SYMPTOMS: Frequent movement of the bowels, the passage being of agrayish-white color and the odor very disagreeable. At this stage ofthe disease, reliable remedies must be given or the pig will die verysoon.The discharge from the bowels becomes very thin, the tail and legsbecome soiled, loss of appetite, the pigs become weak and dull, hairrough and it is difficult for them to move about. In very young pigs,treatment is of little value.TREATMENT: As Scours in pigs is a disease frequently caused by faultyfood and insanitary surroundings, a preventive treatment is of greatimportance, and much better results are thus obtained than by the use ofmedical agents. Medical treatment consists in first cleaning away theirritant present in the bowels. For this purpose give one to twotablespoonfuls of Castor Oil. At the time of farrowing all sows shouldreceive a light diet and be kept in clean, dry quarters. The pigs shouldbe allowed pure air, sunshine and exercise. If the sow appears hot andfeverish, give one to three ounces of Castor Oil in milk or swill. Avoidfeeding decomposed, moldy food, or sour milk. To check the diarrhoea inpigs, use the following after the irritant is removed or cleaned out asabove stated: Zinc Sulphocarbolates, thirty grains; Protan, two ounces;Pulv. Gentian Root, two ounces. Make into sixty capsules or powders andgive one, three or four times a day. The sow should receive a dose abouteight times the size of that of the pigs.CHESTER WHITES.Owned by C. A. Slepieka, Tobias, Nebr.HOG CHOLERACAUSE: By the Bacillus Sius; contaminated food, stagnant water, filth,etc., all have a tendency to aid its progress. I have seen farms,although located in sections where Cholera was prevalent, not in theleast troubled with the malady, perhaps due to careful feeding of cleanfoods, care in watering, cleanliness about the pens and sheds anddisinfecting occasionally, but no doubt a better explanation is thatthose hogs received tonics, containing worm expellers, at least fourtimes a year. Many a case of supposed Hog Cholera is due to wormsirritating and producing inflammation of the intestines, followed bydiarrhoea. A person not familiar with the disease calls this "hogcholera." In other cases, hogs which are fed swills from restaurants,hotels, etc., containing soap, washing powders, small particles ofglass, etc., will die with symptoms leading a person to think they hadHog Cholera, but if a thorough investigation is made the true cause ofdeath can easily be discovered.SYMPTOMS: In true Hog Cholera, the temperature will be elevated two tofour degrees above normal. There will be a loss of appetite, vomiting,diarrhoea, although there may be constipation when the hog is firstaffected. The hog wanders off by itself to some cool, quiet place andlies down. When it walks it will stagger and show great stiffness in itshind parts, due to soreness of the intestines. The hair will have aroughened appearance, the back arched, the eyes inflamed and dischargingpus, red blotches will show themselves back of the ears, inside the legsand on the abdomen. At this stage the diarrhoea is watery, dark andtinged with blood, and very offensive in odor, breath is very fast andlabored. The hog grows very weak and dies.TREATMENT: Prevention must always be borne in mind. Do not feed filthyfood. Always feed good, wholesome food, and give clean water to drink.Watch the condition of hog's bowels and regulate them by feeding. Burnmanure and bedding and disinfect carefully. Do not permit your hogs todrink out of running streams of water, especially if Hog Cholera is inyour neighborhood. When buying hogs, it is well to keep them off bythemselves for two or three weeks, as they may be diseased. Do notpermit neighbors, their stock or dogs on your premises when Hog Cholerais raging, as the infection of Hog Cholera can be spread very rapidly bymatter from the affected hogs adhering to the shoes of man, to the feetof stock and dogs, etc.I am positive that if this method were properly practiced by all hograisers and feeders, Hog Cholera would be a very rare disease.SERUM TREATMENT: This is successful in some cases, and in othersunsuccessful. The latter perhaps is due to poor serums, or the diseasebeing so far advanced in its progress that the hogs are beyond recovery.Serum treatment is very expensive and, as it requires a strictly septicoperation of injecting the serum, the average hog raiser or grower isnot qualified to administer the treatment properly. An additional andnecessary expense is the services of a Veterinary Surgeon. Therefore, Istrongly urge adoption of preventive measures as stated. Use some gooddisinfectant, such as Crude Carbolic Acid, which destroys the Bacillusof Hog Cholera. Also administer hog regulator and tonic as prescribed onfirst page of this chapter. This will expel worms, tone the system,regulate the bowels and fortify your hogs against Hog Cholera.INDIGESTIONCAUSE: Worms are perhaps one of the most common causes. Unwholesome,irritating food or swill containing soap or washing powder have atendency to derange the process of digestion.SYMPTOMS: Abdominal pain, vomiting, back arched, breathing rapid andtemperature elevated from two to three degrees. There may be diarrhoeaor the animal may be constipated. Vomiting, as a rule, relieves acuteattacks by expelling the irritant from the bowels. When it takes achronic form, the hogs become stunted.TREATMENT: Endeavor to find out the cause and remove it. If constipated,give Calomel, fifteen to twenty grains, or, if diarrhoea appears, givehog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter.Feed with hot wheat bran mashes. This will expel all worms and aiddigestion.JAUNDICE(Yellows)CAUSE: Liver flukes, intestinal worms, gall stones, lack of exercise,overfeeding, or a stoppage of the bile duct.SYMPTOMS: The white portions of the eyes take on a yellow color, as dothe membranes of the mouth, back arched, hair looks rough, vomiting,temperature elevated, constipation, although diarrhoea is sometimesnoticed. The urine is passed frequently, and is of a dark amber color.TREATMENT: This disease requires careful feeding and plenty of exercise.Give Calomel, ten to twenty grains, then follow with large doses ofregulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. It isimportant in this disease, especially if due to worms. Feed clean swilland vegetables. Give hogs all the pure water they will drink.KIDNEY CONGESTIONCAUSE: Hogs are subject to various injuries about the kidneys, due to alarge number of hogs piling up, exposure to cold, wet rains, etc.SYMPTOMS: Small quantities of dark colored urine are passed frequently,appetite poor, no energy to move about. Hogs lie around a great deal; attimes they may be paralyzed and drag their hind quarters.TREATMENT: Apply cloths or blankets wrung out of hot water over theloin; also give Potassium Acetate in twenty grain doses four or fivetimes a day in drinking water. Feed soft, sloppy food, containingregulator and tonic as prescribed on the first page of this chapter. Itcontains nerve stimulants, just what is required in paralysis.GRAND CHAMPION DUROC BOAR.Economy Stock Farm, Shenandoah, Iowa.KIDNEY WORMCAUSE: Damp, filthy surroundings seem to favor the growth of embryos ofthis worm. They are taken into the digestive canal with the food andeventually pass to the region of the kidneys, where they find conditionsfavorable in which to multiply.SYMPTOMS: May produce paralysis of the hind quarters, in which case theanimal would not exhibit such marked tenderness on being pressed overthe loins with the fingers as it would if the weakness of the hindquarters was due to a sprain or to rheumatism of the loins. Occasionallyhogs may suffer from the presence of one or more worms in the kidneys;but the ailment is rarely fatal, becoming so only after a long time ofsuffering resulting in a degeneration of one or both kidneys. It isalmost impossible to diagnose the presence of worms in the kidneys ofhogs, except by chance through a microscopic examination of the urine.If worms are found in the kidneys of a hog that has died or beenslaughtered for food it may then be reasonably supposed that other hogsof the same herd not acting normal are infected with worms of the samespecies.TREATMENT: Teaspoonful doses of Turpentine in milk three times a week isthe only treatment I could recommend. Preventive measures is the onlypractical method of treating a disease of this nature. Give your hogspure water and food. Disinfect pens occasionally and keep them clean.LICE ON HOGSDip, spray or scrub your hogs with some good Coal Tar disinfectant, butwhatever remedy is used it should be applied more than once which, ofcourse, causes considerable work where there is a large number of hogsinfested, unless dipped, which is more quickly done. The reason forrepeated applications being necessary is that although the lice whichhogs pick up from the ground, bedding and rubbing places, may be killedby first application, it often does not affect the nits, which remainintact and hatch within a week or ten days. A new crop of Lice appearson the hog from this source. Remove all manure and bedding from pens andsheds and burn it. Disinfect floors and spray sides of shed, pens andrubbing places with disinfectants, one part to seventy-two parts ofwater, once a month and you will be handsomely repaid for your labor.LUNG FEVER(Inflammation of the Lungs)CAUSE: Sudden changes, exposure to storms, piling up of hogs during coldnights, or sleeping in manure heaps, old straw stacks, etc.SYMPTOMS: Pig or hog is taken with shivering spells, is stupid, his backis arched, loss of appetite, temperature elevated two to four degreesabove normal, short hurried breathing, generally accompanied with cough,which is deep and hoarse. As a rule the hog is constipated.TREATMENT: Place in good, clean, warm, well ventilated quarters, freefrom drafts. Keep water before them at all times, adding Saltpeter, oneteaspoonful to every gallon of water. If constipated, do not givephysics; give injections of soap and warm water; also administer aboutone-half teaspoonful of Pine Tar on the tongue with a wooden paddle.This adheres to the tongue and gradually dissolves and gives excellentresults, as it is very soothing to the organs of breathing. During theconvalescent stage, give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on firstpage of this chapter.LUNG WORMSCAUSE: By threadlike worms varying in length from one-half to one andone-half inches and of a brownish-white color. They are found in thewindpipe and tubes leading into the lungs. The adult worms in the lungsproduce large quantities of eggs, which are coughed up with mucus andbecome scattered over premises where other hogs are permitted to walk.The hogs inhale the dust containing the eggs into their lungs, where theeggs find moisture sufficient for their development.SYMPTOMS: Severe coughing spells. Large quantities of mucus will escapefrom the nose and mouth. The hog becomes stunted, although he may eatfairly well, but if not relieved, the worms collect in the Bronchi andproduce sudden death due to suffocation. The worms may set up aninflammation of the lining membranes of the lungs, which is sometimestaken for Swine Plague, or Cholera. This disease is not uncommon,especially in old, filthy, poorly drained hog houses and pastures.TREATMENT: Confine the affected hogs to a shed; close the windows anddoors and any large cracks, then compel the hogs to inhale steam fromthe following mixture: Turpentine, eight ounces; Pine Tar, one pint;Water, two gallons. Place in tin receptacle in center of the shed andheat the above solution by adding hot bricks or stones to the mixtureoccasionally. Compel them to inhale this steam for at least thirtyminutes twice a day. Feed wholesome food to which add hog tonic asprescribed on first page of this chapter. A strong, vigorous hog mayhave worms, but it retains its vitality so long as it is well fed.MANGECAUSE: By the Sarcoptes Scabei. This parasite burrows under the outersurface of the skin.SYMPTOMS: The parasite usually manifests itself on the skin under thearmpits, thighs and inside of the fore legs. At first small red blotchesor pimples appear, and these gradually spread as the parasites multiplyand burrow under the skin.TREATMENT: There is no other way of curing this disease, or ofpreventing it, than by killing the parasites and their eggs; not only onthe pigs themselves, but also on the sides of the pens, sheds,rubbing-posts, or anything that an affected hog rubs against.When treating this disease, the real aim must be to kill the parasite bythe prompt and continuous use of external remedies, such as washing ordipping, which is better done with some good disinfectant, one part toseventy parts water. Repeat this every ten days until cured. Twodippings are generally sufficient. It is well to feed cooling foods,such as clean slops and vegetables, containing regulator and tonic asprescribed on first page of this chapter.NAVEL RUPTURE(Navel or Umbilical)CAUSE: Injuries. Pigs crowding through narrow doorways or openings infences, small pigs sleeping with large pigs, and allowed to pile up, orbeing thrown about feed troughs when feeding. Weakness and constipationalso predisposes them to Navel or Umbilical Rupture.SYMPTOMS: A soft, puffy swelling about the navel or umbilicus, varyingin size from a hazelnut to that of an ostrich egg. When a pig is placedon its back the intestines will gravitate into the abdominal cavity,providing the intestines have not adhered to the walls of the rupture.TREATMENT: This is more difficult than the Scrotal or Inguinal Ruptureoperation, as often times the intestines will adhere to the innersurface of the rupture and, unless the operation is carefully performed,there is great danger. Great care must be exercised in preparing the pigby fasting it for twenty-four hours. After this is accomplished, preparean antiseptic solution, Carbolic Acid, five per cent, or Bichloride ofMercury, one in one-thousandths; also have a needle and absorbent silkor cat-gut ready. Place the pig on its back, with its head downward.Now, wash the seat of operation with either antiseptic solution. Thenmake an incision through the skin carefully; as stated before,intestines sometimes adhere to the inner surface of the rupture. If suchis the case, wash the hands in the antiseptic solution and with thefingers carefully break the adhesions or separate the intestines fromtheir adhesions. After this is accomplished, sew the inner lining of theabdominal cavity with absorbent silk or cat-gut. Then sew the outer skinwith cotton or linen cord and your operation is complete. Feed the hogsparingly for a few days following the operation on easily digested,laxative foods.NETTLE RASH(Urticaria)CAUSE: Irritations of the skin produced by sprinkling hogs withirritating solutions and powders, or from irritating dips when treatingfor lice, etc. Feeding highly nitrogenous food predisposes hogs to thisdisease; also filth, poorly drained sheds and pens; is especially commonin young pigs. Nettle Rash is not contagious, but what produces it inone hog may produce it in several at the same time.SYMPTOMS: Red, swollen blotches appear on the skin very suddenly,especially about the ears and the inside of the thighs, perhaps due tothe skin being thin and deprived of hair. The hog rubs it on account ofthe intense itching, and he will not thrive when in this condition. Inmost cases there is a fluid oozing from the blotches, causing dirt andfilth to adhere to the hair. However, if the disease is properlytreated, a recovery is sure to follow in about two weeks.TREATMENT: Prevention against this disease is most important, and itconsists in keeping shoats and pigs in clean, well ventilated sheds andpens. Do not sprinkle them with irritating solutions or powders, orirritating dips, but when the disease once shows itself give each pig orhog affected a dose of Epsom Salts, one ounce to every twenty-fivepounds of hog weight, in feed, swill or drinking water. If the weatheris hot, keep them in a clean, cool place, also purify their blood byfeeding regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter.Apply some good Coal Tar disinfectant, one part to one hundred parts ofwater. This is non-irritating, and will destroy hog lice, and will healthe pustules of nettle rash. Apply twice ten days apart. It also must beborne in mind that pens and sleeping quarters must be disinfected; theold bedding and manure burned and replaced with good, clean straw orhay. Feed easily digested food, slops, etc.CHAMPION POLAND CHINA BOAR KING HADLEY 57722.Owned by W. J. Baker, Rich Hill, Mo.PARALYSIS OF THE HIND QUARTERSCAUSE: There are a great many things that may produce paralysis of thehind quarters. For instance, shipping hogs in crates; fractions of thighbones; Rickets, due to feeding food that is deficient in mineral matter;hogs piling up; kicks or injuries to the back; frequently seen in sowsnursing a litter of pigs and in a run-down condition. Constipation andindigestion also produce paralysis of the hind quarters. Some think itis caused by worms in the kidneys; this is not always the case. It istrue that the presence of a parasite around the kidneys may causeirritation of the nerves of the spinal column and result in paralysis.Yet, it is more often the result of weakness and loss of nervous powerof the hind parts.SYMPTOMS: Regardless of the cause, the symptoms in either case, for theycannot be distinguished, are weakness of the back, wriggling of the hindparts, and finally the hogs sit down on their haunches. After someeffort, they get up and run in a straight line quite fast, but swing toone side for a while and then go over to the other side, and finally getdown so that they cannot rise, but drag themselves about. The appetiteis good until a day or two before they die.TREATMENT: Place the hog in clean, comfortable quarters, with plenty offresh water to drink. Give sour milk, fruit or vegetables, containingregulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. Itcontains nerve stimulants and blood purifiers. If the hog isconstipated, add two to four ounces of Epsom Salts to its feed.Treatment of all such cases requires perseverance, recovery being slowand not always certain.PILES(Prolapse of the Anus)CAUSE: Although the pig may look well, he has a weakness of the circularfibres of the intestines, due to irritating foods that either constipateor produce diarrhoea.SYMPTOMS: Very plain. A protrusion of the rectum all the way from two tofour inches. The pig irritates the protrusion by rubbing it against thesides of pens, etc.; it cracks, bleeds and in warm weather will becomefly-blown and maggots accumulate in large quantities.TREATMENT: In the first stages of this disease, wash the protruded partswith an antiseptic solution of Carbolic Acid, one teaspoonful to a pintof water. Give rectal injections of Soap and Warm Water or Sweet Oil,give about two ounces of Castor Oil internally and feed soft, sloppyfood. In chronic cases of long standing, remove the exposed portion ofthe intestine after washing nicely with the antiseptic solution. Removethe protrusion with a sharp knife and stitch the cut end of intestineedges to the anus. Feed easily digested food, such as wheat bran, mixedwith flaxseed meal on which boiling hot water has been poured, coolingbefore feeding. Also give regulator and tonic as prescribed on firstpage of this chapter.PIN WORMSCAUSE: Hogs consume the eggs that encapsule well matured embryonic wormswith their food or drinking water. These worms multiply very rapidly inthe small intestines and are from one-half to one inch in length.SYMPTOMS: No signs are noticed unless the worms are very abundant, asthey are small and difficult to see with the naked eye. The principalpoint of attack is in the back part of the small intestines, whereconsiderable inflammation is set up, especially when there are otherworms, such as the Roundworm, present.TREATMENT: Is of little value, as the worms in the intestines are verydifficult to get at, but as their presence causes very littledisturbance, it is hardly worth while treating; however, preventivemeasures should be applied by disinfecting, burning manure and bedding.The following has proven a very effective treatment for Pinworms:Powdered Quassia, one pound; Sulphur, two pounds; Glauber Salts, onepound; Powdered Tobacco, one-half pound; Sulphide of Antimony, onepound; Hyposulphite of Soda, two pounds; Beechwood Charcoal, one pound;Common Salt, two pounds.The above must be well powdered and thoroughly mixed. Give one heapingteaspoonful to everyone hundred pounds of hog weight. To small pigs,give doses in proportion to weight. Place it in their feed or slop twicea day. In addition to being a vermifuge, it is an alterative and tonicthat should be given pigs and hogs which do not thrive properly. Bestresults are obtained in treatment of Pinworm when the principal foodconsists of vegetables, mashes and slops.PLEURISYCAUSE: Exposure to cold, damp, chilly weather, especially to drafts, orby a large number of hogs being allowed to pile up during cold nights,etc.SYMPTOMS: Chilling, temperature elevated two or three degrees abovenormal; breathing fast. The hog will show great pain when pressed overthe lungs by flinching, squealing or grunting; coughing suppressed, ribsrigid; breathing mostly with the muscles of the flanks; appetite poorand eventually there will be fluids accumulate in the lung cavities. Atthis stage, the breathing is labored and difficult. If the ear ispressed over the lungs, the fluids can be heard, and in the first stagethe sound will be similar to that of rubbing hair between the finger andthumb.TREATMENT: Remove the cause. The treatment is satisfactory if applied indue time. Place in clean, comfortable shed, seeing that it is wellventilated, omit drafts; apply equal parts of Aqua Ammonia Fort.,Turpentine and Sweet Oil over the lungs and give two or four ounces ofCastor Oil in milk. Feed easily digested food, such as hot wheat branmashes, containing hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first pageof this chapter. It is also well to feed vegetables.RHEUMATISMCAUSE: Exposure, as in cold, damp houses. Overfeeding also has atendency to cause swellings of the joints and muscles.SYMPTOMS: Lameness of one or more limbs, swelling of the joints aboutthe legs and feet. The hog does not care to move, refusing its feed inmost cases; temperature slightly elevated; breathing quick and short; hewill drink water frequently if offered.TREATMENT: I am of opinion that Rheumatism in hogs would be a very raredisease if they were properly provided with clean, dry quarters, with aliberal quantity of bedding. Do not allow hogs to pile up, as it is veryinjurious to them.MEDICAL TREATMENT: Consists of feeding sloppy food to which add one-halfdram of Sodium Salicylate two or three times a day in their feed.Vegetables and green grass are very beneficial in this disease, as theyhave a cooling effect on the blood. The hog tonic and regulatorrecommended on first page of this chapter is very beneficial when givenwith food of a sloppy nature.RICKETSCAUSE: Food deficient in mineral matter or lime; filth, lack ofexercise, and crowded quarters, all tend to produce a softening of thebones and swelling of the joints.SYMPTOMS: The pigs affected generally appear in good condition and seemto be doing well, but suddenly they become paralyzed in the hindquarters, owing to the weakened condition of the bones, which sometimesfracture without receiving injury or any additional weight to that ofthe pig itself. The bones of the snout, back, limbs and feet bend andbecome deformed. The pigs grow weak, poor and stunted and perhaps thebest treatment is to destroy them.PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Careful feeding of good, wholesome food. Thisdisease is very seldom seen where hogs are frequently fed corn.MEDICAL TREATMENT: When the first signs of Rickets appear, feedregulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. Itcontains the mineral matter needed by the hog.ROUND WORMSCAUSE: Is undoubtedly due to filth or hogs eating food or drinking watercontaminated with well developed eggs or embryos of roundworms, thustaking them into their digestive canal, where they multiply rapidly andset up considerable irritation. This worm varies in length from three tothirteen inches, and is of a reddish-brown color.SYMPTOMS: The Roundworm is generally passed with the feces, and can bereadily seen with the naked eye. A hog infested with a large number ofthese worms is generally restless, appetite varied. When these wormsdevelop in large numbers, they obstruct the intestines. In other casesthey irritate and inflame the intestines causing inflammation anddiarrhoea, and death may be due to either obstruction or inflammation ofthe bowels.TREATMENT: Treatment is very satisfactory. Withhold all food fromeighteen to twenty-four hours. Then place in one pint of finely groundfeed, Calomel and Santonin, each five grains to every one hundred poundsof hog weight. For instance, if the hog affected with round worms weighstwo hundred pounds, double the dose by giving ten grains of each of theabove, but if the hog only weighs fifty pounds, give one-half the dosementioned, or two and one-half grains of each. This treatment should berepeated in a week or ten days to assure the expulsion of worms thatmight have survived the first dose. Feed sparingly on laxative food, asbran mashes and vegetables, for a few days following each treatment.RUPTURE(Scrotal or Inguinal)DEFINITION: In the male the intestines pass through the wide InguinalCanal, through which the cord of the testicle passes. It is notdifficult to recognize this form of rupture, as the scrotum thatnormally retains only the testicles is usually enlarged by the bowelsentering it. Sometimes the scrotum almost reaches the ground, and inthis case, both sides of the scrotum, or the sack which contains thetesticles, also contains intestines. If the pig is held up by the hindparts, the intestines will gravitate back into the abdominal cavity, butas soon as a pig lies down or stands they again return into the scrotum.The testicles can be located at the bottom of the enlargement.CAUSE: Hereditary tendencies predisposes them to rupture; pigs havinglarge Inguinal Canals through which the testicle passes; by pigs beingcrowded, injured, squeezed at troughs, or passing through narrowdoorways. Weakness and severe straining from constipation also producerupture.SYMPTOMS: An enlargement of the sack containing the testicles. Sometimesthere may be a strangulation of the intestines where they fold or twist.They become inflamed and produce death. The pig dies in great pain, butfortunately, strangulated ruptures in pigs are very rare, as the scrotumand canal which the intestines occupy relax and become very roomy.TREATMENT: Operation is the only method of relieving or curing Inguinalor Scrotal Rupture. My advice is to operate as soon as possible. Whenthe pigs are small, there is less danger. The pig to be operated onshould be fasted for at least twenty-four hours, as it is easier on boththe operator and pig when the intestines are empty, or nearly so.The operation which I have found to be very successful is as follows:Have an assistant hold the pig up by its hind legs. Prepare anantiseptic solution of Carbolic Acid five per cent, or Bichloride ofMercury, one in one-thousandths, in a pan. Have a needle threaded with amedium sized absorbent silk or cat-gut suture. Prepare a clean, sharpknife; wash the seat of operation with either antiseptic solution. Now,proceed to locate the testicle by having the hind parts elevated. Theintestines must be pressed back into the abdominal cavity. The testiclewill remain in the sack or scrotum; now grasp the testicle between thefingers and make the incision through the scrotum and to the lowerportion. It may be necessary to insert two fingers to withdraw thetesticle. When the testicle is located, withdraw it. Before cutting itoff it is well to run a needle containing a thread through the lastcovering of the testicle so as to prevent the membrane from returning.After this is securely done, remove the testicle and sew the innermembranes that envelop the rupture and testicle with what is called a"tobacco pouch suture." Draw it together firmly and tie and cut offsuture about one-half inch from the knot. Your operation is nowcomplete. Do not sew the outer incision in the scrotum, as it would havea tendency to accumulate dirt and hold pus. It should have a freedrainage. Wash with one of the above mentioned antiseptics twice dailyuntil thoroughly healed. Also feed laxative foods that are easilydigested.SORE FEETCAUSE: Filth; especially common in large hogs when confined to hardfloors or driven over rough, hard roads, or continually kept in filthypens. The tissues of the feet become softened, especially those betweenthe claws. Irritation is set up by germs entering the abrasions.SYMPTOMS: The hogs will be noticed going very lame and if closelyexamined the above named conditions will be found.TREATMENT: Remove the hogs to clean, dry pens containing plenty of cleanbedding, and wash the affected parts with some good disinfectant, asfive per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. Repeat this treatment at leastonce a day. In case the feet are badly inflamed, I would advise theapplication of hot Flaxseed Meal poultices to the feet. Feed easilydigested food, as it aids materially in the treatment of infectiouswounds.CHAMPION BERKSHIRE BOAR LONGFELLOW'S SUCCESSOR.Hood Farm, Lowell, Mass.SORE MOUTHCAUSE: Decomposed foods. Also slops or stagnant water, washing powders,broken glassware, etc., from the tables, fed in slops, barley or wheatbeards, etc.SYMPTOMS: Difficulty in eating, or refusal to eat at all. Stringysecretions of saliva continually oozing from the mouth. The mouth givesoff very offensive odor.TREATMENT: In this form of sore mouth, remove the cause. Feed soft,wholesome food, such as wheat bran mashes and vegetables. In cases whereit is due to the lodging of beards of wheat or barley, gag the hog'smouth with a piece of wood and remove the beards with forceps. Keepclean, cool water before them at all times and avoid feeding dry, hardfood.SOWS EATING THEIR YOUNGCAUSE: Insufficient lime or mineral matter fed prior to farrowing;constipation is also a fruitful cause.PREVENTION: Careful feeding for a few days prior to farrowing of slops,free from soap or washing powders; cool food, such as wheat bran mashes,with hog tonic and regulator as prescribed on the first page of thischapter. This is loosening to the bowels and also contains mineralmatter and blood purifiers which are very valuable in the abovementioned condition.SUN OR HEAT STROKECAUSE: Hogs that are very fat, and driven, hauled or shipped to marketwhen the weather is warm, are frequently stricken with heat orsun-stroke. Sometimes when hogs are overcrowded and not protected fromthe rays of the sun, or from heat, they may become victims of heat orsunstroke.SYMPTOMS: First they stagger when walking, then they become very weakand temperature elevates three or four degrees higher than normal.Prostration or extreme depression, or sometimes involuntary spasms orcontractions of muscles occur.TREATMENT: Prevention. Do not drive, haul or ship during the hottestpart of the day, hogs that are not accustomed to exercise or extremeheat. Do not crowd hogs in small pens or sheds during the hot months, astheir bodies give off considerable heat in addition to that of the sun.See that they are protected from the sun. When hauling or shipping hogs,wet them occasionally with water. It prevents heat stroke. In case a hogis suffering from heat or sun-stroke, place it in a cool, shady placeand apply ice or cold water to the head only. Also give Saltpeter inteaspoonful doses every six hours diluted in one ounce of water. Alsogive Alcohol, one teaspoonful, every three hours in one ounce of water.Good recovery is often obtained from the above treatment.THORN-HEADED WORMSCAUSE: A white grub that is found in old manure heaps, straw stacks andhog lots carries eggs containing embryos of the Thorn-headed Worm. Thewhite grub is eaten by the hog. The larvae of the Thorn-headed Worm isliberated by the process of digestion and becomes a parasite in theintestines of the hogs, where it develops into a fully matured worm.Large numbers of hogs quickly become infested with this parasite, asthey multiply very rapidly. These worms vary from two to twelve inchesin length, and have a whitish color.SYMPTOMS: As a general rule, a worm can be seen in the feces. Othersigns are that the hog loses flesh, appetite irregular, constipation,and then again there may be diarrhoea, especially where there are largenumbers of worms present.TREATMENT: First of all, burn all manure or decomposed vegetation thatthe hogs are liable to come in contact with. Withhold all food fromeighteen to twenty-four hours and give one teaspoonful of Oil ofTurpentine to everyone hundred pounds of hog weight, or if the hogweighs less than one hundred pounds, doses should be given inproportion. Follow this treatment for three or four consecutive days.Turpentine is easily given to hogs, as they will drink it in milk whenwell mixed. Perhaps it is advisable, where a large number of hogs areaffected, to divide them into pens of five or ten hogs, as they are thusless likely to get an overdose. Feed laxative food. Clean and disinfecttroughs and feeding floors. Also give prescription on first page of thischapter.THUMPSCAUSE: Disorders of the digestive system from overloading the stomachand causing irritation of the nerves leading to the diaphragm, which isthe membrane that separates the lungs and heart from the intestines,stomach, liver and spleen. It is a spasm of this membrane that causes ahog or pig to have "Thumps." Insufficient exercise; a large number ofpigs may become affected at the same time when closely confined.SYMPTOMS: Jerking of the flanks; the pig or hog becomes very weak andstunted in a very short time.TREATMENT: Remove the cause. In pigs, when first affected, carefulfeeding and exercise will generally effect a cure. In some cases, wherethe pigs are very small, it is well to take them away from the mother,permitting them to nurse very little. Give them Castor Oil inteaspoonful doses, and compel them to exercise. It may be necessary togive them Chloral Hydrate ten to fifteen grains two or three times a daydiluted in a teaspoonful of water. Where the pigs will not eat mashes ordrink milk, give them medicine by force with a teaspoon.AFTER TREATMENT: Give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on firstpage of this chapter.WHIP WORMThis worm is very uncommon, but occasionally is found in the largeintestines.CAUSE: The eggs become imbedded in the manure, bedding, etc., and thenmix with the feed and drinking water and are taken into the digestivecanal where they develop into matured worms. This worm is from one tothree inches in length, the hind extremity of which is very thin, hencethe name, "Whipworm."SYMPTOMS: They produce very little disturbance, even though present inlarge quantities, except when other worms assist in their irritating thelining membranes of the large intestines.MEDICAL TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours,then give one teaspoonful of Gasolene thoroughly mixed with milk, toeveryone hundred pounds of hog weight. Small hogs, reduce the dose inproportion to their weight. It is advisable to follow this dose for twoor three consecutive days. Feed food that is easily digested, and seethat they have fresh water to drink.DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATSCauses, Symptoms and Treatments1. Mouth2. Nostrils3. Eyes4. Forehead5. Poll6. Ears7. Neck or Scrag8. Throat or Throttle9. Brisket or Breast10. Shoulder vein11. Shoulder12. Legs13. Fore flank14. Heart girth15. Crops16. Back17. Loin18. Rump19. Coupling20. Ribs21. Belly22. Sheath23. Scrotum24. Rear flanks25. Leg of Mutton26. Twist27. Tail or Dock28. RumpCHAPTER IVABORTIONCAUSE: Is usually produced by injuries, or by the ewes being poisonedfrom eating poisonous foods, plants, etc. It has never occurred ininfectious form in this country, although sometimes an outbreak isthought infectious on account of several ewes aborting about the sametime, but all such outbreaks have been traced to some irritating poisonwhich they had taken with their food or drinking water.PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Remove the aborted lambs or kids and afterbirthfrom the yards, and also withdraw the ewe or nanny and place her incomfortable quarters. She requires care and extra nursing, or she willbecome very poor and lose a large portion of her fleece.MEDICAL TREATMENT: If due to poisonous plants, etc., when the firstsymptoms of Abortion or poisoning are noticed, give six to ten ounces ofCastor Oil. Warm the oil so it will run freely. Set the sheep or goatupon its haunches and pour very slowly. Great care must be exercised soas not to let any of the oil enter the lungs, as it may produce fatalpneumonia. Feed food that is easily digested and supply them with purewater to drink. When the general condition is weak or run down, so tospeak, the following tonic is recommended: Pulv. Gentian Root, oneounce; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one ounce; Pulv. Potassium Nitrate, one ounce;Hyposulphite of Soda, three ounces; Protan, three ounces. Mix and makeinto twenty-four powders. Give one powder two or three times daily wellback on the tongue.REMEMBER all tonics are bitter, therefore beware of any so-called tonicsthat the animals eat readily as these possess no real tonic values.BLACK SCOURS(Verminous Gastritis--Strongylosis)CAUSE: Due to a worm (Strongylus Contortus) measuring one-fourth to oneinch in length, inhabiting the intestines and the fourth stomach ofsheep and goats. This disease is frequently seen in low, marshypastures, where animals infested with the worm pass the ova or egg withthe feces, the eggs developing into an embryotic worm which is againtaken with the food or water by non-infected animals, whereby thisdisease again attacks the intestines and fully matured worms develop.SYMPTOMS: Naturally, the symptoms vary according to the violence of theattack. In well developed cases, the animal strains to defecate, andpasses shreds of intestinal mucous along with blood-stained feces.Finally a severe dysentery takes place, the animal becomescorrespondingly weak, and death takes place in two or three days. Somecases become chronic, in which death does not take place for a month ormore. However, the latter is uncommon. Other signs are staggering gait,trembling, eyes fixed, showing wild expression, neck turned to one side.Then the animal appears as if in pain, and looks around at the flankfrequently. There is a chopping of the jaws, and a very free flow ofstringy saliva dropping from the mouth. When an animal dies from thesymptoms just described, it should be cut open and carefully examinedfor this particular parasite, which can be easily seen with the nakedeye.TREATMENT: Very successfully treated when the first symptoms appear byadministering one ounce of Gasolene with a pint of Milk. To lambs orkids give half the dose. Every precaution should be taken so as toprevent the drench from entering the lungs. Perhaps the best method isto set the animal on its haunches and pour the liquid slowly andcarefully; if they cough, let them down. Any drench entering the lungsproduces fatal pneumonia. Feed good nourishing food, and supply themwith fresh water to drink.CATARRH(Cold in the Head)CAUSE: Atmospheric changes, sudden exposure to cold, wet weather afterbeing accustomed to warm, comfortable surroundings, inhaling dust, smokeand gases or, in fact, anything that will produce an irritation to themembranes lining the nose; commonly seen in the spring and fall.SYMPTOMS: Chilling, elevation of temperature, nose dry, breathinghurried, sneezing, coughing, dullness, appetite varied. In the firststages of the malady, the nostrils are considerably inflamed, but in thecourse of a few days the temperature subsides and a yellowish-whitedischarge flows from the nose continuously.TREATMENT: Keep the affected animals dry, omit drafts, feed good,wholesome food, and provide bedding for them to lie upon. In the firststages of this malady, it is advisable to confine the animals in a barn,closing the windows and doors and compelling them to inhale steam fromboiling hot water and Pine Tar. The best method to accomplish this is byplacing a tub about half full of water in the center of the barn and addabout one gallon of Pine Tar. Then heat bricks or stones and place theminto the tub. In this way a large number can be treated at one time. Thesheep should be compelled to inhale this steam for thirty to fortyminutes twice a day. In addition to the above, the following is verybeneficial: Chlorate of Potash, one ounce; Nitrate of Potassi, twoounces. Make into sixteen powders and give one powder to each sheep inits drinking water two or three times daily. Feed hot bran mashes andvegetables if possible.DIARRHOEA(Dysentery)CAUSE: Diarrhoea, or Dysentery, is a sign of some irritation of theintestines resulting in increased secretions, or increased muscularcontraction, or both. The irritation is sometimes the result of chillingfrom exposure, improper feeding, as contaminated or frozen foods,irritating foods, drinking cold or stagnant water, indigestion, organicdiseases of the intestines, or parasitic diseases. (See Strongylosis.)SYMPTOMS: Movements from the bowels are frequent, at first consisting ofthin fecal matter, but as this malady progresses it becomes watery andoffensive in smell, and streaked with blood. At first the animal showsno constitutional disturbances, but eventually it becomes weak and showssigns of abdominal pain by looking around to the flank, throwing thefeet together, lying down, or moving restlessly. Sometimes this diseaseis accompanied by fever, great depression, loss of strength, rapid lossof flesh; terminating in death.TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. When thedisease is due to irritating properties of food which have been fed theanimal, it is well to give a physic of Castor Oil in two to six ouncedoses, according to the size of the animal. When there is debility, wantof appetite, and temperature normal, but continuous water discharge fromthe bowels, give Protan, two ounces; Gum Catechu, one ounce; Pulv.Ginger, one ounce; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight grains. Make intosixteen powders and give one powder on the tongue every three or fourhours, according to the severity of the attack. Feed food that is easilydigested, as wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats, etc. See that thedrinking water is fresh and clean.FOOT ROT(Foul in the Foot)CAUSE: Foot Rot is produced by inflammation of the soft structures ofthe foot between the claws or toes. It may be due to an overgrowth andinward pressure, etc., or from filth accumulating and hardening betweenthe claws, producing inflammation and softening or ulceration of theskin in the interdigital space (between the claws). Under someconditions several sheep or goats in the same drove become affected atthe same time, leading many to think that the disease is contagious.When Foot Rot appears in a very short time, among sheep or goats, thiscondition can almost always be traced to filth, irritation, etc.SYMPTOMS: The animal is observed to limp when walking. On carefulexamination of the foot we find it hot, swollen above the claws and inthe soft parts between them, frequently spreading the claws apart to aconsiderable extent, or the inflammation may have advanced to softeningand sloughing of the soft structure between the claws. If this conditionis neglected at this stage, deep abscesses form and the pus burrowsunder the horny wall, and the joints within the hoof become inflamed anddestroyed, in which case the treatment is difficult and recovery will bevery arduous.TREATMENT: In the early stages of the disease, before the pus burrowsbeneath the horny structures of the foot, any foreign substancesimpacted between the claws should be removed. Then place a trough aboutone foot wide, six to eight inches high, and twelve to sixteen feetlong, and fill with water and Coal Tar Dip, diluted in proportions ofone part dip to fifty parts of water. Build a fence on each side of thetrough, just wide enough for one sheep to pass through, and compel everysheep to walk through the solution slowly.This treatment should be repeated once or twice a week until thelameness has disappeared. In cases where deep sloughing has taken placeunder the horny structures, saturate a piece of oakum or cotton in thefollowing liniment: Oil of Origanum, Oil of Pisis, Oil of Turpentine,each four ounces. Place it between the claws and hold it there by meansof a bandage. Repeat this application every other day. The animals thatdo not show signs of improvement under this treatment in a few daysinvariably have the joints of the foot affected and should not bedriven.DELAINE MERINO RAM AND EWES.FORAGE POISONINGCAUSE: This condition is produced by animals eating various foliage(Grass or Shrubbery) at a time when the peculiar poisonous principlesare developed in it, as appears to happen in certain seasons. Thedisease is liable to affect a large proportion of animals which areunder the same grazing conditions.SYMPTOMS: Generally takes two or three days to develop. The animalgradually becomes more or less unconscious and paralyzed, staggers whenforced to walk, and it may have great difficulty in keeping on its feet,it is extremely averse to going down, and leans for support against anyconvenient object. It breathes in a snorting manner. The mucousmembranes are tinged with yellow, and the bowels constipated. In othercases severe diarrhoea follows, and the animal becomes very weak anddies in convulsions or spasms. Recovery may be expected in cases thatare not marked by severe symptoms.TREATMENT: Endeavor to find out the true cause and remove it ifpossible. Change range or pasture for a short time; this hassuccessfully eradicated this malady. The animal showing the abovesymptoms should receive four to eight ounces of Castor Oil regardless ofwhether there is diarrhoea or constipation. In either case theirritation will be relieved by its laxative effect. In cases wherediarrhoea becomes chronic, after administering the Castor Oil, thefollowing will be found very efficient in its control: Protan, threeounces; Ginger, one ounce; Gum Catechu, two ounces. Make into sixteenpowders and place one powder well back on the tongue every four or sixhours. Feed clean, wholesome food and supply clean, fresh water todrink. Provide shelter for the animal if the weather is hot.GARGET(Congestion and Inflammation of the Udder)CAUSE: As a rule, in Garget or Congestion of the Udder in heavy milkingewes, just before and after lambing, the glands of the udder enlarge,become hot, tense and tender and a slight pasty swelling extends forwardfrom the glands on the lower surface of the abdomen. This physiologicalcondition is looked upon as a matter of course and disposed of in two orthree days when the secretions of milk have been fully established.General breaking up of the udder may be greatly hastened by the suckingof a hungry lamb and the kneading it gives the udder with its nose isbeneficial. The above mentioned congestion or Garget may emerge intoactive inflammation resulting from continued exposure to cold weather,standing in cold drafts or injury to the udder from stone, clubs, feetof other animals, overfeeding or rich food, like cotton seed or soybean, sore teats or a ewe losing her lamb in the period of full milking;serious disturbances of the animal's health is liable to fall upon theudder.SYMPTOMS: The symptoms and mode of attack vary in different cases.Following exposure to cold drafts or cold, wet weather, there is usuallysevere chilling with cold ears and limbs and general dryness andbrittleness of the wool. This is followed by a flush of heat, the earsand limbs become unnaturally warm and the glands swell up and becomefirm and solid in one or both sides of the udder. The muzzle is hot anddry, temperature elevated two or three degrees above normal, pulse firmand quick, excited breathing, appetite and rumination suspended, bowelsconstipated, urine scanty and the yield of milk may be entirelysuppressed in the affected side.TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. Move theaffected animal to comfortable quarters, supply liberal quantifies ofbedding for the animal to lie upon. Give two to six ounces of GlauberSalts dissolved in a pint of hot water. Permit it to cool. Place the eweon her haunches and drench carefully. Feed laxative foods as hot branmashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables, supplying the animal withpure water to drink, to which add two drams of Hyposulphite of Soda, twoor three times a day. In some cases it is advisable to apply CamphoratedOintment to the udder once or twice a day.GID(Sturdy)CAUSE: Gid is produced by a bladder worm, a larva or an egg of thetapeworm infesting the intestines of dogs, wolves and coyotes. The eggsof these tapeworms are scattered over the range or pastures in thedroppings of infested dogs, wolves or coyotes, and these when swallowedin the food or water by the sheep, hatch out and the embryos migrate tothe brain, spinal cord, etc., where they develop into cysts, bladderworms or water bags, etc. When the organs of sheep, thus infested, areeaten by dogs, wolves or coyotes, the cyst worms are also likely to beswallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms.SYMPTOMS: In case a large number of embryos become lodged in the brainof sheep, the first signs will be shown in about eight to twelve days.Bladder worms produce a congestion of the brain which causes dullness,dizziness, indicating an affection of the brain, walking or turning incircles. If the left side of the brain is affected they will turn to theleft; if the right side is affected, they will turn to the right. Thehead eventually droops, the eyes become red and the vision is impaired,the head very hot over the affected region, the affected sheep becomeseparated from the flock. Sometimes the sheep are partially orcompletely paralyzed.PREVENTION: Prevention is the only method by which this disease can beeradicated. Prevent the sheep from becoming infected with theseparasites. Stray dogs, wolves or coyotes should be killed wheneverfound, and dogs too valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworm.Meat should not be fed to dogs unless cooked or known to be free fromtapeworm cysts.GRUBS IN THE HEAD(Head Maggot)CAUSE: Grubs in the head of sheep are produced by the Sheep Gadfly whichis yellowish-gray in color with five well divided rings around its body,covered over with fine hair and the lower portion of the head white.This fly is somewhat larger than the ordinary house fly. It attackssheep and goats during the Summer and Fall and deposits its larva aboutthe sheep's and goat's nostrils. This larva attaches itself to themucous membrane of the nostrils with two hooklets by which it graduallyworks into the air cavities of the head, remaining there for about tenmonths. Then it again passes from the nostrils, burrows into the groundand becomes a fully matured Gadfly in six or eight weeks, whichcompletes its life cycle, the head of the sheep or goat being itsintermediate host where the newly born Gadfly again attaches its larva.SYMPTOMS: When sheep or goats are attacked by this Gadfly, they run,strike at the nose with their front feet, rub the nose on the ground oragainst other sheep. In case only three or four larvae gain entrance tothe sinuses of the head, they produce very little, if any, ill effects,but where they become numerous, they cause the animal to cough andsneeze continually, discharge from the nose, which is occasionallytinged with blood. The appetite becomes impaired, the animal shows signsof emaciation, becomes very weak, raises the nose in the air, buteventually becomes so weak it reels when walking and finally lies down.It becomes so weak it cannot toss the head or rise, and dies.PREVENTION TREATMENT: Very successful. Paint the sheep's or goat's nose