Richard aunsweryth, with herte free,Off froyt there is gret plenté;Fyggys, raysyns, infrayel,And notes may serve us fol wel.
Richard aunsweryth, with herte free,Off froyt there is gret plenté;Fyggys, raysyns, infrayel,And notes may serve us fol wel.
Richard aunsweryth, with herte free,
Off froyt there is gret plenté;
Fyggys, raysyns, infrayel,
And notes may serve us fol wel.
fraytour (A.N.)192,463,a refectory
freke (A.S.)74,87,130,132,188,203,246,250,341,man, fellow
frele (A.N.)frail
freletee (A.N.)46, frelete,367,frailty
fremmed (A.S.)303,strange
frere (A.N.)a friar, brother
frete (A.S.)265,to fret
frete, freten (A.S.)33,to eat, devour.pret. s.freet,381
fretien (A.S.)to adorn.part. p.fretted
fryth (A.S.)224,241,355,an inclosed wood
frythed (A.S.)112,wooded
frounces (A.N.)265,wrinkles
fullen (A.S.)322,to full cloth
fullen (A.S.)176,to become full
fullen (A.S.)to baptize.pret. s.follede,321.part. past, y-fulled,398
fullynge (A.S.)244,322,398,baptizing, baptism
furwe (A.S.)a furrow
fust (A.S.)356,the fist
G. Y.
G. Y.
G. Y.
gabben (A.N.)53,to joke, trifle, tell tales. gabbyng (A.N.)423,joking, idle talk
gadelyng (A.S.)434, gedelyng,165.pl.gedelynges,171, gadelynges,68,a vagabond. In Anglo-Saxon the wordgædelingmeans a companion or associate, apparently without any bad sense. Thus the romance of Beowulf speaks of the armour of one of the heroes:—
þæt Onela for-geaf,his gædelingesguð-ge-wædu.which Onela had given him,the war-weeds of his comrade,the ready implements of war.
þæt Onela for-geaf,his gædelingesguð-ge-wædu.which Onela had given him,the war-weeds of his comrade,the ready implements of war.
þæt Onela for-geaf,
his gædelinges
guð-ge-wædu.
which Onela had given him,
the war-weeds of his comrade,
the ready implements of war.
This, and most of the other similar Anglo-Saxon words, applied to their heroes and warriors, became degraded under the Anglo-Normans. We may mention as other examples the words,fellow,renk,grom,wye, &c.
†gaynage (A.N.)462,profit
gaynesse (A.N.)178,gaiety
galoche (A.N.)370,a shoe. The word occurs in Chaucer
galpen (A.S.)252,to belch
gamen (A.S.)play
gangen, gange (A.S.)to go
†garites (A.S.)463,garrets
garnementz (A.N.)379,garments, ornaments
gare (A.S.)to make or cause to do a thing.pret. s.garte,22,80,135,321, gart,84, gerte,428
gate (A.S.)67,171,383,way, going. go thi gate,351,445,go thy way. this ilke gate,354,this same way
yate (A.S.)385,406,a gate
geaunt (A.N.)384,a giant
gentile (A.N.)26,174,175,gentle, genteel
gentilliche (A.N.)44,beautifully, finely, genteelly
gentrie (A.N.)370,gentility
gerl (A.S.)pl.gerles, girles, gerlis,17,184,369,youth of either sex. In the Coventry Mystery of the Slaughter of the Innocents (p. 181) one of the knights engaged in the massacre says:—
I xall sle scharlys,And qwenys with therlys,Hereknave gerlysI xal steke.Forthe wyl I spede,To don hem blede,Thowgerlysgrede,We xul be wreke.
I xall sle scharlys,And qwenys with therlys,Hereknave gerlysI xal steke.Forthe wyl I spede,To don hem blede,Thowgerlysgrede,We xul be wreke.
I xall sle scharlys,
And qwenys with therlys,
Hereknave gerlys
I xal steke.
Forthe wyl I spede,
To don hem blede,
Thowgerlysgrede,
We xul be wreke.
gerner (A.N.)a garner
gesene (A.S.?)262,rare, scarce
gesse (A.S.)a guess. up gesse,102,upon guess, by guess
gest,pl. gestes (A.N.)a deed, history, tale
gest (A.S.)312,a guest
geten, gete (A.S.)to get.pres. pl.geten.pret. s.gat, thow gete,386,389,390, getest,390,part. past, geten,375, gete,403
yiftes (A.S.)49,gifts
gyle (A.S.)guile, deceit
gilour (A.S.)a deceiver
gyn (A.N.)384,a trap, machine, contrivance
gynful (A.N.)186,full of tricks or contrivances
gynnen (A.S.)to begin.pret. sing.gan,2.pl.gonne,158, gonnen,262. gynnyng,beginning. The preterite is frequently used as an auxiliary verb to form with others a kind of imperfect or preterite, as, gan drawe,352,drew; gan despise,374,despised
gyen (A.N.)39,to rule
gyour (A.N.)421,429,a ruler, leader
girden (A.S.)40,to cast, strike.pret. s.girte,99. In the second Towneley Mystery of the Shepherds, p. 115, Mak says, "If I trespas eft,gyrdof my heede."
gyterne (A.N.)260, agittern, a musical instrument, resembling, or identical with, the modern guitar
gyven (A.S.)to give.pres. pl.gyven.pret. sing.gaf, yaf,387.part. past, yeven, y-gyve,37
gyven (A.S.)436,to fetter, bind in gyves
†gladdyng (A.S.)481,merry(?)
gladen,404, gladie,384(A.S.)to gladden, cause joy to.pret. s.gladede,435
†glaverynge (A.N.)454,492,smooth, slippery, flattering
glazene (A.S.)435,made of glass(?) See note
glee (A.S.)the performance of the minstrel or jongleur
gle-man (A.S.)98,165,a minstrel
glede, glade (A.S.)94,361,a spark, glowing ember
†gleym ()479(?)
†gloppynge (A.S.)456,sucking in
glosen (A.N.)to gloss, paraphrase, comment
gloton (A.N.)a glutton
glotonye (A.N.)gluttony
glubben (A.S.)to suck in, gobble up.part. pas.y-glubbed,97,sucked in. glubbere,162,a glutton
gnawen (A.S.)to gnaw
†gode (A.S.)476,a goad
goky (A.S.)220,a gawky, clown
goliardeis (A.N.)9,one who gains his living by following rich men's tables, and telling tales and making sport for the guests. See on this word the Introduction to the Poems of Walter Mapes. It occurs in Chaucer, C. T. l. 562
He was a jangler anda golyardeys,And that was most of synne and harlotries.
He was a jangler anda golyardeys,And that was most of synne and harlotries.
He was a jangler anda golyardeys,
And that was most of synne and harlotries.
gome (A.S.)257,263,267,288,308,312,350,354,382,403,a man
gomme (A.N.)gum
goon (A.S.)37,to go.pres. s.he gooth,354.pl.gon, goon,303.pret. sing.wente.pl.wenten,233,351
goost (A.S.)spirit, ghost
goostliche (A.S.)427,spiritually
gorge (A.N.)176,177,the throat, mouth
gos (A.S.)pl.gees,a goose
gothelen (A.S.)97,252,to grumble(as is said of the belly)
gowe (A.S.)14,a phrase of invitation, i. e. go we, let us go
graffen (A.N.)85,to graft
†graith (A.S.)453,464,the truth(?)
graithe (A.S.)27,ready, prepared
graithen (A.S.)to prepare, make ready. †part. pas.y-greithed,462,487. graythed,494
graithly (A.S.)386. graythliche,482,readily, speedily
graunt (A.N.)353,great
graven (A.N.)to engrave.part. pas.grave,73,engraved
gravynge (A.N.)engraving, sculpturing
graven (A.N.)206,to put in grave
greden (A.S.)32,47,to cry out, shout, make a noise.pret. s.thow graddest,421, he gradde,335,448
gree (A.N.)375,pleasure, will
greete (A.S.)100,to lament
greyne (A.N.)412,415,a grain, seed
greten (A.S.)97,379,to greet.pret. s.grette,186,344,446
gretter (A.S.)greater
greven (A.N.)354,to grieve
grys (A.S.)14,68,134,pigs. See the story of WillGrisin the Lanercost Chronicle
grys (A.N.)308,a kind of fur
†grysliche (A.S.)485,fearfully
grom (A.S.)99,a man: hence the modern groom
grote (A.N.)51,a groat, a coin of the value of four pennies
grucchen, grucche (A.S.)to grudge
H.
H.
H.
hailsen (A.S.)to salute.pres. s.hailse,83.pret.hailsed,148,151
hayward (A.N.)415,a man employed to watch and guard the inclosed fields, or hays. An illustration of this word will be found in the passage from Whitaker's text given in the note on l. 2473
hakke (A.S.)420,to follow, run after, cut along after
half (A.S.)half, side
halie (A.S.)156,to hawl
hals (A.S.)the neck
halwe (A.S.)327,to hallow, consecrate, make holy
hamlen (A.S.) †part. pas.y-hamled,468,to tie or attach(?)
handy dandy (A.S.)69, the expression still used in Shropshire and Herefordshire
hange, honge (A.S.)348,384,to hang(intransitive).pret. s.hanged,19
hange, hangen (A.S.)39,392,to hang(transitive).pret. pl.hengen,25
hanylons (A.N.)181,the wiles of a fox. See Sir Frederick Madden's Glossary to Gawawyn (v.hamlounez), who quotes the following lines from the Boke of St. Albans:—
And yf your houndes at a chace renne there ye hunte,And the beest begyn to renne, as hartes ben wonte,Or for tohanylon, as dooth the foxe wyth his gyle,Or for to crosse, as the roo doth otherwhyle.
And yf your houndes at a chace renne there ye hunte,And the beest begyn to renne, as hartes ben wonte,Or for tohanylon, as dooth the foxe wyth his gyle,Or for to crosse, as the roo doth otherwhyle.
And yf your houndes at a chace renne there ye hunte,
And the beest begyn to renne, as hartes ben wonte,
Or for tohanylon, as dooth the foxe wyth his gyle,
Or for to crosse, as the roo doth otherwhyle.
hanselle (A.S.)96,gift, reward, bribe. It is used in the alliterative poem on the Deposition of Richard II, p.30:—
Some parled as perteAs provyd well after,And clappid more for the coyneThat the kyng owed hem,Thanne ffor comfforte of the comyneThat her cost paied,And were behotehansell,If they helpe wolde.
Some parled as perteAs provyd well after,And clappid more for the coyneThat the kyng owed hem,Thanne ffor comfforte of the comyneThat her cost paied,And were behotehansell,If they helpe wolde.
Some parled as perte
As provyd well after,
And clappid more for the coyne
That the kyng owed hem,
Thanne ffor comfforte of the comyne
That her cost paied,
And were behotehansell,
If they helpe wolde.
hardy (A.N.)413,bold, hardy, courageous. hardier,354,more bold
hardie (A.N.)321,to encourage, embolden
harewe (A.S.)412,a harrow
harewen, harewe (A.S.)412,414,to harrow.pret.harewede,ib.
harlot (A.N.)175,270,271,303,354,a blackguard, person of infamous life. The word was used in both genders. It appears to have answered exactly to the Frenchribaud, as Chaucer in the Romance of the Rose translatesroy des ribaulx, byking of harlots. Chaucer says of the Sompnour (C. T. l. 649):—
He was agentil harlotand a kyndeA bettre felaw schulde men nowher fynde.He wolde suffre for a quart of wyn,A good felawe to ban his concubyn,A twelve moneth, and excuse him atte fulle.
He was agentil harlotand a kyndeA bettre felaw schulde men nowher fynde.He wolde suffre for a quart of wyn,A good felawe to ban his concubyn,A twelve moneth, and excuse him atte fulle.
He was agentil harlotand a kynde
A bettre felaw schulde men nowher fynde.
He wolde suffre for a quart of wyn,
A good felawe to ban his concubyn,
A twelve moneth, and excuse him atte fulle.
This passage gives us a remarkable trait of the character of the ribald, or harlot, who formed a peculiar class of middle-age society. Among some old glosses in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ (vol. i, p. 7), we find "scurra, a harlotte." In the Coventry Mystery of the Woman taken in Adultery (p. 217), it is the young man who is caught with the woman, and not the woman herself, who is stigmatised as aharlot.
harpen (A.S.)to harp.pret. pl.harpeden,394
harrow (A.N.)430, an exclamation, or rather a cry, said to have been peculiar to the Normans, the origin and derivation of which have been the subject of much discussion among antiquaries. It was the cry which every one was bound to raise and repeat, when any murder, theft, robbery, or other violent crime, was attempted or perpetrated, in order that the offenders might be hindered or secured. It was afterwards used in any great tumult or disorder, and became a general exclamation of persons wanting help. (See Ducange, in v.Haro.) In the Towneley Mysteries (p. 14), when Cain finds that his offering will not burn, he cries:—
We! out! haro! help to blaw!It wille not bren for me, I traw.
We! out! haro! help to blaw!It wille not bren for me, I traw.
We! out! haro! help to blaw!
It wille not bren for me, I traw.
haspen (A.S.)to clasp. y-hasped,26
hastilokest (A.N.)424,most quickly, speedily, hastily
haten (A.S.)to call, order.pres. s.I hote.pret. s.highte, heet,445.part. pas.y-hote, hoten, hote,called, ordered
haten (A.S.)to be called or named.pres. s.hatte,is called, I hatie,260,am called.pret. s.highte,was called
hater (A.S.)273,dress
haterynge (A.S.)299,dressing, attire
hatien (A.S.)179,to hate
haven, have, han (A.S.)to have.pres. pl.han.pret. s.hadde,pl.hadden, hadde
haver (A.S.)oats,134, an haver cake,an oat-cake
heed (A.S.)the head.Seeheved
heele (A.S.)health
heep (A.S.)a heap
heeth (A.S.)322,heath
hegge (A.S.)pl.hegges,a hedge
heigh (A.S.)high
†heyne (A.N.)466,hatred(?)
heyre (A.S.)hair.gen.heris,193,hair's
hele, heele (A.S.)health
hele (A.S.)150,a heel
helen, (A.S.)87,445. helien,241,to conceal, hide
helen, heele,355(A.S.)to heal.pret. s.heeled,337. an helyng,355,in healing, in the course of recovering his health
helpen, helpe (A.S.)to help.pret. s.halp,403,418,pl.holpen,123.part. pas.holpen,75,303,338, holpe,115
hem (A.S.)them
hemselve (A.S.)themselves
hende (A.S.)308,gentle, polite. hendenesse,398,gentleness, worthiness. hendely, hendiliche,44,politely, gently
hennes (A.S.)hence, from this time
henten, hente (A.S.)to take, seize.pret. s.hente, hent,435
heraud (A.N.)a herald
herberwe (A.S.)a harbour
herberwen (A.S.)to harbour, shelter.pret. s.herberwed,352
heremite (A.N.)a hermit
heren, here (A.S.)to hear.pret. s.herde.imperat.y-heer,356
herne (A.S.)42,393,a corner
herte (A.S.)the heart
heste (A.S.)a commandment
†hethen (A.S.)475,hence
†hetheved (A.S.)469,head
hethynesse (A.S.)321,heathenness, paganism, idolatry
heved (A.S.)a head. heed,352
hewe (A.S.)110,pl.hewen,71,273,281,a husbandman, a workman
hewe,pl.hewes (A.S.)224,hue, colour
hiden (A.S.)to hide.pret. s.hidde,354.part. pas.y-hudde,199
†hyen (A.S.)475,to hie, go.pret. s.hiede,444
hyere (A.S.)higher
hii (A.S.)they
hil (A.S.)pl.hulles,a hill
hilen (A.S.)113,to cover over.pret. s.hiled,241,pl.hileden,223
hynde (A.S.)311,a doe, female deer
hyne (A.S.)a servant, serf, rustic, labourer
hyne,72,268,a hen(?)
hippynge (A.S.)351,hopping
hire (A.S.)their
hir (A.S.)of them.gen. pl.of he. hir neither,67,neither of them. hir eyther,212,446,either of them. hir noon,237,none of them. hir oon fordooth hir oother,373,one of them destroys the other of them
his (A.S.)pl.hise,his
hitten (A.S.)to hit.pret. s.hite,86, hitte,96
†hod (A.S.)476,a hood
†hok-shynes (A.S.)476,crooked shins. hok seems almost superfluous: the shin towards thehockor ancle?
holden (A.S.)to hold.pres. s.he halt,354,357,pl.holde,15, holden,18.pret. s.heeld,156,206,pl.helden,294,418,438.part. pas.y-holden,358, holden, y-holde,440,441
hool (A.S.)pl.hole,392,whole, entire. hooly,wholly. holly,396,wholly. †hollich,452,wholly
homliche (A.S.)179,from house to house
hoom (A.S.)home. the viker hadde fer hoom,424,the vicar had far to go home
hoor (A.S.)pl.hore,144,hoary. as hoor as an hawethorn,341
hoord (A.S.)a hoard
hoors (A.S.)367,hoarse
hoot (A.S.)360,hot
hopen (A.S.)329,to expect, hope
hoper (A.S.)120,the hopper of a mill
hore (A.S.)75,pl.hoores,299, hores,303,a whore
†hornes (A.S.)461,corners
hostele (A.N.)355,to give lodging, to receive into an inn
hostiler (A.N.)352,355,the keeper of a hostelry or inn
hostrie (A.N.)352,a hostelry, inn
houpen (A.S.)127,to hoop, shout
houres (A.N.heures,Lat.horæ)the Romish service
housel (A.S.)419,the sacrament of the Eucharist
houselen (A.S.)to receive the Eucharist.part. past, housled,396,424, houseled,419
hoven (A.S.)13,to tarry, hover, dwell.pret. s.hoved,374
howve (A.S.)pl.howves,13,60,435,a cap or hood
hucche (A.S.)72,a hutch, chest
huge (A.S.)216,great
hukkerye (A.S.)90,huckstry
hunten (A.S.)to hunt.part. pas.y-honted,41
huppe (A.S.)327,to hop
huyre (A.S.)111,hire, wages