.MEDICAL TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours.To calves, two to eight months old, give two teaspoonfuls of Turpentinein a pint of milk; to yearlings, give one tablespoonful. Place ingelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. To cattle one year old andover place one ounce in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun.This treatment is to be repeated twice during the intervals of ten daysor two weeks, which insures the expulsion of the eggs of worms thatescaped the first treatment. Also keep salt where cattle can lick itfrequently.RUPTURE(Abdominal Hernia)CAUSE: This disease occasionally occurs in calves by receiving blowsfrom the cow's horns on the right flank. After such an accident aswelling forms near the last ribs. This swelling may be either hot andpainful or soft to the touch. It can be made to disappear by carefulpressure when the sides of the rupture through which it has passed canbe felt. On removing the pressure the rupture soon regains its swollenappearance. Similar conditions may also occur in aged cattle, usuallydue to injuries, such as being kicked by a horse, etc., or due to aweakness of the muscles that are ruptured sometimes during difficultbirth.TREATMENT: Feed the animal on laxative food and feed sparingly on bulkyfood such as hay, straw and grass. Round the edges of a block of wood alittle smaller, but the same shape as the rupture. After wrapping withcloth nicely, place it over the rupture, then place around the body.This permits the ruptured muscles to grow together, providing the animalis properly dieted as stated above.Sometimes a rupture of long standing or a newly produced rupture may betreated by injecting strong solutions of Common Salt around the tornedges of the muscles. This causes swelling and inflammation, whichrespectively forces the protruded intestines back and closes theopening. There is some danger attached to this method of treatment, andif attempted I would advise the services of a competent Veterinarian.SCUM OVER THE EYECAUSE: See Inflammation of the Eye.SYMPTOMS: The eye has a smoke-colored appearance.TREATMENT: Silver Nitrate, two grains, thoroughly dissolved in one ounceof Distilled Water, Apply with dropper two or three times a day. Feedthe animal on food that is easily digested and confine the animal to acool, clean, dark stall.SORE THROAT(Laryngitis and Pharyngitis)CAUSE: Sudden cooling of the surface of the body, as when cattle areexposed to cold weather or cold rain or the inhaling of irritatinggases.SYMPTOMS: The muzzle is dry, temperature slightly elevated and salivadribbles from the corners of the mouth. The animal either does notswallow, or swallows with great difficulty, and holds its head in astiff, straight position, moving it as little as possible. The eyelidsare half-closed and bloodshot, and the animal occasionally grinds theteeth. After masticating the food the animal drops it out of its mouthas if to avoid the pain of swallowing, and also evinces great pain whenpressure is applied from the outside. In acute attacks of sore throat,the animal coughs with great difficulty and breathes very noisily. Thenostrils are dilated and nose extended.TREATMENT: Place the animal in as comfortable a place as possible,permitting as much fresh air as possible, but avoiding drafts. Blanketthe animal if the weather is chilly, also hand rub the legs and bandagewith woolen cloths.Administer Chlorate of Potash, two ounces; Nitrate of Potash, twoounces; Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Molasses, eight ounces. Mix welland place one tablespoonful on the tongue every three or four hours.Feed soft food, as wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, or boiledvegetables. Give drinking water with the chill taken off.It is always necessary to apply liniments to the throat, and I wouldadvise the application of Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; Oil ofTurpentine, four ounces, and Sweet Oil, four ounces. Apply and rub inwell two or three times a day.STRINGY MILKCAUSE: Cows wading or standing in stagnant pools of water. Frequentlystringy milk results from fungi entering the udder. This takes on aninfectious form, and several cows may become affected at one time.SYMPTOMS: Although the milk appears perfectly normal when first milked,it becomes stringy after being let stand for a few hours. If a needle isinserted in the milk and slowly withdrawn, the milk will adhere to thepoint and have a stringy appearance. If the cow is examined carefully,the temperature will be found to be elevated a degree or two, theappetite poor and the nose dry.TREATMENT: Feed laxative food and see that they have fresh water todrink. Also, place two drams of Soda Bisulphite once or twice a day ingelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Do not permit the cow to comein contact with stagnant pools of water that carry this infection.Perhaps the best plan is to fence out all such stagnant pools of water.SUPPRESSION OF MILK(Absence of Milk)CAUSE: Unusually due to poor health, debility, emaciated, chronicdiseases of the bag, or wasting of its glands from various diseases orimpure food. Sometimes this condition is produced without any apparentcause.TREATMENT: Determine the cause, if possible, and remove it. Feed warmwheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley. Administer Pulv. AniseSeed, one-half ounce, two or three times a day. This has a very goodeffect in this particular condition. Also rub the bag and strip theteats often, and apply Oil of Lavender. The majority of cases respond tothis treatment if not due to chronic disease of the bag.TAPEWORMCAUSE: Small portions of tapeworms, consisting of one or more segments,are occasionally seen in the droppings of infected cattle. The infectionis undoubtedly taken in with the food or water, infection being spreadby the eggs of the parasite, and being expelled with the feces of aninfected animal. The eggs being swallowed by insects, worms or snails,which act as an intermediate host, and which when swallowed accidentallyby cattle while grazing or drinking carry with them into the animal'sstomach the infectious stage of the tapeworm. Aged cattle do not seem tosuffer much from tapeworms, but in calves these parasites cause scoursand rapid emaciation.SYMPTOMS: Emaciation, diarrhoea, loss of flesh, ravenous appetite,paleness of the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes, and the segmentsof the tapeworms can occasionally be seen in the droppings.TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours, and tocalves from two to eight months old give two teaspoonfuls of gasoline ina pint of milk. To yearlings, place one tablespoonful in a gelatincapsule and give with capsule gun. To cattle one year and over, placeone ounce in capsule and give with capsule gun. Repeat this treatmenttwo or three times during intervals of a week or two.TEXAS FEVERCAUSE: Due to a micro organism (Piropalasna Bigenium) which imbedsitself in the red blood corpuscles. This disease is transmitted orscattered by means of a tick which drops from the affected animal. Thedisease has various names, according to the locality in which itappears. Among them are: Spanish Fever, Red Water, Black Water, RedMurrian, Australian Cattle Tick Fever, etc.SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite. The animal ceases to ruminate, or does notchew the cud, and every sign of unthriftiness is displayed; a hightemperature, and when the animal is standing the back is arched, but theanimal, however, prefers to lie down most of the time and shows desirefor solitude. The urine is very dark in color, hence the name "Red orBlack Water." The disease is usually fatal, the animal dies within a fewweeks.TREATMENT: My advice is, when this disease once develops, or an animalshows any of the particular signs that I have mentioned, secure theservices of a competent veterinarian, who will immunize by the use ofserums, disinfectants, etc.TICKSTicks are very difficult to kill, on account of their protectedlocation, as ear ticks are not affected by dipping, and remedies strongenough for this purpose are liable to injure the animal, but theseparasites may be expelled by pouring into the ear Carbolated Sweet orCottonseed Oil with favorable results.TUBERCULOSISCAUSE: The bacilli of Tuberculosis thrive in animals, especially thosein a weakened condition, or when exposed to atmospheric changes,unwholesome food, dark and poorly ventilated stables. They gain entranceinto the body through the lungs or the intestinal canal. They lodge invarious portions of the lungs or intestines, and multiply very rapidly,causing irritations and formations, nodules, cysts or abscesses. Theyare the means of the bacillus entering the blood, which carries theinfection to other parts of the body, as the spleen, liver, udder, womb,etc. Cows affected with generalized tuberculosis, that is to say, theinfection is confined to not only a small portion of the lungs, but alsoto any of the above mentioned organs, etc., may give birth to a calfhaving general tuberculosis at birth, or shortly after, due to the cow'sblood circulating through the body of the calf before birth.SYMPTOMS: This disease may pass a casual observer unnoticed, although insome instances we notice a slight cough, unthriftiness, dullness. Thecoughing is best marked after taking a drink of water in the morning andthen being exercised. Some animals keep up in good condition and lookperfectly healthy while some get emaciated, have constipation, variableappetite, and sometimes growths or abscesses can be felt or seen in theudder or glands of the body and neck.However, cattle showing any weakness, or the above symptoms, should betested for tuberculosis by a competent veterinarian who has had theprivileges of a veterinary education and experience in theadministration of tuberculin.TREATMENT: It is not advisable to treat tuberculosis. Thus far, medicinehas failed to relieve the affected animal, or kill the bacillus oftuberculosis in a living animal. The infected animals should be disposedof on account of tubercular cows giving birth to tubercular calves, themilk being unfit for human consumption, unless it is thoroughlypasteurized. Infected cattle should be separated from healthy ones, asthe disease spreads very rapidly. Drinking and feeding troughs are ameans of spreading the infection, therefore, suspected cases oftuberculosis should be tested and if the animals react, they should beslaughtered, and if the disease is localized, passed for humanconsumption. The meat of animals suspected of having tuberculosis, orreacting from tuberculin test, should be well cooked.TWISTED STOMACH WORMCAUSE: Cattle become affected with this worm by grazing in pastures inwhich infested cattle have grazed and scattered their droppings. Theworms in the stomach produce a multitude of eggs of microscopic size,which pass out of the body with the feces. In warm weather, these eggshatch in a few hours; if the temperature remains about freezing point,they soon die. The eggs are also destroyed, by dryness, but, on theother hand, moisture, if the weather is warm, favors their development.The twisted worm measures one-half inch to one and one-half inches inlength.SYMPTOMS: General weakness, loss of flesh, anemia, dullness, capriciousappetite, excessive thirst, paleness of the skin and mucous membranes ofthe mouth and eyes, and dropsical swelling, especially that of the lowerjaw. Diarrhoea always accompanies this condition and if the feces iscarefully examined the small worms may be seen wriggling about likelittle snakes, or when an animal dies; and the fourth stomach is opened,these worms can be seen in large quantities.TREATMENT: Preventive measures are important, as damp, marshy soilfavors the development of the embryos. High sloping ground is preferablefor pasture. If low ground is used it should be properly drained;burning over the pasture will destroy most of the young worms on thegrass and on the ground. Cattle should be supplied with water fromflowing streams or wells and not stagnant ponds.MEDICAL TREATMENT: Withhold all food for twenty-four hours; thenadminister Oil of Turpentine, placing it in an ounce capsule and givewith capsule gun. Follow in six hours with a physic consisting of Aloin,two drams; ginger, two drams. Place in capsule and give with capsulegun. When this worm develops in calves, give as follows: One dram ofTurpentine to a calf three months old, four drams to a calf six monthsold, six drams to a yearling. To cattle two years and over, giveequivalent dose, or an ounce. The physic should be reduced in the sameproportions as that of Turpentine.VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS(Lung Worms)CAUSE: Due to worm or parasite called Strongylus Micrurus, a smallthread-like worm two to four inches in length, found in the bronchialtubes, a portion of the lungs. The life history of this parasite is notknown, but infection is apparently derived through the medium ofpastures where infested cattle have grazed. Young cattle are moreseriously affected than old animals, especially common in low marshypastures.SYMPTOMS: This form of bronchitis usually affects the entire herd; theanimals become poor, unthrifty, hacking, coughing, especially at night,and sometimes animals actually cough up worms.TREATMENT: Various treatments have been recommended for VerminousBronchitis, or Lung Worm, as injecting Turpentine into the windpipe orfumigating animals by placing them in a closed shed or barn and burningsulphur, compelling the affected animals to inhale the fumes. Thistreatment perhaps is the safest and the most effective. A person shouldremain in the enclosed shed and when the fumes become so strong thatthere is danger of suffocation, open the doors and windows. Thistreatment should be repeated every week until coughing ceases.HOLSTEIN COW FINDERNE PRIDE JOHANA RUE 121083.28,403.7 lbs. Milk; 1,176.47 lbs. Butter Fat.Somerset Holstein Breeders Co., Somerville, N. J. World's Record Cow.WARBLES OR GRUBSCAUSE: By the heel-fly or warble-fly. They deposit their eggs on thelegs of cattle during the fall. The animal, licking the parts, takes theeggs into its mouth. These eggs gradually migrate into the gullet, wherethey hatch and burrow through the tissues, and in the early spring willbe found in the region of the back in the form of small lumps under theskin.SYMPTOMS: Warbles are frequently seen under the skin in the region ofthe back and over the loins, and are very tender to the touch. When theyare fully developed they work their way through the skin, which usuallyoccurs in the early part of the summer. Examine your cattle in thewinter and spring for the presence of grubs. They can be easily found byrunning the hand over the loins, by abrupt swellings or bunches on theskin. Pressure on the swellings will perhaps cause the grubs to pop out.TREATMENT: Remove the grubs by making a small incision with a clean,sharp knife in the center of the swelling. Then press them out and intoeach cavity from which the grub has been extracted, or squeezed out,should be injected a five per cent solution of Carbolized Sweet Oil toprevent any further development of flies or grubs. Cattle sprayed withfly repellants during the spring and summer are very seldom botheredwith warbles or grubs. However, this is not practical in range cattle;dipping instead should be resorted to, and it is surprising what resultswill be derived from fly repellants in a year or two. They willpractically exterminate the pest, and consequently the cattle arethrifty and look much better.WARTSCAUSE: Warts may appear on various parts of the body, and are due to anabnormal growth of cells growing upon the outer surface of healthy skin,or they may grow upon skin that is deprived of the proper blood supply.TREATMENT: If the wart is located where there is hair surrounding it,cut away the hair, then wash the wart and surrounding parts with a fiveper cent solution of Carbolic Acid and clip the wart off with a sharppair of scissors or knife. After the wart is removed, cauterize the cutsurface with a hot iron. Caustic Potash or Silver Nitrate should beapplied two or three times at the intervals of two or three days toinsure the entire extermination of the wart. This same treatment appliesto all classes of warts located in various places.WHITES(Leucorrhea)CAUSE: Continual chronic inflammation of the womb, or due to irritationsfrom a retained afterbirth. Injuries or wounds inflicted by hands orinstruments in difficult calving, diseases of the ovaries, etc.SYMPTOMS: A glarish, white discharge from the womb. When cow is lyingdown it flows more abundantly, soiling the tail, etc. The general healthmay not be much affected at first, but if the discharge continues and isputrid, the health fails, the milk shrinks, and there is a great loss offlesh. In some cases heat is more frequent or intense than natural, butthe animal rarely conceives when served, and if she does, is likely toabort.TREATMENT: Feed nitrogenous food. Wash the womb out with a solutionconsisting of five grains of Permanganate of Potash to one quart ofwater. This should be repeated once or twice a day. If the animal isconstipated, give two drams of Aloin, three drams of Ginger. Place ingelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Also place Potassium Iodideone dram, Hyposulphite of Soda one ounce in the drinking water two orthree times a day. This not only diminishes the discharge, but has agood effect on the blood, particularly where there is more or lessdecomposition of the flesh.WOLF IN THE TAILThis condition is imaginary, although the muscles of the tail relax orsoften, especially those of its extremity, due to ill health;consequently the condition of the cow should be treated, and not thetail.TREATMENT: Remove the cause. Perhaps the animal has indigestion, or acold, etc. Determine the malady by careful examination and treat thedisease under its special heading.It has been a custom among the so-called cow doctors to split the tailwith a sharp knife, then fill the wound with salt and pepper and bandagewith a cloth. This is a fallacy, and should not be tolerated.DISEASES OF SWINECauses, Symptoms and TreatmentsLocation of Parts of Swine1. Mouth2. Nostrils3. Face4. Eyes5. Ears6. Jaws7. Jowl8. Neck9. Shoulder10. Fore flanks11. Chest Floor12. Pasterns13. Dew Claw14. Sheath15. Belly16. Side or ribs17. Heart girth19. Loin20. Rump21. Coupling22. Rear flanks23. Tail24. Thighs25. HocksCHAPTER IIIHOG REGULATOR AND TONICNux Vomica, one pound; Hardwood Charcoal, two pounds; Sulphur, twopounds; Common Salt, three pounds; Sulphide of Antimony, one andone-half pounds; Glauber Salts, two pounds; Bicarbonate of Soda, fourpounds; Hyposulphite of Soda, four pounds; Nitrate of Potash, one pound;Quassia, one-half pound; Gentian Root, one pound; Iron Sulphate, onepound; pulverize and mix well.To everyone hundred pounds of hog weight, give one tablespoonful in feedor swill once or twice daily. For hogs weighing two hundred pounds, thedose would be two tablespoonfuls; for a hog weighing fifty pounds,one-half tablespoonful.Hogs, like other animals, require tonics, bowel regulators and wormexpellers. For these purposes, I have prescribed under a number of thediseases of hogs, which I cover in this chapter, the above general tonicand regulator which I have used in my personal practice with markedsuccess, especially serving the purpose of aiding hogs in theirconvalescence from debilitating diseases and in their recovery from ageneral run-down condition.Aside from its general tonic and regulative effect, this prescriptioncontains nerve tonics, intestinal antiseptics, laxatives, wormexpellers, and aids digestion, etc.If regularly given to hogs, and sanitary conditions are maintained, thistonic and regulator will largely fortify them against contagiousdiseases.ABORTIONCAUSE: Sows may abort at any state of pregnancy by slipping, falling,receiving kicks, or by being caught while crawling through or underfences. Sows may also abort when allowed to crawl into quarters wherethere are other hogs. Contagious diseases, such as Cholera andPleuropneumonia also produce abortion. There is also a contagious formof abortion in sows, but this is very uncommon, as the disease spreadsvery slowly.SYMPTOMS: There is no warning given, as a rule; the sows expel theirpigs before any signs of abortion are noticed.In other cases the sows refuse to eat, become uneasy, shivering andtrembling of the muscles, and straining or labor pains are noticed. As arule, when a sow aborts, she will not prepare a bed, as she wouldnormally.TREATMENT: Preventive is the only safe and sure treatment, although whenthe first sign of abortion appears, and there are no signs of themembranes coming away, remove the sow to quiet, warm, clean quarters byherself, and if straining, give one dram of Chloral-Hydrate in herdrinking water every two or three hours.When a sow aborts, burn the pigs and afterbirth, and disinfect the penswith a Coal Tar disinfectant. Keep this up for several days, and do notbreed until all discharges from the vagina have ceased flowing.ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE TO HOGSTo administer medicine to hogs may seem easy, but, nevertheless, it is adifficult task. Never lay a hog on his back to drench him, as in sodoing there is great danger of strangling. The proper method is to standor set him on end, holding him up by the ears, and by the use of abottle with a piece of hose drawn over its neck, give the medicine veryslowly, so as not to allow a large quantity to accumulate in the mouthor throat at one time. There is always danger of some of the liquidescaping into the lungs and causing the hog to strangle, and thus it mayproduce pneumonia. However, this is the best method of giving hogsmedicine by force.Hogs will generally take medicine in their feed or drinking water,unless they are very sick, or the medicine is extremely disagreeable tothe taste.BAG INFLAMMATIONCAUSE: Injuries, obstructed teats, accumulation of milk in the sow's bagafter the loss of part of or all of her litter. Difficult birth, slightwounds in the bag permit invasion of germs, which is frequently thecommon cause of bag inflammation.SYMPTOMS: Heat, pain and swelling in one or more teats. The general bodytemperature is elevated one or two degrees above normal. The sow perhapsrefuses her feed, although she will drink water in large quantities.TREATMENT: Feed soft, sloppy food and vegetables. Give Epsom Salts, twoto four ounces, in milk or feed. It is also well to milk the sow byhand, relieving her of the milk three or four times a day. This is verynecessary. Camphorated Oil is very soothing, and I would recommend itsuse freely only over affected teats.BLACK TOOTHCAUSE: Black Tooth, so called in swine, is principally due to injuriesto the teeth received by chewing hard matter, such as bone, etc., whichcauses them to decay.SYMPTOMS: Toothache. Toothache in swine is similar to that exhibited byman, in showing loss of appetite, salivation, or slobbering, hanging thehead mostly to the side which is affected, loss of fear of man, andoffensive breath. If the hogs are fed on strongly acid food for anylength of time, their teeth may become dark colored. As the teeth arenot materially injured; so long as decayed tooth substance cannot benoticed, and while the appetite and chewing facilities of the hog do notappear to be diminished, no interference will be necessary.It is customary with some people to examine the teeth of hogs, and ifone tooth is found darker colored than the others, it is supposed to bethe cause of the hog not doing well, if he is in a poor condition, andthe tooth is hammered off flush with the jaw, leaving the broken roots,lacerated gums and nerves to increase the hog's suffering. If the hogrecovers, it is often concluded that this was a case of Black Tooth.My advice is, if you are determined to have the tooth out, extract itproperly. Do not break it off. When your hogs are not thriving, givethem the regulator and tonic prescribed on the first page of thischapter.BLOOD POISONING(Pyemia Septicemia)CAUSE: Due to the toxic substance produced by germs that invade wounds,bruises, abscesses, or womb following farrowing, if lacerated.SYMPTOMS: The seat of injury becomes swollen, pus may adhere to thehair, temperature elevated, appetite poor, hog moves about very slowly,becomes separated from the rest of the drove, lies around in some cool,quiet place, eventually becomes very weak and poor and dies, if goodattention is not given.TREATMENT: Separate from the other hogs and remove to a clean,comfortable place and wash the seat of injury with some gooddisinfectant, as a five per cent Carbolic Acid solution. In case ofabscess, open it low so as to assure good drainage. Keep clean, coolwater before your hogs at all times. Give mashes made from wheat branand hot water, or any good, substantial food that is easily digestedcontaining regulator and tonic prescribed on the first page of thischapter.BRONCHITISCAUSE: Lung worms, poorly ventilated sleeping quarters, sleeping instraw stacks, in manure heaps, overheated, filthy pens, where theanimals inhale irritating gases given off the bodies of other hogs, andfrom filth. Smoke and dust are very common producers of bronchitis.SYMPTOMS: Breathing fast, appetite poor, slight rise in temperature andcoughing. The hog is dull and stupid, refuses food, but drinks waterfrequently.TREATMENT: Preventive; avoid the above named causes, but when hogsbecome affected, move them to clean, well ventilated quarters, avoidingdust and gases, disinfect bedding and floors with some gooddisinfectant, as Crude Carbolic Acid, sprayed. Also give large doses ofthe hog regulator and tonic, as prescribed on the first page of thischapter. Feed vegetables, or any easily digested food, and hot wheatbran mashes.In case the disease is due to lung worms, confine the animals in aclosed shed and permit them to inhale the steam from Turpentine andwater for a few minutes, by placing water and Turpentine in a tinreceptacle holding about two gallons, and inserting heated bricks orstones into the solution.CASTRATIONThis is generally understood by every stockraiser, yet there are somepoints many do not know. For instance, you should use in this operationan antiseptic solution, as Carbolic Acid or Bichloride of Mercury. Washthoroughly with antiseptic yours hands and knife, also the seat ofoperation and make your incision as low as possible to permit the pus todrain out nicely. If this is not practiced, the pus will become absorbedinto the blood, producing blood poison, which may produce death, or atthe best will cause the hog to become stunted, whereas, if the operationis performed properly, the hog will thrive, regardless of the shock fromthe operation. I may add that it is much better to castrate pigs or hogswhen their stomach and intestines are empty, and it is always goodpractice to feed laxative and easily digested foods sparingly after thisoperation.CHOKINGCAUSE: Vegetables, such as potatoes, etc., roots, as carrots, turnipsand sometimes pieces of bone or glass, lodge in the gullet. Paralysis ofthe muscular fibres of the gullet is a very common cause of choking inswine.SYMPTOMS: The hog is unable to swallow, producing frothing at the mouthand, if the obstruction cannot be dislodged, death occurs in a veryshort time. Sometimes the obstruction in the gullet may be felt from theoutside with the hand.TREATMENT: The administration of small doses of Raw Linseed or OliveOil, or Lard, will assist in dislodging the obstruction. Also carefulmanipulation of the gullet from the outside with the hand assists ineither forcing it into the stomach or bringing it out through hog'smouth. If vomiting can be produced, it will dislodge the obstruction. Ifimmediate results are not obtained from the above treatments, I wouldrecommend butchering the hog for meat immediately.COLD IN THE HEAD(Nasal Catarrh)CAUSE: Exposure to cold; a very common condition in cold, wet weatherwhen hogs are allowed to sleep in manure heaps, straw stacks, or pile uptogether, when they become overheated and later chill. Nasal Catarrh mayalso be due to inhaling dust or irritating gases.SYMPTOMS: The animal is stupid and feverish, coughing and sneezingfrequently; appetite is poor, eyes watery and inflamed; a discharge ofmucus from the nose will terminate in yellow pus and the nose, ifexamined, is found to be inflamed and ulcerated.TREATMENT: The best and safest treatment is to provide clean sleepingquarters, avoid overcrowding in dusty, dirty sheds, especially duringcold weather. Pigs affected with cold in the head should be fed onlaxative food, such as boiled carrots, potatoes, apples, hot wheat branmashes and steamed rolled oats.MEDICAL TREATMENT: Confine the affected hogs to a shed, close windowsand doors and any large cracks; then compel them to inhale steam fromthe following mixture: Turpentine, eight ounces; Pine Tar, one pint;Water, two gallons. Place in tin receptacle in center of shed and heatthe above solution by adding hot bricks or stones to the mixtureoccasionally. Compel the hogs to inhale this steam for at least thirtyminutes twice a day. Give Chlorate of Potash in twenty grain doses threetimes a day in feed or drinking water. This treatment is very successfulif the inflammation has not extended to the lungs.DIARRHOEA IN YOUNG PIGS(Scours)CAUSE: Decomposed foods, slops, etc., fed to the mothers, causing themto give toxic milk. Poorly ventilated, filthy, cold and damp pens,insufficient exercise, lack of sunlight, raising pigs by hand or withother sow.