with Pine Tar, or better still, place salt in a trough, covering it withboards, with holes bored in them just large enough for the animal toinsert its nose. Smear Pine Tar about the holes once or twice a week.This treatment has proven very efficient in localities where sheepGadflies are numerous.MEDICAL TREATMENT: After the animal once becomes infected with thesegrubs, bore holes (trephine) through the skull with a sharp instrumentmade for this purpose and remove the grubs. This requires considerableamount of skill and should be attempted only by a competentVeterinarian.HOVEN(Bloating--Acute Tynpanitis--Acute Indigestion)CAUSE: Hoven is caused by various kinds of food which produceindigestion or fermentation and resultant gases in the rumen or paunch.When sheep are first turned into young clover, they eat so greedily ofit that bloating frequently results. Turnips, potatoes and cabbage mayalso produce it. Middlings and corn meal also frequently give rise toit. In this connection it may be stated that an excessive quantity ofany food, before mentioned, may bring on this disorder, or it may not bedue to excessive eating but to eating too fast. Sometimes the quality offood is at fault. Grass, clover or alfalfa, when wet with dew or rainsoaked, frequently produce digestive disorders and bloating follows.Frozen roots or potatoes covered with white frost should be regarded asdangerous. When food has been eaten too hastily or when it is cold andwet, the digestive process is imperfectly performed and the foodcontained in the paunch ferments, during which process large quantitiesof gas are formed. This same result may follow when a sheep is choking,as the obstruction in the gullet prevents the eructation or passing ofgas from the stomach so that the gas continues to accumulate untilsevere bloating results.SYMPTOMS: The swelling of the left flank is very characteristic, as inwell marked cases the flank at its upper part rises above the level ofthe backbone and when struck with the tips of the fingers emits adrum-like sound. The animal has an anxious expression, moves uneasilyand is evidently distressed. If relief is not obtained in time the sheepbreathes with difficulty, reels in walking or standing and in a shorttime falls down and dies from suffocation. The distention of the stomachor rumen may become so great that it pushes the diaphragm (the membraneseparating the lung and intestinal cavity) forward against the lungs, soas to squeeze and stop their movements, thus preventing the animal frombreathing and in some instances the case may be complicated by a ruptureof the stomach.TREATMENT: Do not waste any time. Puncture about three inches downwardand forward from the point of the hip bone with a clean sharp knife, orany instrument that is clean and sharp. A special instrument made forthis purpose, the trocar, is a very useful instrument on the farm.Sometimes bloating becomes chronic, and if such is the case dissolve twoteaspoonfuls of Turpentine in one-half pint of milk and drench theanimal very carefully, as some of this drench may escape into the lungsand produce fatal pneumonia. Set a sheep upon its haunches to give themedicine; if it coughs let it down quickly to prevent strangulation.INDIGESTION(Dyspepsia)CAUSE: Irritant food, damaged food, overloaded paunch or sudden changeof diet may produce this disease. Want of exercise predisposes an animalto it and it is caused by woody or indigestible food. Food whichpossesses astringent (drying) properties tends to check the digestivesecretions and may also act as an exciting cause. Food in excessivequantity may lead to disorders of the digestion and to this disease. Itis very likely to appear towards the end of the protracted season ofdraught, therefore a deficiency of water must be regarded as one of theconditions which favors its development.SYMPTOMS: Appetite diminished; rumination, or chewing the cud,irregular; tongue coated, mouth slimy, feces passed apparently not welldigested and offensive in odor, dullness and fullness of the flanks.This disease may, in some cases, assume a chronic character, for inaddition to the above mentioned symptoms, slight bloating of the leftflank may be observed. The animal breathes with great difficulty andgrunts with each respiration. The ears and legs alternately become hotand cold. The rumination, or cud chewing, at this stage ceases and theusual rumbling sound in the stomach is not audible. The passage of fecesis entirely suspended and the animal passes only a little mucusoccasionally. Sometimes constipation and diarrhoea alternate; there is arise in temperature in many cases. The disease continues for a few daysor a week in this mild form, while the severe form of the disease maylast for several weeks. In the severe form the emaciation and loss ofstrength may be very great. There is no appetite, no rumination orrumbling sound in the stomach or intestines. The mouth is hot andsticky, the eyes have retracted in their sockets and the milk secretionhas ceased. In such cases the outlook for recovery is unfavorable. Theaffected animals fall away in flesh and become very weak, which is shownby the fact that one finds the animal lying down.On examination of sheep or goats which have died of this disease, it isfound that the lining membranes of the fourth stomach and intestines,particularly the small intestines, are red, swollen, streaked with deepred or blushed lines or spotted. The lining of the third stomach is moreor less softened and may be easily pealed off. The third stomachcontains dry, hard food masses, closely adhering to its walls. In somecases the brain appears to become affected, probably from the painendured and weakness and absorption of poisons generated in thedigestive canal. In such cases there is weakness and a staggering gait;the sheep or goats do not appear to see, and will consequently runagainst obstacles. After a time it falls down and gives up to a violentdisordered struggle. This delirious condition is succeeded by stupor anddeath.TREATMENT: Successful; if fed in its first stages on small quantities ofroots, sweet silage or select grasses or hay. This should be offeredseveral times daily. Very little food should be allowed if the animal isconstipated, in which case give two to four ounces of Glauber Saltsdissolved in a pint of hot water. When it cools, set the animal on itshaunches and pour slowly and carefully. If they strangle or cough letthem down, as some of the drench may escape into the lungs and producelung complications. After the Glauber Salts have acted and if there is alack of appetite and the animal does not chew the cud regularly, thefollowing tonic will be found beneficial: Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce;Pulv. Nux Vomica, one ounce; Pulv. Anise Seed, two ounces. Mixthoroughly and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powder two orthree times a day well back on the tongue. The food must be ratherlaxative and of a digestible character. After an attack of this form ofindigestion, ice cold water should be avoided. Food should be given inmoderate quantities, as any excess by overtaxing the digestive functionsmay bring on a relapse.CHAMPION SHROPSHIRE RAM.Owned by McKerrow & Son, Pewaukee, Wis.JAUNDICE(Liver Congestion--Inflammation of the Liver)CAUSE: Jaundice or Liver Congestion is due to constipation where thereis an inactive or torpid condition of the bowels and the bile whichpasses into the intestines is absorbed and produces a yellow staining ofJaundice. Jaundice is merely a symptom of a disease and ought to directattention to ascertain if possible the cause or causes which give riseto it. Inflammation of the liver usually occurs as a complication ofinfectious diseases. It may also occur as a complication of intestinalcatarrh, or in hot weather from overheating, eating decomposed orirritating food or from drinking stagnant water.SYMPTOMS: The signs are sometimes obscure and their real significance isfrequently overlooked. The most prominent symptoms are the yellowness ofthe white of the eyes and of the mucous membranes lining the mouth,appetite poor, body presents an emaciated appearance, the feces is lightin color, while the urine is likely to be unusually dark and there isgreat thirst present. The gait is weak and the animal lies down morethan usual and while doing so frequently has its head around resting onthe side of its chest. Temperature is slightly elevated above normal andbreathing is somewhat hurried.TREATMENT: Remove the cause if possible. Give Glauber Salts in three tofour ounce doses, diluted in a pint of hot water permitted to cool andgive at one dose. When drenching be very careful, as some of the liquidmay escape into the lungs and produce severe complications. Feed greenfood or hot bran mashes and supply them with a liberal quantity of purewater to drink.LIVER FLUKECAUSE: The parasite that produces Liver Fluke in sheep has an oblong,flat, leaf-like body, brownish in color, measuring from one-fourth toone-half inch in length. Sheep become infected with this Liver Flukefrom grazing on low marshy pastures infected by the larvae of LiverFluke.SYMPTOMS: A sheep, when first infected with Liver Fluke, generallythrives as the parasites tend to stimulate the process of digestion,being located as they are in the liver, but eventually ruminationbecomes irregular, the sheep becomes anemic, weak and the visible mucousmembranes of the mouth, nose and eyes become pale, bloodless, taking ona yellowish color as the disease progresses. Swellings will also appearunder the jaw along the neck and under the lung cavity. The process ofbreathing becomes feeble and temperature irregular. Pregnant ewes willgenerally abort and nursing ewes' milk will become so deprived of itsnourishing properties that the lambs become emaciated, although notnecessarily affected with the Liver Fluke.PREVENTION: Move to non-infected pastures, supply the animals grazing onlow marshy pastures with a liberal amount of salt, also introduce frogs,toads, carp, etc., into the marshy ponds, as they destroy the parasitein its first stages of development, feeding on their intermediate host,the snail.MEDICAL TREATMENT: This is of little value. After an animal once becomesinfected with the parasite, it never makes a complete recovery, althoughCalomel administered in ten grain doses every two or three weeks appearsto have a very good effect in some cases, if fed freely on nitrogenousfood and permitted to drink well of pure running water.LUNG FEVER(Pneumonia--Congestion of the Lungs--Pulmonary Apoplexy)Acute congestion and inflammation of the spongy tissues of the lungs isfrequently seen in sheep, the same as in other animals.CAUSE: Sheep that are over driven are subject to Lung Congestion inacute or chronic form and sometimes Pulmonary Apoplexy, and especiallywhen in a plethoric condition are predisposed to inflammation of thelungs. The exciting cause is very much the same as in different diseasesof the air passage and it is not uncommon for the inflammation to extendfrom these parts of the lungs. However, there are a number of causes inaddition to those already mentioned. It frequently results when sheepare accustomed to warm, comfortable quarters and are changed to cold,drafty pens, or shipping some distance in open stock cars during coldweather. In fact, any sudden chilling of the body is a common cause oflung disorders. Giving fat sheep too much exercise when they are notaccustomed to it is a very frequent cause of Congestion and Inflammationof the Lungs. This may occur when they are chased by dogs, etc., or whendriven to a distant market at too rapid a gait. Exercise during the hotsummer months is apt to cause congestion of the lung substance, as wellas heat stroke. Dipping sheep during cold weather may chill the body andresult in this disease.SYMPTOMS: If due to severe exercise, the animal appears greatlyexhausted and the Congestion of the Lungs is marked. Death may occur inthis stage of the disease. Inflammation of the Lungs usually begins witha chill and is followed by a high fever. The sheep stand most of thetime and may eat nothing, or very little. The breathing is hurried atfirst, but when the lungs become badly involved, it is also labored. Thecharacter of the pulse beats varies, depending on the extent of theinflammation and the stage of the disease. In most cases the pulse isfull and quick during the early stages of the disease. A very weak pulseis present in severe and fatal cases of Pneumonia. The visible mucousmembranes have a red colored appearance and there may be a slightdischarge from the nostrils. The expression of the face is anxious anddistressed in severe cases and rigors and chilling of the body occur.The respiratory sounds are more or less normal. The cough at first isdeep and dry; later it becomes loose and moist. It may be accompanied bya hemorrhage during this stage of the disease. Other respiratory soundsare revealed by placing the ear to the side of the chest walls andlistening to the sound of the lungs. This cannot be practiced in longwooled sheep with satisfaction, as the chest walls are so thick that thelung sounds are deadened, or the noise made by the animal hides therespiratory murmurs in the very early stages of Inflammation of theLungs. A crepitating or crackling sound can be heard in the diseasedparts and louder sounds than normal in the healthy areas. Later when theengorgement of the lung substance occurs and the air cells become filledwith an inflammatory serum, the respiratory sounds are deadened, but onreturning to the normal, a rattling sound occurs. These symptoms helpgreatly in determining the animal's condition and in watching theprogress of the disease. The chances for the recovery depend on theextent and the acuteness of the inflammation. Careless handling,exercising, etc., lessen the chances for a favorable termination in thedisease, but good care helps more to bring about recovery than themedical treatment. The recovery is more unfavorable in fat than in leansheep, as the inflammation is usually more severe in the former. Thecourse is from seven to twenty-one days and it may become chronic ifthe irritation is kept up. In such cases, unthriftiness is a prominentsign.TREATMENT: The preventive treatment in Pneumonia must not be overlooked.Briefly, it consists in avoiding such conditions as may predispose theanimal to the disease or act in any way as an exciting cause. Carefulnursing is a very important part of the treatment. The sheep should begiven a comfortable, well ventilated shed and kept as quiet as possible.If the bowels become constipated, give two or three ounces of Castor Oiland feed sloppy food. As one attack predisposes the sheep to a second,it should be protected from severe cold, or the other extreme, heat, fora month after making a complete recovery.The following prescription will be found very beneficial: Iodide ofAmmonia, one-half ounce; Chlorate of Potassi, one ounce; Pulv. NuxVomica, one ounce. Make into twenty-four powders and give one powderevery four hours well back on the tongue. Continue this treatment untilthe animal has recovered.CHAMPION COTSWOLD EWES.Owned by F. A. Koser, Rickreall, Ore.LUNG WORMS, LAMB DISEASE(Verminous Bronchitis)CAUSE: Due to a white thread-like worm (Strongylus Filaria) varying inlength from one to three inches. These worms affect and live in thetrachea (windpipe) and bronchial tubes. Infected animals, in coughing,expel fertilized eggs which develop on the grass and stagnant water. Thelarvae are again taken up either in the drinking water or in eatinggrass or hay gathered on low marshy soil. Warm wet weather favors theirdevelopment.SYMPTOMS: This worm is liable to attack a number of animals at the sametime. The weakest sheep and young lambs are the first to show signs bycoughing forcibly, distressing, hacking and convulsive in character. Astringy mucus is sometimes expelled during the spasm of coughing. Thismucus contains worms which can be detected, or their ova observed undera magnifying glass. In the latter stages of the disease, they coughseverely at night. These attacks have a sub-acute character and provevery exhausting. The parasite by becoming entwined in balls severelyaffects the animal's breathing which is always remarkably labored in thelatter stages of the disease. The animal refuses to eat, becomesemaciated, anemic, mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose becomevery pale and the sheep die in convulsions from suffocation.PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Avoid grazing your sheep on low marshy soil,especially during warm wet weather. Young lambs and weak ewes areespecially susceptible to this disease.MEDICAL TREATMENT: The writer has tried various treatments as fumigationwith different substances and injection of remedies into the windpipe bythe use of a hypodermic syringe, etc., but none have proven verysuccessful, from a practical standpoint. I would recommend placing theaffected animals in a tightly closed barn or shed, in the center ofwhich place a pan of red hot coals and cover with Sulphur.A person should remain in the barn or shed as long as he possibly canand after the fumes become so irritating that he cannot endure them anylonger, he should immediately make his exit. The sheep should becompelled to stay a minute or two longer and then quickly open the doorsand windows. Repeat this treatment once or twice a week. Feed affectedanimals well. Give them fresh water to drink and protect them fromexposure. This treatment, as above described, has given very goodresults, providing the parasites were not too numerous.SCAB(Mange)CAUSE: The mange mite (Psoroptes Communis). This parasite is equippedwith stylets which pierce the skin at the seat where the mange mitepenetrates the skin, and produces small red spots followed by a blisterfilled with serum, which ruptures, the serum drying and forming a smallscab. It is in this way that innumerable mange mites cause the piling upof scabs thus producing a very scaly condition. As Mange advances, thescaly patches eventually pile up until they attain the thickness ofone-half inch, unless these scabs have been severely rubbed.SYMPTOMS: Very easily detected, as a bunch of sheep that have beenrecently infected will be uneasy or restless, rubbing, against fences,posts, brush, etc., causing bunches of wool to loosen. The itching seemsto be more intense at night and during warm weather. The affectedanimals will even make attempts to bite themselves, due to the agonyproduced by the mange mite. If the skin is examined by the aid of amagnifying glass, the mange mite can be easily noticed, or by scrapingthe skin with a knife and placing the scabs on a dark paper and exposedto the warmth of the sun, the mange mite moving about can readily beseen with the naked eye. Mangy sheep become very poor and eventuallydie.PREVENTION: This is important, for although the disease is treated withvery good results, the mange mite annoy the sheep until they become veryweak and emaciated and the loss of wool is enormous due to the affectedanimal continually rubbing against fences, brush, etc.TREATMENT: Consists of using various dips, as Lime and Sulphur, which isrecommended by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. This is veryeffective and inexpensive. Scabby sheep should be dipped a week or tendays after shearing; two dippings are necessary at the interval of tendays. After dipping, move to non-infected range or pastures.TICK(Louse Fly)CAUSE: The tick that infects sheep has a very small head sunken into itsround body. The head possesses a flexible trunk or snout that penetratesthe skin. Through this trunk, the ticks derive their nourishment bysucking the blood from the body of the sheep. The tick is also providedwith three pairs of legs. The female lays her young in the form of aspun egg (cocoon) which is oblong in shape and brown in color. This eggis cemented to the wool of sheep where young ticks are hatched in aboutfour to six weeks.SYMPTOMS: Long wooled sheep are more susceptible to this tick as theirwool provides shelter for both the tick and its eggs. After shearing thesheep the ticks have a tendency to leave the body and to migrate to thelegs or to unshorn lambs where their snouts or trunks pierce the skinwhich appears to become infected, producing a swelling and inflammation.The infected sheep run, scratch and bite themselves. When these ticksbecome developed in large quantities, they produce a paleness of themucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose, as the ticks suck largequantities of blood, which produces an anemic condition. The sheepbecome poor, weak and unthrifty.TREATMENT: Satisfactorily treated by dipping infected sheep in Coal Tardips or Emulsions of Crude Petroleum. Shearing the sheep has a goodeffect, but care must be exercised as the ticks then rapidly migrate tothe lambs.DISEASES OF POULTRYCauses, Symptoms and TreatmentsWhite Plymouth Rocks, Raycroft Farm, Adrian, Mich.CHAPTER VAIR SAC MITECAUSE: Produced by a parasite called Cylodites Nudus, which bears aclose resemblance to the parasite causing mange or scabies in thedomesticated animal. Owing to the peculiar construction of theirbreathing organs fowls are more susceptible to parasites than animals.In addition to affecting the lungs, the Air Sac Mite may extend itsoperations to the intestines, kidneys, liver and bones.SYMPTOMS: Unthriftiness is first noticed, but after the parasites becomenumerous, the fowl shows signs of difficult breathing, perhapsterminating in bronchial pneumonia. In some cases death occurs withoutapparent cause. The bird will be inactive, becomes separated from therest of the flock, comb pale, head drawn close to the body, wings hangpendulous, lose flesh, breathing becomes hard, coughing, sneezing and arattling from the mucus in the windpipe is heard. Death is produced fromsuffocation.TREATMENT: Separate the sick from the healthy fowls. Disinfect coops andrunways of both sick and healthy birds with Crude Carbolic Acid,undiluted. Also fumigate the fowls in their coops with steam from hotwater and Pine Tar. This may be done by placing the water and Tar in apan and then inserting a hot stone or brick in the solution. Thisperhaps is the simplest method of fumigation. Also mix Sulphur in theirfeed regularly.APOPLEXY(Hemorrhage of the Brain)Due to the rupture of a blood vessel of the brain and pressure from theescaping blood.CAUSE: Mechanical injuries, straining when laying eggs (hens arefrequently found dead on the nest from this cause), overfeeding,stimulating food, etc., all tend to produce apoplexy.SYMPTOMS: Appear very suddenly, bird is seen to walk unsteadily, falls,or perhaps is found dead.TREATMENT: In mild attacks, apply cold water or ice to fowl's head untilthoroughly cooled. Give one-half grain of Calomel, feed soft food,compel the bird to exercise. Owing to the loss of blood a tonic will benecessary. Pulv. Gentian Root, Pulv. Saltpeter, Capsicum and FerriSulphate (Pulv.) equal parts one ounce. Mix and place one teaspoonful infeed for every twenty-five fowls. This tonic purifies and builds up theblood, just what is needed in this particular condition.BALDNESS(Favus)CAUSE: Due to fungi.SYMPTOMS: The first noticeable sign is the whitish appearance of thecomb due to gray spots about the size of a pin head. As the diseaseprogresses, this condition spreads to other parts of the body; thefeathers look rough and dry and break easily. The fowl grows weaker,refuses to eat and if not properly treated, dies.TREATMENT: Remove the scabs by separating the feathers and using abrush. Apply Sulphur Ointment. Repeat this treatment after two or threedays. Great care must be taken to prevent the fowl from chilling ortaking cold.BEAK AND THROAT OBSTRUCTIONCAUSE: Lodgment in the beak or food canal of a foreign substance, suchas a kernel of corn, sunflower seed, bone, etc.SYMPTOMS: Fowl jerks its head suddenly and frequently attempts toswallow. If a close examination is made the foreign body can be feltfrom the outside.TREATMENT: For the removal of such obstructions, no special treatment isneeded further than to use care and avoid any injury to the beak orthroat. Feed nutritious food, as wheat bran mashes and vegetables andsee that they have a liberal quantity of good pure water at all times.BLACKHEAD(Infectious Entero Hepatitis of Turkeys)CAUSE: Due to a protozoa taken into the system with the food or drinkingwater. This parasite enters the caeca which becomes inflamed anddiscolored and the liver is enlarged and studded with yellowish spotsabout the size of a pea.SYMPTOMS: Although this disease is termed Blackhead, the discolorationof the head is not necessarily present in all cases; neither is thiscondition confined to this particular disease. One of the first symptomsis loss of appetite, followed in most cases by diarrhoea. The fowlbecomes weak and loses weight rapidly. Examination of the liver afterdeath will determine whether or not death has been caused by InfectiousEntero Hepatitis. The dead birds should be burned to prevent the spreadof the disease.TREATMENT: Prevention is one of the most important factors as thisdisease is very contagious and the protozoa once implanted in the turkeyruns is almost impossible to eradicate. Provide clean, well ventilatedcoops and feed clean, wholesome food and good fresh water to drink.MEDICAL TREATMENT: Give Bismuth Salicylate and Quinine Sulphate each onegrain two to three times a day. Also mix Hyposulphite of Soda in theproportion of two to four grains to every fowl in their drinking watertwice daily. Disinfect coops and runs with Crude Carbolic Acid,undiluted.BODY LICECAUSE: Insanitary conditions. Communicated by direct contact.SYMPTOMS: Young chicks become emaciated and die quickly. Older birdswithstand the parasite much longer, but in time show signs of uneasinessby dusting themselves frequently. The comb and wattles become pale andbloodless, the feathers rough, dry and brittle. The birds grow weak,poor, and eventually die.TREATMENT: Dust the birds with the following: Sulphur, one part;Napthaline, one part; Tobacco Dust, twenty-eight parts and seventy partsof middlings. Powder finely and mix well together and dust the birdsonce daily. Also sprinkle freely in the dust baths.BRONCHITISCAUSE: Exposure to dampness, cold drafts of air, inhaling irritatinggases, vapors or dust. The fowls should be carefully examined, asbronchitis is occasionally caused by the presence of gapeworms.SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, the bird moves about slowly, breathing withdifficulty and making a sort of whistling sound accompanied by a cough.As the disease progresses, there will be a peculiar bubbling sound frombreathing due to an excessive accumulation of mucus in the windpipe. Atthis stage of the disease the bird becomes very weak and if not properlytreated and cared for will rapidly lose strength, the feathers willbecome rough, head and wings droop, and the bird dies.TREATMENT: This disease is most satisfactorily treated by placing theaffected birds in warm, dry, well ventilated quarters, admittingsunlight if possible, but excluding all drafts of air. Feed stale bread,middlings, etc. Also place the fowls in a moderately air tight coop andcompel them to inhale steam from hot water and Turpentine. This isreadily done by placing the water and Turpentine in a pan and theninsert a hot stone or brick in the solution. Force them to inhale thissteam from twenty to thirty minutes twice a day. Also add Chlorate ofPotash to their drinking water, one teaspoonful to every twenty-fiveaged fowls. To chicks add one-fourth teaspoonful to every twenty-five.If the weather is favorable and the above treatment is followed,bronchitis yields very favorably.BUMBLE FOOT(Corns-Deep Bruises-Abscesses)CAUSE: Sharp-edged or narrow perches which bruise the feet or where theperches are high, heavy fowls often injure their feet by alighting onstones or other hard objects.SYMPTOMS: The bird limps or hobbles about, moving with great difficulty.Examination will show the foot to be hot and tender to the touch.TREATMENT: Wash with clean, warm water and in some cases it is advisableto apply Hot Flaxseed poultices. When soft spots or abscesses develop,lance them with a clean, sharp knife. After abscesses and bruises areopened, treat them antiseptically by washing with a solution of CarbolicAcid, one teaspoonful to a pint of water. The foot should be bandaged tokeep out dust and dirt.PRIZE WINNING BUFF ORPINGTON COCK.CATARRHCAUSE: Exposure; poorly constructed coops which admit rain or drafts.Weak birds are very susceptible to Catarrh.SYMPTOMS: The bird is dull, moves about slowly, coughing or sneezing;appetite is poor, the mucous membrane of the air passage becomesinflamed and the breathing difficult, especially through the nose. Thedischarge from the nostrils at first watery, becomes mucus-like andthick and sticky, closing the nose, causing the bird to breathe whollythrough the mouth with a wheezing sound.TREATMENT: The cause of Catarrh shows the necessity of clean andcomfortable quarters for the fowls. Keep the birds strong and vigorousby feeding clean, nourishing food.MEDICAL TREATMENT: To each fowl administer in their drinking water orfeed: Chlorate of Potash, one grain, twice daily.CHICKEN POX(Sore Head--Warts)CAUSE: These diseases are due to low forms of parasites or fungi andoccur most frequently in wet weather especially if the coops are leakyand allow the rain to fall on the droppings, causing mold or fungi. Poorventilation and lack of light also promotes the growth of fungi.SYMPTOMS: The disease is usually confined to the head and affectsprincipally young chickens, pigeons and turkeys, but rarely ducks andgeese. The infection appears in the form of yellowish warts or nodulesabout the nose, eyelids, comb, wattles, under the wings, or anyunfeathered place. The warts vary in size from that of a pin head to thesize of a pea and they discharge a fluid which at first is thin andwatery but as the disease progresses, it becomes thick and sticky,yellow in color and fetid in smell. At this stage the appetite is poor,the feathers appear rough, and where the eyelids are affected, as inmost cases, the bird cannot see, fails to eat, becomes emaciated, losesweight and strength rapidly and if not properly treated, dies.TREATMENT: This disease is very contagious, therefore the coops and runsshould be disinfected with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. In thedrinking water add Hyposulphite of Soda in the proportion of one to twograins to each fowl (one-half grain to chicks). Wash the nodules orwarts about the head with Carbolic Acid solution, one teaspoonful to aquart of water. Feed easily digested food, such as vegetables or warmbran mashes.CONGESTION OF THE LIVERCAUSE: Lack of exercise, overfeeding, tainted or moldy food, infection,or impure blood.SYMPTOMS: Birds suffering from this disease seldom show signs ofsickness and it is well to dissect the fowl after death to ascertain theexact cause. If death is caused by Congestion of the Liver, the organwill be greatly enlarged and easily torn.TREATMENT: If the fowls are fat and sluggish, compel them to exercise bydriving them about. Also give fifteen to twenty grains of Epsom Salts toeach affected fowl. Feed laxative foods that are easily digested, asvegetables and wheat bran mashes. They are cooling and relievecongestion.CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS(Pulmonary Congestion)CAUSE: Exposure; the bird chills, causing contraction of the bloodvessels near the surface of the body, thereby forcing a large quantityof blood to the internal organs; the small blood vessels in the lungsbecome distended with blood and rupture.SYMPTOMS: Rapid and difficult breathing; the bird appears stupid andsleepy and docs not care to move about; appetite poor, wings drooping,plumage ruffled, a thick mucus, colored with blood, escapes from themouth, comb and wattles show a dark-red color from lack of oxygen in theblood. This disease is of very short duration, the bird dying within afew hours. It is very common among young chicks and turkeys that arepermitted to run out in the early spring rains.TREATMENT: Medical treatment is of no value, as the disease progressesso rapidly that the bird dies shortly after the first symptoms appear.Sanitary surroundings, good light, pure air and exercise are essential.Do not allow the birds to stand out in the cold or rains, especiallyduring the molting season. Keep your poultry strong and vigorous byfeeding clean, nourishing food and give them pure water to drink.CONSTIPATION(Intestinal Obstruction)CAUSE: Irritation of the membranes lining the intestines, caused by dryfeed, glass or gravel; may also be due to parasitic worms. Obstructionmay occur in any part of the intestines although the external opening isthe part most frequently affected.SYMPTOMS: Bird appears dull and stupid, walks with difficulty andattempts frequently to expel the obstructing material. The appetite ispoor and the feathers rough. By examination and manipulation theobstruction may be located. Dried masses of excrement by adhering to thefeathers sometimes block the outer opening of the intestines.TREATMENT: Remove the waste matter clinging to the feathers with warmwater or by clipping the feathers off. If the Cloaca is obstructed, giveinjections of Sweet Oil or Olive Oil with a small bulb syringe. Alsogive one to two grains of Calomel and feed clean food and soft mashescontaining Pulv. Gentian Root, one grain to each fowl twice daily. Thisstimulates the worm-like movement of the bowels and assists in expellingtheir contents.PRIZE WINNING PLYMOUTH ROCK COCK.CROP IMPACTION(Obstruction, Paralysis, Inflammation, Catarrh)CAUSE: Errors in feeding; birds that are not fed regularly arepredisposed to any of the above conditions; may also be due toswallowing large pieces of bone, thread, nails, pins, glass, gravel,etc.SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, frequent attempts to swallow, crop greatlydistended and hard on pressure; eventually the food decomposes and aliquid may escape from the mouth and nose. The bird appears dull, stupidand sleepy, comb pale, feathers rough, beak open, owing to pressure onthe windpipe. If caused by swallowing sharp objects, they may penetratethe crop and skin, causing a gangrenous condition. Grain in the cropwill sometimes send out sprouts of considerable lengths.TREATMENT: If no sharp objects are present, give two teaspoonfuls ofSweet or Olive Oil. This will lubricate the esophagus and crop.Manipulate the crop upward, forcing the food gently through the mouth,adding oil occasionally. If, however, sharp objects penetrate the cropit is best to remove them through an artificial opening. Clip thefeathers from around the intended seat of operation and wash the clippedsurface with a Carbolic Solution, one teaspoonful to a pint of water.The incision should not be over one-half inch long and should be made ashigh as possible and in the center of the crop. After removing thecontents, sew up with ordinary thread and needle and wash occasionallywith the above antiseptic solution. The operation is not difficult andwill be successful if the parts are not too badly inflamed.After-treatment consists of feeding very little food until the crop isfairly well healed. Feed soft bran mashes and vegetables. To thedrinking water add Boracic Acid, one grain, twice daily. It relieves thecatarrhal condition that is present, such as irritations of the crop andintestines.DIARRHOEA(Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh--Enteritis)CAUSE: Inflammation of the digestive organs can be traced in everyinstance to the quality or quantity of food and water consumed. The foodor water may contain parasites, or large quantities of mustard, pepper,or may be moldy or tainted.SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, the feathers appear rough, the crop issometimes paralyzed and distended with gas, the bird moves slowly, thedroppings vary in color from a white to a yellow or a green and finallybecomes tinged with blood; at this stage there is a rise in temperatureaccompanied by great thirst and signs of pain. Mild cases of simplediarrhoea if not properly treated when first symptoms appear, willdevelop the same severe conditions described above.TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. See that thefood is clean and nutritious, the coops well ventilated, the runs welllighted. Sunlight is very beneficial. Avoid exposure, drafts anddampness. Place oatmeal in their drinking water, also give two grains ofBismuth mixed with dough and make into a small pill. Give one every sixhours.When in addition to the above symptoms a bloody discharge is present,give six drops of Tincture of Catechu every four hours. Warm mashes madeof bran or oatmeal are very nourishing and soothing to the intestinalcanal.DIPHTHERITIC ROUP(Diphtheria)CAUSE: Due to a specific germ. The disease is very contagious and iscommunicated by direct contact. Great care should be exercised,therefore, when showing or buying birds. Any new birds to be added tothe flock should be kept in separate pens for a week or two to make surethey are in good condition.SYMPTOMS: The first symptoms are similar to those of catarrh or cold. Aclear, watery liquid escapes from the eyes and nostrils, the head isdrawn in toward the body, the feathers appear rough, the breathing fast,the temperature rises from three to five degrees above normal. The birdwalks about as if blind, sneezing, swallowing with difficulty, andshowing signs of great weakness. If the mouth is opened small whitespots or elevations will be seen on the back of the tongue. There may bediarrhoea of a green or yellow color. As the disease progresses thedischarge from the nose and eyes becomes thick and stringy, obstructingthe air passages and gathering in large quantities between the eyelids.The mouth, throat and tongue are very much inflamed and swollen and inmost cases it is impossible for the bird to make a sound. Recovery isdoubtful after the disease has reached this stage.TREATMENT: Isolate the affected birds in some clean, warm, light, wellventilated quarters, excluding drafts. Dissolve thirty grains ofChlorate of Potash in one ounce of water and one ounce of Glycerine, andto the average sized fowl give one teaspoonful three or four times aday. To chicks give one-fourth the dose. When the scum loosens in theback part of the tongue, remove the scum gently, Care should be taken soas to prevent bleeding. Feed soft, nourishing food.DOUBLE-YOLK EGGSEggs are frequently found with two yolks. This condition is produced bytwo ovary capsules bursting at about the same time and gaining entrancetogether into the oviduct where they are concealed in the same shell.Double-yolked eggs are larger than normal and may injure the oviductwhen expelled. When hatched, they produce twins or abnormal chicks.DROPSY(Ascites)CAUSE: Generally due to irritating, indigestible food, causinginflammation of the membranous lining of the intestinal cavity.SYMPTOMS: The abdomen becomes enlarged, is tender to the touch andcontains a watery fluid, the movement of which can be heard in mostcases by pressure on the swollen parts. The bird appears stupid, thecomb pale and the appetite poor.TREATMENT: Unless the bird is very valuable, treatment is not advisable.In case the bird is valuable, give one grain of Potassium Iodide twicedaily in the feed or drinking water. Also feed nourishing food asbeef-scraps, vegetables, wheat bran mashes, etc.PRIZE WINNING WHITE LEGHORN HEN.EGG BOUND(Difficult Laying; Obstruction of the Oviduct)CAUSE: Due to the eggs being too large, the bird too fat, or to theabsence of the secretions lubricating the oviduct.SYMPTOMS: The first signs are scarcely noticeable but soon the feathersappear rough, the bird becomes dull and moves slowly, making frequentefforts to expel the egg.TREATMENT: Remove the egg by injecting Sweet Oil, assisting the birdwith gentle pressure. In some cases it is well to puncture the egg andcollapse the shell. If the bird is very fat, reduce by careful feeding.If the bird is of normal size, the trouble is probably due to theabsence of lubricating secretions of the oviduct, in which case thefollowing tonic should be given: Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, Pulv. GentianRoot, each one dram. Mix and make into thirty powders. Give one powdertwo or three times a day in their feed for a week or ten days.EGG EATINGCAUSE: Is usually due to lack of shell-building material in the food; insuch case the shell of the egg is thin and easily broken and the fowlcraving the lime contained in the egg shell, naturally contracts thehabit.TREATMENT: Supply ground bone and oyster shells. Feed green food such ascabbage, kale, potatoes, carrots, etc.EGGS WITHOUT SHELLS(Soft-Shelled Eggs)CAUSE: Deficiency of shell material; or it is possible that frightsometimes causes premature expulsion of the eggs before the shell isformed.TREATMENT: Feed ground bone, oyster shells. They contain egg shellproducing material. Perhaps the best results are obtained when mixedwith wheat bran. Also feed vegetables such as cabbage, potatoes andcarrots.FEATHER PULLING(Feather Eating)CAUSE: Irritation of the skin due to lice, mites or to lack of exerciseand improper food.TREATMENT: Feed meat, ground bones and vegetables. Place the food wherethe fowls are compelled to scratch and work to obtain it. Dust the fowlswith Powdered Aloes.If due to lice, treat the same as recommended under the heading of Lice.GAPES(Verminous Tracheo Bronchitis)CAUSE: A red, parasitic worm, the male measuring about one-fifth of aninch and the female one-half an inch in length. Fowls become infected byeating worms containing this parasite or its eggs, and by coming incontact with other birds suffering from the disease.SYMPTOMS: The most noticeable symptom is frequent gaping; the Gapewormsattach themselves by their months to the walls of the windpipe wherethey suck the blood which nourishes them; they cause irritation andinflammation of the windpipe, bronchial tubes and lungs; breathing isdifficult and the bird loses strength rapidly; windpipe eventuallybecomes totally obstructed and the bird dies from suffocation andexhaustion. Young, weak chickens are more susceptible to this diseasethan strong ones.TREATMENT: Separate the sick birds from the healthy ones. Clean anddisinfect the coops and runs. Burn all manure. Remove the worms from thewindpipe by the use of a feather, from which the fan has been stripped,leaving only a small brush at the end. Dip the feather into Oil ofTurpentine or Coal Oil, removing the surplus liquid by drawing thefeather between the fingers. Now insert the feather into the windpipe ofthe bird and by turning gently you will dislodge the worms from theirattachments. Repeat this treatment once a day for two or three days.Disinfect coops and runs with undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid. Feed goodnutritious food as wheat bran mashes, etc.HEAD LICECAUSE: Result of insanitary conditions and lack of care. Communicated bydirect contact with infected birds, or by infected coops or brooders.SYMPTOMS: The head soon becomes denuded of feathers, and also sore bybeing constantly scratched with the feet. If not properly treated thechicks weaken and die.TREATMENT: An ointment made of one part Sulphur and four parts Lard wellmixed and applied two to three times will exterminate the lice. If thefowl is run down in condition, feed good nutritious food as wheat branmashes.HOW TO FEED YOUNG POULTRYWithhold all food for at least eighteen hours; then feed stale breadmoistened with boiled milk every three hours. When they are three orfour days old, feed rolled oats, ground corn moistened with pure water,finely chopped meat and boiled vegetables. Feed them often and you willbe well repaid by their rapid growth, strength, and the low death rate.After they reach the age of one week or ten days, watch them closely andregulate their feed to their apparent needs.INCOMPLETE EGG(Abortion)CAUSE: Irritation of the oviduct; improper secretion of albumen orinternal egg-producing material.TREATMENT: Careful feeding will overcome this condition. Warm wheat branmashes, ground bone, beef scraps, all tend to allay the irritations ofthe oviduct and stimulate the secretions of albumen.JAUNDICECAUSE: Obstruction of the bile duct, due to rich, nitrogenous food andinsufficient exercise.SYMPTOMS: Disease is not easily detected. The yellow color of thewattles and comb is the first symptom; the appetite is variable, thefeathers appear rough and dry, the head is retracted, and the birdfinally dies owing to the absorption of bile in the blood.TREATMENT: Change food. Feed upon a vegetable diet, also give one grainof Calomel, which is particularly useful in a case of sluggish liver inpoultry. Also give one grain of Pulv. Gentian Root and one grain ofBicarbonate of Soda, twice daily in feed.MANGE(Scabies of the Body)CAUSE: Due to a parasite that resembles the mite.SYMPTOMS: When the affected bird is closely examined large quantities ofscales or scabs are found in the soft feathers. The appetite is poor;the bird walks slowly about showing signs of uneasiness. If the diseaseis allowed to run its course, the bird grows weak and eventually dies.The disease is easily transmitted from one bird to another and should betreated without delay.TREATMENT: Disinfect roost, coops and pens with undiluted Crude CarbolicAcid. Apply to the irritations that present themselves on the body ofthe birds: Sulphur Ointment twice a week and feed good nourishing foodas wheat bran mashes and vegetables.PIP(Inflammation of the Mouth)CAUSE: Irritations, injuries, or micro-organisms. It is sometimes causedby nothing more than a dry condition of the mucous membrane due to thebird breathing through the mouth when suffering from respiratorydiseases.SYMPTOMS: Dryness of the mucous membrane of the mouth; especially thepart covering the tongue, which becomes hard and ragged, forming roughedges along its sides. These dried portions become loose and partiallydetached from the tongue, interfering with its movements and causingmore or less pain and annoyance.TREATMENT: Do not forcibly detach these pieces, but assist nature toremove them. This can be accomplished by mixing Glycerine and Water,equal parts, and dropping into the mouth with an ordinary syringe ordropper. It is advisable to add Boracic Acid, one teaspoonful to everygallon of drinking water, which will prevent the entrance of parasitesinto the blood.RED MITECAUSE: These grow spontaneously in favorable surroundings, as theinterior of poultry houses and brooders containing numerous cracks andcrevices.SYMPTOMS: This mite is a blood-sucker; irritates the skin and sometimescauses sores to form on the body of the chick. The birds grow stupid andweak and die rapidly if not properly treated. Older fowls withstand theirritation of mites much longer, but do not thrive, or lay regularly,and will finally die if the insects become too numerous. The insect maybe transmitted to horses, cattle, and even to man.TREATMENT: Paint the roosts and spray the interior of the coops and runswith Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted, being very careful that thesolution reaches the bottoms of the cracks and crevices. Also paint theinterior of brooders with the same solution.RHEUMATISM(Leg Weakness--Gout--Paralysis)CAUSE: Damp coops and pens, lack of ventilation and improper food.SYMPTOMS: Fowl refuses to stand or walk, and on examination, the legsare found to be swollen and painful, especially about the joints. Insome cases suppuration of the joints takes place and they become openrunning sores. The bone finally becomes diseased and the fowl dies.TREATMENT: Preventive measures are first to be considered. See that thecoops and pens are clean and dry. Avoid drafts. Feed vegetables, alsowheat bran mashes. Give internally Salicylic Acid, one-half grain, twicedaily. When the legs are swollen and sore apply Camphorated Ointmentonce or twice daily.PRIZE WINNING COLUMBIAN WYANDOTTE COCK.SCALY LEG(Scabies)CAUSE: Due to a mite that burrows under the scales of the leg.SYMPTOMS: White, scaly-looking scabs form about the upper part of thefoot. The feet and legs become swollen and painful as the diseaseprogresses and if not checked will result in lameness, inflammation ofthe joints, and the toes may slough off. Great care is necessary as thedisease is very easily transmitted from one bird to another.TREATMENT: Use boiling water or Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted, on theperches. Wash the feet and legs with warm water and soft soap. Dry welland apply Carbolated Ointment. Repeat the above treatment every otherday for a week.SORE MOUTH(Aphtha; Thrush)CAUSE: A vegetable parasite called Oidium Albicans.SYMPTOMS: Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the mouth, throat,gullet and crop, which finally terminates in white ulcerations. Othersymptoms are swelling of the head, poor appetite and a rapid loss inweight and strength.TREATMENT: Isolate the sick from the healthy fowls. Give as muchsunlight as possible, feed nourishing food, such as warm oatmeal mashes,kale, potatoes, etc. Add one grain each of Chlorate of Potash andBoracic Acid to a tablespoonful of water and give three or four times aday or oftener if they will drink it. A good disinfectant must be usedto prevent the disease from spreading and I would recommend the use ofundiluted Crude Carbolic Acid about the coops and poultry runs.TUBERCULOSISCAUSE: This dreaded disease is caused by the Bacillus of Tuberculosis.Damp, ill-ventilated, and poorly lighted coops are favorable to thedevelopment of the disease.SYMPTOMS: Except in advanced stages, this disease is not easily detectedas it affects various organs, and considerable experience inpost-mortems and a skillful use of the microscope is required tosuccessfully diagnose a case.TREATMENT: Preventive measures should be practiced as the disease isincurable. Do not expose the fowls to cold wet weather. See that thecoops are well ventilated and lighted and feed no contaminated food.VENT GLEETCAUSE: Constipation is perhaps the most common cause, the hard droppingscausing irritation of the vent which is followed by inflammation andsuppuration of the lining membranes, rectum and oviduct.SYMPTOMS: Frequent straining due to irritation. As the diseaseprogresses a pus-like discharge is noticed. The disease may extend intothe rectum or oviduct. The bird appears stupid, the plumage rough, thecomb pale, and if not properly treated, dies a lingering death.TREATMENT: Preventive treatment is the best. Feed green food