Chapter 2

Bizzozero, Giulio.B. at Varese, Lombardy, 1846. M.D. Pavia, 1866; Prof. of Histology, Pavia; Prof. of General Pathology, 1872; Professor of General Pathology, Royal Univ. Turin; Free Prof. Microscopy applied to clinical medicine; Assistant to Mantegazza at the experimental Laboratory of the University of Pavia. Has founded a Laboratory at Turin. Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy.Author of “Studii comparativi sui nemaspermi e sulle ciglia vibratili,” 1864; “Sulla neo formazione del tersuto connettivo e sulle cettule sernoventi,” 1865; “Di alcune alterazioni dei linfatici del cervello e della pia madre,” 1868; “Sul midollo delle ossa,” 1868-69; “Sui rapporti della tubercolosi con altre malattie,” 1874;“Sui linfatici e sulla struttura delle sierose umane,” 1876-78; “Recherches sur la physiopathologie du sang” (for which the Acad. of Turin has lately awarded him the prix Riberi of 20,000 frs.); “D’un nouvel element morphologique du sang et de son importance dans la thrombose et la coagulation,” dans Archives Italiennes de biologie, 1882-83; Editor of “L’Archivio delle Scienze Mediche” (Turin), a journal which relates the results of his experiments.Experiments on constitution of blood. Animals cut open and omentum or mesentery lifted out. Some under chloroform, but “to avoid objection to the action of chloroform on the blood,” also performed a great number of experiments on animals not under anæsthetics, but tied to the table.—Archiv. Ital., Tom. II.

Author of “Studii comparativi sui nemaspermi e sulle ciglia vibratili,” 1864; “Sulla neo formazione del tersuto connettivo e sulle cettule sernoventi,” 1865; “Di alcune alterazioni dei linfatici del cervello e della pia madre,” 1868; “Sul midollo delle ossa,” 1868-69; “Sui rapporti della tubercolosi con altre malattie,” 1874;“Sui linfatici e sulla struttura delle sierose umane,” 1876-78; “Recherches sur la physiopathologie du sang” (for which the Acad. of Turin has lately awarded him the prix Riberi of 20,000 frs.); “D’un nouvel element morphologique du sang et de son importance dans la thrombose et la coagulation,” dans Archives Italiennes de biologie, 1882-83; Editor of “L’Archivio delle Scienze Mediche” (Turin), a journal which relates the results of his experiments.

Experiments on constitution of blood. Animals cut open and omentum or mesentery lifted out. Some under chloroform, but “to avoid objection to the action of chloroform on the blood,” also performed a great number of experiments on animals not under anæsthetics, but tied to the table.—Archiv. Ital., Tom. II.

Blix, Magnus Gustaf.B. 1849. M.D., Professor Laboratory of Experimental Physiology and Medical Physics, Univ. of Upsala, 1882.Author of several treatises in “Transactions of Medical Society, Upsala,” principally concerning the contraction of the muscles, viz., “Bidrag till laran om Muskelelasticiteter,” 1874; “Ennymyograph: Ophthalmometriska studier I.,” 1880; “En lymphcardiograph; Till Melysning affragan, Muravida varmenomfattes till mekaniskt arbete vid Muskelcontractioner,” 1881; “Mya midsag till ophthalmometriens utoeckling: en Zalfregistrerande perimeter,” 1882.

Blix, Magnus Gustaf.B. 1849. M.D., Professor Laboratory of Experimental Physiology and Medical Physics, Univ. of Upsala, 1882.

Author of several treatises in “Transactions of Medical Society, Upsala,” principally concerning the contraction of the muscles, viz., “Bidrag till laran om Muskelelasticiteter,” 1874; “Ennymyograph: Ophthalmometriska studier I.,” 1880; “En lymphcardiograph; Till Melysning affragan, Muravida varmenomfattes till mekaniskt arbete vid Muskelcontractioner,” 1881; “Mya midsag till ophthalmometriens utoeckling: en Zalfregistrerande perimeter,” 1882.

Block, Carl Otto, Dantzig. M.D., 1876.Made numerous experiments on healthy dogs, and found they did not die if a piece of the lung was cut out. Hence he became desirous of making the same experiment on men. His first victim was a girl of fourteen, who died a few hours after the operation (resection of a piece of the lung).

Block, Carl Otto, Dantzig. M.D., 1876.

Made numerous experiments on healthy dogs, and found they did not die if a piece of the lung was cut out. Hence he became desirous of making the same experiment on men. His first victim was a girl of fourteen, who died a few hours after the operation (resection of a piece of the lung).

Blondlot, Nicolas.B. 1810. M.D. Paris, 1833; late Prof. Chemistry and Pharmaceutics Medical School, Nancy.Author of “Traité analytique de la Digestion,” Nancy, 1843; “Essai sur les fonctions du foie et doses annexes,” Paris, 1846; “Recherches sur la digestion des matières Grasses,” Paris, Nancy, 1855.In his “Treatise on Digestion” Blondlot gives the results of experiments on dogs with fistulous openings into the stomach. He is generally spoken of as the first to obtain gastric juice by the establishment of a fistula into the stomach of the lower animals. (His method is given in detail in “Béclard’s Traité,” p. 85.) Longet, another vivisector, mentions in his Treatise of Physiology that a Dr. Bassow read a paper before the Imperial Society of Naturalists, in Moscow, in 1842, in which he gave an account of a number of successful attempts to establish a gastric fistula.

Blondlot, Nicolas.B. 1810. M.D. Paris, 1833; late Prof. Chemistry and Pharmaceutics Medical School, Nancy.

Author of “Traité analytique de la Digestion,” Nancy, 1843; “Essai sur les fonctions du foie et doses annexes,” Paris, 1846; “Recherches sur la digestion des matières Grasses,” Paris, Nancy, 1855.

In his “Treatise on Digestion” Blondlot gives the results of experiments on dogs with fistulous openings into the stomach. He is generally spoken of as the first to obtain gastric juice by the establishment of a fistula into the stomach of the lower animals. (His method is given in detail in “Béclard’s Traité,” p. 85.) Longet, another vivisector, mentions in his Treatise of Physiology that a Dr. Bassow read a paper before the Imperial Society of Naturalists, in Moscow, in 1842, in which he gave an account of a number of successful attempts to establish a gastric fistula.

Boccardo, Giuseppe.Assistant, Physiological Institute, R. University, Naples.

Bochefontaine, Louis Théodore.Prof. Experimental Pathology, Medical Faculty, Paris.Author of “Action physiologique de la quinine sur la rate. Essai de critique expérimentale;” “Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris,” 1873.“All the experiments which we describe on this subject have been made on dogs and on a cat. Some few which are not mentionedwere made on rabbits and a few on guinea-pigs. The results obtained amount to little or nothing. We must say once for all that our experiments with strychnine and quinine have also given no exact result.”—Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1873, p. 25.“… Even in the same species of animals, though the experimenters act under identical conditions, the results obtained are not always the same.”—Ibid., p. 33.

Bochefontaine, Louis Théodore.Prof. Experimental Pathology, Medical Faculty, Paris.

Author of “Action physiologique de la quinine sur la rate. Essai de critique expérimentale;” “Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris,” 1873.

“All the experiments which we describe on this subject have been made on dogs and on a cat. Some few which are not mentionedwere made on rabbits and a few on guinea-pigs. The results obtained amount to little or nothing. We must say once for all that our experiments with strychnine and quinine have also given no exact result.”—Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1873, p. 25.

“… Even in the same species of animals, though the experimenters act under identical conditions, the results obtained are not always the same.”—Ibid., p. 33.

Böhm, R.Prof. in Marburg.Experiments on cats with arsenic and muscarin concerning the exfoliation of intestinal epithelium.—Virchow’sArchiv, Vol. XCII., part 3.

Böhm, R.Prof. in Marburg.

Experiments on cats with arsenic and muscarin concerning the exfoliation of intestinal epithelium.—Virchow’sArchiv, Vol. XCII., part 3.

Bohr(Dr.). Prof. of Physiology, Copenhagen.

Bornhardt, A.Formerly pupil of Cyon, Lab. Physiol. Acad. Med., St. Petersburg.Author of “Experimentelle Beiträge zur Physiologie der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths.”—Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XII, p. 471.Experiments on pigeons and rabbits after portions of their brains had been extirpated.—Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XII. (1876), p. 471.

Bornhardt, A.Formerly pupil of Cyon, Lab. Physiol. Acad. Med., St. Petersburg.

Author of “Experimentelle Beiträge zur Physiologie der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths.”—Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XII, p. 471.

Experiments on pigeons and rabbits after portions of their brains had been extirpated.—Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XII. (1876), p. 471.

Bouchard, Charles.Prof. of Gen. Path., Paris.Contributor to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.” Author of “De la Pathogénie des Hémorrhagies,” Paris, 1869; “Recherches nouvelles sur la pellagra,” Paris, 1862; “Éléments d’Anatomie descriptive et d’Embryologie,” 1873.

Bouchard, Charles.Prof. of Gen. Path., Paris.

Contributor to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.” Author of “De la Pathogénie des Hémorrhagies,” Paris, 1869; “Recherches nouvelles sur la pellagra,” Paris, 1862; “Éléments d’Anatomie descriptive et d’Embryologie,” 1873.

Bousfield, Edward Collins, Wellesley House, Ashley Road, Bristol. L.R.C.P. Lond. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1878; (St. Barthol.); Physiol. Prosect. St. Barthol. Hosp. 76-77-78. Contributed “On a hitherto unnoted feature of the blood in Leucocythaemiæ,” Lancet 1879; “Effects of the Electric Light on Vision,” Ibid. 1880; “Case illustrating the Pathology of Herpes,” Ibid. 1880.Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Medical School 1880 and 1881. No experiments returned.

Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Medical School 1880 and 1881. No experiments returned.

Bowditch, H. P.Prof. Physiol. Lab. Harvard Med. School, Boston, U.S.Plethysmographic experiments on the vascular nerves of the extremities.

Bowditch, H. P.Prof. Physiol. Lab. Harvard Med. School, Boston, U.S.

Plethysmographic experiments on the vascular nerves of the extremities.

Brachet, Jean Louis.B. at Eivors (France), 1789, d. at Lyons, 1858. Hosp. Surg., Physician to Prisons, Professor of Physiology School of Medicine, Physician to Hôtel Dieu, Lyons, Chev. de la Leg. d’Honn., Prof. Materia Med. and Therap., Mem. Acads. of Med. Paris, Vienna, Madrid, Turin; Mem. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Belles Lettres of Lyons, Dijon, Toulouse, Genoa; Mem. Med. Socs. of Paris, Lyons, Berlin, Göttingen, Toulouse, Marseilles, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Bordeaux, New Orleans, Besançon, &c., &c.Author of “Dissertation Physiologique sur la cause des mouvement de dilatation des Cœur,” Thèse, Paris, 1813; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” Paris, 1830; “Traité Complet de l’Hypochondrie,” Lyons, 1844; “Considérations sur le Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” Lyons, 1846; “Physiologie élémentaire de l’Homme,” Lyons, 1855; “De la Glycogenie Hépatique,” Lyons, 1856. Made numerous researches on the uses and functions of the Ganglionary system.

Author of “Dissertation Physiologique sur la cause des mouvement de dilatation des Cœur,” Thèse, Paris, 1813; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” Paris, 1830; “Traité Complet de l’Hypochondrie,” Lyons, 1844; “Considérations sur le Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” Lyons, 1846; “Physiologie élémentaire de l’Homme,” Lyons, 1855; “De la Glycogenie Hépatique,” Lyons, 1856. Made numerous researches on the uses and functions of the Ganglionary system.

Braidwood, Peter Murray, 17, Rodney Street, Liverpool, and 2, Delamere Terrace, Birkenhead. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist) 1863; F.R.C.S. Edin. 1881, L. 1863; (Edin., Berlin, Prague, and Vienna); Astley Cooper Prizem. 1868; Honourable mention from Roy. Acad. Sci. Havana, and from Imp. Council of Russia 1872; Fothergillian Medallist 1877; F.R.M.S.; Ext. Mem. (late Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Exam. in Med. Jurisp. Univ. Edin.; Co-Editor of Liverpool and Manchester Med. and Surg. Reports. Author “On Pyæmia,” (Astley Cooper Prize Essay 1868); “On the Domestic Management of Children.” Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of Dajaksch,” Edin. Med. Journ. 1864; “First and Second Reports on the Life History of Contagion,” Brit. Med. Journ. 1875-76-77-78, &c.Held a License for Vivisection in 1878, also certificates, dispensing with the obligation to kill, and for testing previous discoveries. No experiments returned.

Held a License for Vivisection in 1878, also certificates, dispensing with the obligation to kill, and for testing previous discoveries. No experiments returned.

Brailey, William Arthur, 16, Orchard Street, Portman Square, W. M.A.; M.D. Cantab. 1874; M.B. 1871; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A. 1872; B.A. Lond. 1866; (Guy’s and Univ. Camb.); Fell. Down. Coll. Camb. and late Inter. Coll. Lect. in Nat. Sci.; 1st Class Nat. Sci. Tripos 1867; Exhib. in Biol. Prelim. Sci. Exam. M.B. Lond. 1865; Mem. Path. Soc.; Mem. Comm. Ophth. Soc.; Lect. on Comp. Anat. Guy’s and St. George’s Hosp. Med. Schs.; Curator and Regist. Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Ophth. Surg. Evelina Hosp.; late House Phys. Addenbrooke’s Hosp. Camb. Contributed “On Pathology of Increased Tension,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Reps. 1877 and 1879; “A Theory of Elancoma,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Reps. 1880, &c.Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum and Lecture Room in 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1878 and 1880.

Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum and Lecture Room in 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1878 and 1880.

Brewer(Dr.), Norwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.Dr. Brewer published in theDetroit Therapeutic Gazettefor September, 1882, an account of fifty experiments made by him on frogs, kittens, cats, and dogs, with the liquid extract ofManaca(a Brazilian plant) which he either exhibited “per oram” (to quote literally) or injected subcutaneously. The experiments were evidently made with great care, and entailed a good many difficult vivisectional operations, such as the cutting of the crural and sciatic nerves, the tying of the femoral artery, the cutting of the spinal cord, and the ablation of the cerebrum. Great pains were taken, and no fewer than eight experiments were instituted, for the sole purpose of ascertaining whether Manaca affected the nerves directly or through the intermediation of the blood, as most poisons do, prussic acid not excepted.

Brewer(Dr.), Norwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.

Dr. Brewer published in theDetroit Therapeutic Gazettefor September, 1882, an account of fifty experiments made by him on frogs, kittens, cats, and dogs, with the liquid extract ofManaca(a Brazilian plant) which he either exhibited “per oram” (to quote literally) or injected subcutaneously. The experiments were evidently made with great care, and entailed a good many difficult vivisectional operations, such as the cutting of the crural and sciatic nerves, the tying of the femoral artery, the cutting of the spinal cord, and the ablation of the cerebrum. Great pains were taken, and no fewer than eight experiments were instituted, for the sole purpose of ascertaining whether Manaca affected the nerves directly or through the intermediation of the blood, as most poisons do, prussic acid not excepted.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin.B. 1783, d. 1862. M.R.C.S.E. 1805; Asst. to Mr. Wilson as Demonst. of Anat.; Asst. Surg. St. George’s 1810; Croonian Lecturer to Roy. Soc.; Prof. Anat. and Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg. 1819; Sergeant Surgeon to William IV. 1832; was created a Baronet 1834; Mem. Court of Exam. Coll. Surg. 1835; President Roy. Coll. Surg. 1844; President Roy. Soc. 1858.Author of “Experiments and observations on the different modes in which Death is produced by certain Vegetable Poisons.”Edin. Review, Vol. XVIII., p. 370, 1811.As a young hospital surgeon Brodie employed his leisure in observations and experiments. Tied the bile ducts in cats.—Quar. Jour. Science and the Arts, Jan., 1823, p. 341.

Author of “Experiments and observations on the different modes in which Death is produced by certain Vegetable Poisons.”Edin. Review, Vol. XVIII., p. 370, 1811.

As a young hospital surgeon Brodie employed his leisure in observations and experiments. Tied the bile ducts in cats.—Quar. Jour. Science and the Arts, Jan., 1823, p. 341.

Brondgeest, P. J.Author of “Ueber den Tonus der Willkürlichen Muskeln,” Mueller’s Archiv., 1860.The following is an experiment of J. P. Brondgeest’s:—“Cut the spinal cord beneath the bulb, and lay bare the sciatic nerves on each posterior limb. Cut one of these two nerves, and suspend the creature by the head. If we then observe the situation of the two limbs, a difference is perceived, which has been shown to be invariable in sixty-two experiments. The foot of which the nerve is cut is limp and pendant; that of which the nerve is intact is slightly bent in all its articulations. M. Brondgeest made similar experiments on rabbits and birds.… If we detach by one of its extremities a muscle newly prepared on a living animal, taking care to preserve its nerve, and attach to the extremity of this muscle a certain weight, … we shall see that it will augment in weight.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1862, pp. 640-41.

Brondgeest, P. J.

Author of “Ueber den Tonus der Willkürlichen Muskeln,” Mueller’s Archiv., 1860.

The following is an experiment of J. P. Brondgeest’s:—“Cut the spinal cord beneath the bulb, and lay bare the sciatic nerves on each posterior limb. Cut one of these two nerves, and suspend the creature by the head. If we then observe the situation of the two limbs, a difference is perceived, which has been shown to be invariable in sixty-two experiments. The foot of which the nerve is cut is limp and pendant; that of which the nerve is intact is slightly bent in all its articulations. M. Brondgeest made similar experiments on rabbits and birds.… If we detach by one of its extremities a muscle newly prepared on a living animal, taking care to preserve its nerve, and attach to the extremity of this muscle a certain weight, … we shall see that it will augment in weight.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1862, pp. 640-41.

Brouardel, Paul.M.D., Paris, 1865; Phys. St. Andrew’s Hosp. 1873; Prof. Med. Juris., Med. Fac., Paris, 1879.Author of “Étude critique des diverses médications employées contre le diabète sucré,” Paris, 1869; Editor of “Annales d’hygiène publique et de médecine légale.”

Brouardel, Paul.M.D., Paris, 1865; Phys. St. Andrew’s Hosp. 1873; Prof. Med. Juris., Med. Fac., Paris, 1879.

Author of “Étude critique des diverses médications employées contre le diabète sucré,” Paris, 1869; Editor of “Annales d’hygiène publique et de médecine légale.”

Browne, James Crichton.M.D.; Medical officer of the West Riding Lunatic Asylum.“Has for ten years given attention to the subject; has performed two series of experiments, one not involving destruction of life, to ascertain the action of nitrite of amyl, and one with regard to pycrotoxine, the essential constituent of coculus indicus; 46 animals in all, gives details, were operated on; was successful in discovering an antidote, chloral, for this poison; no opportunity of testing it on human beings has yet occurred; witness has been denounced for this cruelty, although pycrotoxine is much used for poisoned wheat; in each case the animal dies in convulsions.”—Dig. Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, p. 25.

Browne, James Crichton.M.D.; Medical officer of the West Riding Lunatic Asylum.

“Has for ten years given attention to the subject; has performed two series of experiments, one not involving destruction of life, to ascertain the action of nitrite of amyl, and one with regard to pycrotoxine, the essential constituent of coculus indicus; 46 animals in all, gives details, were operated on; was successful in discovering an antidote, chloral, for this poison; no opportunity of testing it on human beings has yet occurred; witness has been denounced for this cruelty, although pycrotoxine is much used for poisoned wheat; in each case the animal dies in convulsions.”—Dig. Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, p. 25.

Brown-Séquard, Charles Edouard, Laboratory of Exper. Med., Collége de France, Paris. B. at Mauritius, 1818. M.D. Paris, 1840; Prof. Med. Fac., Paris, 1869; Suc. Claude Bernard as Prof. Exper. Med. at College of France.Author of “Dual Character of the Brain,” Toner Lectures, Smithsonian Institution; “Diseases of the Nerves,” Holmes’s System of Surgery, Vol. III., 1860; Edit. of Archives of Scientific and Practical Med., New York; “Advice to Students,” a lecture delivered at the opening of the Medical Lectures, Harvard Univ., 1876; Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System, Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng., May, 1858; Lectures on Diagnosis and Treatment of functional Nervous Affections, 1868, &c., Philadelphia, Cambridge, U.S., &c.“The laying bare of the spinal cord, and its free exposition to the action of the atmosphere, instead of being a cause or loss or diminution of sensibility, as it had been said, seems to be followed by a marked increase of sensibility in the parts of the body which are behind the place where the cord is exposed.… Deep injuriesto the posterior columns of the spinal cord are always followed by a degree of hyperæsthesia greater than after the laying bare of the nervous centres—hyperæsthesia which appeared in all parts of the body behind the place injured.… Before the operation in rabbits the most energetic pinching of the skin produces agitation but no shrieking; after the operation, on the contrary the least pinching produces shrieking and a much greater agitation. Sometimes the hyperæsthesia is so considerable that the least pressure upon the skin makes the animal shriek. Whether the operation is performed on the lumbar, the dorsal, or the cervical region, the phenomena are always the same—that is, there is manifest hyperæsthesia in the various parts of the body which receive their nerves from the part of the spinal cord which is behind the section. It has been so in all the animals I have operated upon, and I have already made this experiment upon animals belonging to more than twenty species. As long as the animals live after the section of the posterior columns, hyperæsthesia continues to exist, except in the cases where re-union takes place between the two surfaces of the section; but hyperæsthesia is greater during the first week after the operation than it is after a month or many months.”—Brown-Séquard, “Lancet” 1,823 and 1,819.M. Brown-Séquard has devoted his time since his graduation almost exclusively to experimental investigations on physiological topics, especially on the spinal column, the muscular system, the sympathetic nerves and ganglions, and on the effect of the removal of the supra-renal capsules, &c. Author of many Essays and Papers giving details of his Experiments.

Author of “Dual Character of the Brain,” Toner Lectures, Smithsonian Institution; “Diseases of the Nerves,” Holmes’s System of Surgery, Vol. III., 1860; Edit. of Archives of Scientific and Practical Med., New York; “Advice to Students,” a lecture delivered at the opening of the Medical Lectures, Harvard Univ., 1876; Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System, Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng., May, 1858; Lectures on Diagnosis and Treatment of functional Nervous Affections, 1868, &c., Philadelphia, Cambridge, U.S., &c.

“The laying bare of the spinal cord, and its free exposition to the action of the atmosphere, instead of being a cause or loss or diminution of sensibility, as it had been said, seems to be followed by a marked increase of sensibility in the parts of the body which are behind the place where the cord is exposed.… Deep injuriesto the posterior columns of the spinal cord are always followed by a degree of hyperæsthesia greater than after the laying bare of the nervous centres—hyperæsthesia which appeared in all parts of the body behind the place injured.… Before the operation in rabbits the most energetic pinching of the skin produces agitation but no shrieking; after the operation, on the contrary the least pinching produces shrieking and a much greater agitation. Sometimes the hyperæsthesia is so considerable that the least pressure upon the skin makes the animal shriek. Whether the operation is performed on the lumbar, the dorsal, or the cervical region, the phenomena are always the same—that is, there is manifest hyperæsthesia in the various parts of the body which receive their nerves from the part of the spinal cord which is behind the section. It has been so in all the animals I have operated upon, and I have already made this experiment upon animals belonging to more than twenty species. As long as the animals live after the section of the posterior columns, hyperæsthesia continues to exist, except in the cases where re-union takes place between the two surfaces of the section; but hyperæsthesia is greater during the first week after the operation than it is after a month or many months.”—Brown-Séquard, “Lancet” 1,823 and 1,819.

M. Brown-Séquard has devoted his time since his graduation almost exclusively to experimental investigations on physiological topics, especially on the spinal column, the muscular system, the sympathetic nerves and ganglions, and on the effect of the removal of the supra-renal capsules, &c. Author of many Essays and Papers giving details of his Experiments.

Bruns, Paul Victor.B. in Helmstedt, 1812. Stud. Tübingen, 1833; M.D., 1837; Prof. Anat. College, Brunswick, 1839; Prof. Surg., Tübingen, 1840.Author of “Handbuch der practischen Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1854-60; “Chirurgische Atlas,” Tübingen, 1853; “Die Durchschneidung der Gesichtsnerven,” Tübingen, 1859; “Die Behandlung schlechtgeheilte Beinbrüche,” Berlin, 1861; “Die erste Ausrottung eines Polypen in der Kehlköpfröhre,” Tübingen, 1862; “Die Laryngoskopie,” Tübingen, 1862; “Chirurgische Heilmittellehre,” Tübingen, 1868-73; “Arznei-operationen,” Tübingen, 1869; “Die Galvano-Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1870.

Bruns, Paul Victor.B. in Helmstedt, 1812. Stud. Tübingen, 1833; M.D., 1837; Prof. Anat. College, Brunswick, 1839; Prof. Surg., Tübingen, 1840.

Author of “Handbuch der practischen Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1854-60; “Chirurgische Atlas,” Tübingen, 1853; “Die Durchschneidung der Gesichtsnerven,” Tübingen, 1859; “Die Behandlung schlechtgeheilte Beinbrüche,” Berlin, 1861; “Die erste Ausrottung eines Polypen in der Kehlköpfröhre,” Tübingen, 1862; “Die Laryngoskopie,” Tübingen, 1862; “Chirurgische Heilmittellehre,” Tübingen, 1868-73; “Arznei-operationen,” Tübingen, 1869; “Die Galvano-Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1870.

Brunton, Thomas Lauder, 50, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D., Edin., 1868; M.B. and C.M. (Honours and Gold Medal for Thesis), 1866; B.Sc., 1867; D.Sc., 1870; F.R.C.P., Lond., 1876; M. 1870; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, and Leipsig); Baxter Nat. Sci. Schol., Univ. Edin., 1868; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc., Bot. Soc., and Med. Soc., London; Mem. (late Sen. Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc., Edin.; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap., and Asst. Phys. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. Edin., and R.C.P., London; late Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. London; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Med. by Research.Author of “On Digitalis, with some observations on Urine” (Prize Thesis); “Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines;” “Digestion and Secretion,” Sanderson’s Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory; “Tables of Materia Medica; Pharmacology and its Relations to Therapeutics,” Goulst. Lectures R.C.P., 1877; “Diabetes Mellitus,” Reynolds’ Syst. of Med.; “Diabetes Insipidus,”Ibid.; “The Bible and Science;” Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer) of“Nature and Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian Venomous Snakes,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Contrib. “On the Use of Nitrite of Amyl in Angina Pectoris,”Lancet, 1867; “On the Chemical Composition of the Nuclei of Blood Corpuscles,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1869; “On the Influence of Temperature over the Pulsations of the Mammalian Heart and over the Action of the Vagus,” St. Barthol. Hosp. Reports, and Papers in Philos. Trans., &c.“The number of animals required in experiments for research varies enormously; has himself used in all about 150 animals of different kinds, chiefly cats, because they are a convenient size, and cheaper than rabbits. Dogs cannot be got; asks no questions as to how the cats are obtained.”.… “Used 90 cats in the first series of investigations with regard to cholera, describes the method pursued, and gives reasons for it. No beneficial discovery has yet been arrived at; the experiments are still proceeding.”—Dig. Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, pp. 38-9.“Action of Inflammation.… For this purpose we curarise a frog and lay it on a large plate of cork with a hole at one side, and another piece of cork half an inch high at the other. We fix the body of the frog to the raised piece, open its abdomen with a pair of scissors, draw out the intestines, and fasten the mesentery with very fine pins over the hole. In an hour and a half, or two hours afterwards, white corpuscles come rapidly out of the vessels and wander over the field. We may then inject our drug into the circulation, or apply it locally to the mesentery.”—Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines, T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 23.Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates in 1878 for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules and Asses; in 1879 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics (this Certificate not acted upon); in 1880 and 1881 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures; in 1882 and 1883 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and also for Experiments without Anæsthetics. No experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses in either year.

Author of “On Digitalis, with some observations on Urine” (Prize Thesis); “Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines;” “Digestion and Secretion,” Sanderson’s Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory; “Tables of Materia Medica; Pharmacology and its Relations to Therapeutics,” Goulst. Lectures R.C.P., 1877; “Diabetes Mellitus,” Reynolds’ Syst. of Med.; “Diabetes Insipidus,”Ibid.; “The Bible and Science;” Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer) of“Nature and Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian Venomous Snakes,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Contrib. “On the Use of Nitrite of Amyl in Angina Pectoris,”Lancet, 1867; “On the Chemical Composition of the Nuclei of Blood Corpuscles,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1869; “On the Influence of Temperature over the Pulsations of the Mammalian Heart and over the Action of the Vagus,” St. Barthol. Hosp. Reports, and Papers in Philos. Trans., &c.

“The number of animals required in experiments for research varies enormously; has himself used in all about 150 animals of different kinds, chiefly cats, because they are a convenient size, and cheaper than rabbits. Dogs cannot be got; asks no questions as to how the cats are obtained.”.… “Used 90 cats in the first series of investigations with regard to cholera, describes the method pursued, and gives reasons for it. No beneficial discovery has yet been arrived at; the experiments are still proceeding.”—Dig. Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, pp. 38-9.

“Action of Inflammation.… For this purpose we curarise a frog and lay it on a large plate of cork with a hole at one side, and another piece of cork half an inch high at the other. We fix the body of the frog to the raised piece, open its abdomen with a pair of scissors, draw out the intestines, and fasten the mesentery with very fine pins over the hole. In an hour and a half, or two hours afterwards, white corpuscles come rapidly out of the vessels and wander over the field. We may then inject our drug into the circulation, or apply it locally to the mesentery.”—Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines, T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 23.

Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates in 1878 for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules and Asses; in 1879 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics (this Certificate not acted upon); in 1880 and 1881 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures; in 1882 and 1883 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and also for Experiments without Anæsthetics. No experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses in either year.

Budge, Julius(Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Univs. Marburg, Wurzburg and Berlin); Prof. Anat. P. and Zoology Univ. Bonn, 1855; Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald, 1856.Author of “Untersuchungen über das Nervensystem,” Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1841-42; “Handbuch der Physiologie,” 1875; “Allgemeine Pathologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft basirt auf Physiologie,” Bonn, 1845; “Memoranda der Speciellen Physiologie des Menschen,” Weimar, 1850; “Über die Zwecke des Athems,” Weimar, 1860; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen,” Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber den Schmerz,” Leipsig, 1866.“From observations on human patients we have already learnt that pain causes movements of the bladder. But we can also demonstrate this fact experimentally. Not always, but in many instances I have seen that in curarised animals in whom it is well known the sensibility of the nerves long outlasts their mobility, that the pressure of the water rose when I galvanized the trigeminal nerve, that is, if I placed the electrode on the eye or on the mucousmembrane of the nose, or when I irritated the central end of a nervus vagus, which fact Oehl has also observed (C. r. 1865, II., p. 340). Also other sensitive nerves can occasion movements of the bladder,”—“Über die Reizbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge.” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. II., p. 515.

Budge, Julius(Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Univs. Marburg, Wurzburg and Berlin); Prof. Anat. P. and Zoology Univ. Bonn, 1855; Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald, 1856.

Author of “Untersuchungen über das Nervensystem,” Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1841-42; “Handbuch der Physiologie,” 1875; “Allgemeine Pathologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft basirt auf Physiologie,” Bonn, 1845; “Memoranda der Speciellen Physiologie des Menschen,” Weimar, 1850; “Über die Zwecke des Athems,” Weimar, 1860; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen,” Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber den Schmerz,” Leipsig, 1866.

“From observations on human patients we have already learnt that pain causes movements of the bladder. But we can also demonstrate this fact experimentally. Not always, but in many instances I have seen that in curarised animals in whom it is well known the sensibility of the nerves long outlasts their mobility, that the pressure of the water rose when I galvanized the trigeminal nerve, that is, if I placed the electrode on the eye or on the mucousmembrane of the nose, or when I irritated the central end of a nervus vagus, which fact Oehl has also observed (C. r. 1865, II., p. 340). Also other sensitive nerves can occasion movements of the bladder,”—“Über die Reizbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge.” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. II., p. 515.

Bufalini, Giovanni.Prof. Siena University.Author (with L. Luciani) of “Sol de Corso dell’ inanizione; récerche Sperimentali;” Archives per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., p. 338.Engaged with Luciani on experiments on inanition by the starvation of dogs.—Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche, Vol V., p. 338.“A very interesting contribution to the doctrine of inanition. The authors present a graphic table, indicating the quantity of hæmoglobin in the blood, the temperature, and, according to daily observations on a bitch subjected for 43 days to an absolute fast with the exception of one ration of water. At the last there were quick oscillations in the temperature … an interesting fact, which deserves to be confirmed by further experiments, which the authors engage to make. A second series of experiments was made on fasting dogs, on which every three days was practised the transfusion of blood.”—Archives Italiennes, Tom. II., p. 253.

Bufalini, Giovanni.Prof. Siena University.

Author (with L. Luciani) of “Sol de Corso dell’ inanizione; récerche Sperimentali;” Archives per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., p. 338.

Engaged with Luciani on experiments on inanition by the starvation of dogs.—Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche, Vol V., p. 338.

“A very interesting contribution to the doctrine of inanition. The authors present a graphic table, indicating the quantity of hæmoglobin in the blood, the temperature, and, according to daily observations on a bitch subjected for 43 days to an absolute fast with the exception of one ration of water. At the last there were quick oscillations in the temperature … an interesting fact, which deserves to be confirmed by further experiments, which the authors engage to make. A second series of experiments was made on fasting dogs, on which every three days was practised the transfusion of blood.”—Archives Italiennes, Tom. II., p. 253.

Burkart, Rudolph.M.D. Bonn, 1869.Author of “Die physiologische Diagnostic der Nervenkrankheiten,” Leipsig, 1875. Contrib. “Ueber den Einfluss des N. Vagus auf die Athemsbewegungen,” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. I., p. 107; “Studien ueber die automatische Thätigkeit des Athemcentrums, und ueber die Beziehungen derselben zum nervus vagus und anderen athemnerven,” Ibid., Vol. XVI., p. 427.The last-named article contains records of experiments on rabbits, such as inducing cramp through loss of blood, experiments with electricity on the nervus vagus dexter and nervus vagus sinister; the abdomen cut open to expose the action of the diaphragm. (In Exp. VII., after a continuation of the electrical excitement for 2h. 20m., the action of the diaphragm ceased.) Experiments on frogs are also recorded.

Burkart, Rudolph.M.D. Bonn, 1869.

Author of “Die physiologische Diagnostic der Nervenkrankheiten,” Leipsig, 1875. Contrib. “Ueber den Einfluss des N. Vagus auf die Athemsbewegungen,” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. I., p. 107; “Studien ueber die automatische Thätigkeit des Athemcentrums, und ueber die Beziehungen derselben zum nervus vagus und anderen athemnerven,” Ibid., Vol. XVI., p. 427.

The last-named article contains records of experiments on rabbits, such as inducing cramp through loss of blood, experiments with electricity on the nervus vagus dexter and nervus vagus sinister; the abdomen cut open to expose the action of the diaphragm. (In Exp. VII., after a continuation of the electrical excitement for 2h. 20m., the action of the diaphragm ceased.) Experiments on frogs are also recorded.

Cadiat(Dr.), 7, Rue du Bac, Paris. Agrégé Histol. Practical Courses.

Capparelli, A., M.D. Lab. Physiol. Turin.Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs under chloroform; others curarized.—Communicated to Academy of Medicine, Turin, June, 1882.

Capparelli, A., M.D. Lab. Physiol. Turin.

Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs under chloroform; others curarized.—Communicated to Academy of Medicine, Turin, June, 1882.

Cash, John Theodore.M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879. M.B. and C.M., 1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and Leipsig); Lab. St. Barthol., London.Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew Hospital Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882-83. No experiments returned in 1881. Dr. Cash can also perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory, King’s College, London, and at the Brown Institution, Wandsworth Road.

Cash, John Theodore.M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879. M.B. and C.M., 1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and Leipsig); Lab. St. Barthol., London.

Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew Hospital Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882-83. No experiments returned in 1881. Dr. Cash can also perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory, King’s College, London, and at the Brown Institution, Wandsworth Road.

Cerradini, Giulio.Prof. Univ. of Genoa.

Chambard(Dr.), 97, Rue Saint-Lazare, Paris. Phys. Hosp. Mental Dis.

Charcot, Jean Martin, Paris. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1853; Phys. to La Salpétrière; Prof. Med. Faculty, Paris; Mem. Acad. of Med., Director of “Archives de Physiologie.”Author of “De l’Expectation en Médecine,” Paris, 1857; “De la Pneumonie chronique,” Paris, 1860; “La Médecine empirique et la Médecine scientifique,” Paris, 1867; “Leçons cliniques sur les maladies des vicillards et les maladies chroniques,” Paris, 1868; “Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux,” 1873; “Leçons sur les maladies du foie; des voies biliaires et des reins,” 1877; Joint Editor of “Archives de Physiologie.” Contrib. “Galvanism and Hypnotism,” Brit. Med. Journ.

Charcot, Jean Martin, Paris. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1853; Phys. to La Salpétrière; Prof. Med. Faculty, Paris; Mem. Acad. of Med., Director of “Archives de Physiologie.”

Author of “De l’Expectation en Médecine,” Paris, 1857; “De la Pneumonie chronique,” Paris, 1860; “La Médecine empirique et la Médecine scientifique,” Paris, 1867; “Leçons cliniques sur les maladies des vicillards et les maladies chroniques,” Paris, 1868; “Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux,” 1873; “Leçons sur les maladies du foie; des voies biliaires et des reins,” 1877; Joint Editor of “Archives de Physiologie.” Contrib. “Galvanism and Hypnotism,” Brit. Med. Journ.

Charles, T. W. Cranstoun, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, S.E. M.D. and M. Ch. (with 1st of 1st Honours and Gold Medal), Qu. Univ. Irel., 1869 (Belf., Dub., Lond., Paris, etc.); 1st Schol. Qu. Coll. Belfast, 1865-69; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Lect. on Pract. Physiol. St. Thomas’s Hosp. Med. Sch.; late Med. Regist. and Demonst. of Physiol. St. Thomas’ Hosp.; formerly Demonst. and Asst. Lect. in Chem. Qu. Coll., Belfast. Contrib. “Medical Reports of St. Thomas’s Hosp.,” etc., etc.Held a license for Vivisection at St. Thomas’s Hospital Physiological Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned in 1879.

Held a license for Vivisection at St. Thomas’s Hospital Physiological Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned in 1879.

Chauveau, A., 22, Quai des Brotteaux, Lyons. Chef des Travaux d’Anatomie et de physiologie à l’école Vétérinaire de Lyons.Author of “De l’excitabilité de la moëlle épinière;” “Du nerf pneumogastrique,” &c.Describes his own experiments in Brown-Séquard’sJournal de Physiologie. The object was “to ascertain the excitability of the spinal marrow, and the convulsions and pain produced by that excitability.” His studies were made almost exclusively on horses and asses, who “lend themselves marvellously thereto by the large volume of their spinal marrow,” and he “consecrated 80 subjects to his purpose.” “The animal is fixed on a table; an incision is made on its back of from thirty to thirty-five centimetres; the vertebræ are opened with the help of chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the spinal marrow exposed.” No mention of anæsthetics. Case 7. A vigorous mule. “When one pricks the marrow near the line of emergence of the sensitive nerves, the animal manifests the most violent pain.… Case 10. A small ass very thin, pricked on the line of emergence—douleur intense. Case 20. Old white horse lying on the litter, unable to rise, but nevertheless very sensitive. At whatever point I scratch the posterior cord, I provoke signs of the most violent suffering.”—Journal de Physiologie, Vol. IV., No. XIII., p. 48.

Chauveau, A., 22, Quai des Brotteaux, Lyons. Chef des Travaux d’Anatomie et de physiologie à l’école Vétérinaire de Lyons.

Author of “De l’excitabilité de la moëlle épinière;” “Du nerf pneumogastrique,” &c.

Describes his own experiments in Brown-Séquard’sJournal de Physiologie. The object was “to ascertain the excitability of the spinal marrow, and the convulsions and pain produced by that excitability.” His studies were made almost exclusively on horses and asses, who “lend themselves marvellously thereto by the large volume of their spinal marrow,” and he “consecrated 80 subjects to his purpose.” “The animal is fixed on a table; an incision is made on its back of from thirty to thirty-five centimetres; the vertebræ are opened with the help of chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the spinal marrow exposed.” No mention of anæsthetics. Case 7. A vigorous mule. “When one pricks the marrow near the line of emergence of the sensitive nerves, the animal manifests the most violent pain.… Case 10. A small ass very thin, pricked on the line of emergence—douleur intense. Case 20. Old white horse lying on the litter, unable to rise, but nevertheless very sensitive. At whatever point I scratch the posterior cord, I provoke signs of the most violent suffering.”—Journal de Physiologie, Vol. IV., No. XIII., p. 48.

Cheyne, Wm. Watson, 6, Old Cavendish Street, Cavendish Square, London, W. M.B. Edin., and C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1875; F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.) 1879; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasbourg); Syme Surg. Fell., 1877; Boylston Med. Prizeman and Gold Medallist, 1880; Jacksonian Prizeman, 1881; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc; Asst. Surg., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst. of Surg. King’s Coll.; Late Surg. Regist., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst. Anat.,Univ. Edin.; House Surg., Edin. Roy. Infirm. and King’s Coll. Hosp., London.Author of “Antiseptic Surgery, its Principles, Practice, History and Results,” 1881; Art. “On the Antiseptic Method of Treating Wounds,”Internat. Encyl. Surg.Contribs. to Brit. Med. Journ., and Lond. Med. Record, &c.Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London Physiological Laboratory, also Certificates Dispensing with Obligation to Kill in 1880-81-82-83.“Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from M. Toussaint, who holds that micrococci are the cause of the disease. Toussaint obtains the organisms by inoculation of flasks containing serum, or infusion of rabbit with the blood of tuberculous animals; and he has in some cases succeeded in producing tuberculosis by the injection of these cultivations into other animals. The material obtained from M. Toussaint was injected into three rabbits, two guinea-pigs, one cat, and one mouse, and of these seven animals six were under observation for a sufficient length of time for the development at least of local tuberculosis. In no instance did tuberculosis ensue. (In all the experiments detailed in this report inoculation was made into the anterior chamber of the eye whenever this was practicable; syringes purified by heat were employed for the purpose.) Cultivations of these micrococci were also made, and injected into nine rabbits, and three guinea-pigs. Of these, four rabbits and three guinea-pigs were under observation for a considerable time without the development of tuberculosis in any case. The total result is that thirteen animals were inoculated with the micrococci with which Toussaint works, and obtained from Toussaint himself, and in no case did tuberculosis occur.”—Lancet, March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5.“Experiment. V., November 7th, 1882.—Experiment with pus from the wound of a patient suffering from pyæmia. The pus was thick and foul smelling.“1. One minim was injectedinto the left eyeof a rabbit. Panophthalmos [inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it] resulted and the animal was ill for some time. It, however, gradually recovered, and in December was apparently well. It died on January 10th, 1883. Lived 64 days.” (P. 267.)“Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882.—The bacilli were rubbed up with boiled distilled water as usual. A little of the pure material was injectedinto the right eyesof three rabbits. Into theleft eyesthe following materials were injected:—“No. 1.—One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with one part of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury. This mixture was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected into the left eye of No. 1.“Result in No. 1.—On November 23rd, 1882, it was found there was a well-developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris—the coloured part of the eye surrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but apparently nothing in the left. On December 10th, 1882, the left eye was beginning to show appearances of tubercular iritis; the right eye become converted into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This animal died on January 7th, 1883. Lived 66 days.” (P. 285.)—“Report to the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.”—Practitioner, April, 1883.

Author of “Antiseptic Surgery, its Principles, Practice, History and Results,” 1881; Art. “On the Antiseptic Method of Treating Wounds,”Internat. Encyl. Surg.Contribs. to Brit. Med. Journ., and Lond. Med. Record, &c.

Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London Physiological Laboratory, also Certificates Dispensing with Obligation to Kill in 1880-81-82-83.

“Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from M. Toussaint, who holds that micrococci are the cause of the disease. Toussaint obtains the organisms by inoculation of flasks containing serum, or infusion of rabbit with the blood of tuberculous animals; and he has in some cases succeeded in producing tuberculosis by the injection of these cultivations into other animals. The material obtained from M. Toussaint was injected into three rabbits, two guinea-pigs, one cat, and one mouse, and of these seven animals six were under observation for a sufficient length of time for the development at least of local tuberculosis. In no instance did tuberculosis ensue. (In all the experiments detailed in this report inoculation was made into the anterior chamber of the eye whenever this was practicable; syringes purified by heat were employed for the purpose.) Cultivations of these micrococci were also made, and injected into nine rabbits, and three guinea-pigs. Of these, four rabbits and three guinea-pigs were under observation for a considerable time without the development of tuberculosis in any case. The total result is that thirteen animals were inoculated with the micrococci with which Toussaint works, and obtained from Toussaint himself, and in no case did tuberculosis occur.”—Lancet, March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5.

“Experiment. V., November 7th, 1882.—Experiment with pus from the wound of a patient suffering from pyæmia. The pus was thick and foul smelling.

“1. One minim was injectedinto the left eyeof a rabbit. Panophthalmos [inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it] resulted and the animal was ill for some time. It, however, gradually recovered, and in December was apparently well. It died on January 10th, 1883. Lived 64 days.” (P. 267.)

“Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882.—The bacilli were rubbed up with boiled distilled water as usual. A little of the pure material was injectedinto the right eyesof three rabbits. Into theleft eyesthe following materials were injected:—

“No. 1.—One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with one part of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury. This mixture was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected into the left eye of No. 1.

“Result in No. 1.—On November 23rd, 1882, it was found there was a well-developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris—the coloured part of the eye surrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but apparently nothing in the left. On December 10th, 1882, the left eye was beginning to show appearances of tubercular iritis; the right eye become converted into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This animal died on January 7th, 1883. Lived 66 days.” (P. 285.)—“Report to the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.”—Practitioner, April, 1883.

Chirone, Vincenzo.Prof. at Palermo.Engaged with Curci in experiments on biological action of pirotoxine and cinchonidine.Author of “Contribuzione sperimentale alla storia del Gloralio, Opuscolo,” Napoli, 1870; “Manuale di Materia medica e di Terapia, compilato secondo gli ultimi progressi della scienza,” Napoli, 1871—Presso V. Pasquale, nella R. Università; “Sul valore febbrifugo della chinina; studii sperimentali e clinici, Memoria di concorso, con medaglia di 1ᵃ categoria dalla Facoltá medica di Napoli, 1872”—Presso l’Autore; “Se la dilatazione patologica del cuore avvenga durante la diastole, Lettera al Prof. L. Luciani (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “L’infezione malarica e l’azione della chinina del Prf. Cantani. Considerazioni critiche (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “Meccanismo di azione della chinina sulla circolazione ed azione sulla fibra muscolare in generale. Esperienze eseguite nel laboratorio del Prof. A. Bernard nel Giardino della Piante, in Parigi;” “Parte prima (Lo Sperimentale), 1874; parte seconda (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Mécanisme de l’action de la quinine sur la circulation. Recherches expérimentales, executées au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,” Paris, 1875—Masson éditeurs; “Due parole sul nesso naturale tra le funzioni del pulmone e quelle del cuore. Lettera al Prof. F. Pacini (Lo Sperimentale),” 1874; “Due parole sull’ iniezione nelle vene dell’ idrato dictoralis. Lettera al Prof. Cav. Carlo Ghinozzi (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della ciclamina. Comunicazione preventiva (La Clinica),” 1876; “Azione comparativa degli alcooli omologhi ottenuti per fermentazione. Lezione dettata nella R. Università di Napoli, raccolta e redatta da Gaetano Materazzo (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La doppia attivitá muscolare e l’azione della chinina. Critica e sperimenti, Risposta ai Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (La Rivista clinica di Bologna),” 1876; “Due parole di risposta alla lettera dei Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (L’Osservatore, Gazzetta delle cliniche di Torino),” 1876; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della Ciclamina (Renditonto della R. Accademia delle Scienze fisiche e matematiche di Napoli, fasc, di giugno),” 1877; “Azione fisiologica della chinina sulla circolazione del sangue, Esperienze fatte nel laboratorio di Fisiologia dell’ Università di Bruxelles” (1876), dal Dott. Leone Stiénon. “Rivista critica (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La Scienza e l’arte del ricettare, manuale pratico per gli studenti, pei medici e pei farmacisti.” Napoli, 1877, Presso l’Autore, L. 10; Collaborazione all’ “Enciclopedia Medica Italiana,” Articoli, Bettonica, Bezoardo, Bile, Brodo (monografia), Cainea, Calabar (Fava del), Calaguala, Calamo aromatico, Cammomilla, Campegio, Cedron, Cera, Cerato, Cerfoglio, Chelidonia, Chenopodio, Chermes animale, China (monografia), Chiodi di garofano, Cibozio, Cicoria, Circuta (monografia), Cioccolatte medicinali, Cloralio (monografia).

Chirone, Vincenzo.Prof. at Palermo.

Engaged with Curci in experiments on biological action of pirotoxine and cinchonidine.

Author of “Contribuzione sperimentale alla storia del Gloralio, Opuscolo,” Napoli, 1870; “Manuale di Materia medica e di Terapia, compilato secondo gli ultimi progressi della scienza,” Napoli, 1871—Presso V. Pasquale, nella R. Università; “Sul valore febbrifugo della chinina; studii sperimentali e clinici, Memoria di concorso, con medaglia di 1ᵃ categoria dalla Facoltá medica di Napoli, 1872”—Presso l’Autore; “Se la dilatazione patologica del cuore avvenga durante la diastole, Lettera al Prof. L. Luciani (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “L’infezione malarica e l’azione della chinina del Prf. Cantani. Considerazioni critiche (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “Meccanismo di azione della chinina sulla circolazione ed azione sulla fibra muscolare in generale. Esperienze eseguite nel laboratorio del Prof. A. Bernard nel Giardino della Piante, in Parigi;” “Parte prima (Lo Sperimentale), 1874; parte seconda (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Mécanisme de l’action de la quinine sur la circulation. Recherches expérimentales, executées au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,” Paris, 1875—Masson éditeurs; “Due parole sul nesso naturale tra le funzioni del pulmone e quelle del cuore. Lettera al Prof. F. Pacini (Lo Sperimentale),” 1874; “Due parole sull’ iniezione nelle vene dell’ idrato dictoralis. Lettera al Prof. Cav. Carlo Ghinozzi (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della ciclamina. Comunicazione preventiva (La Clinica),” 1876; “Azione comparativa degli alcooli omologhi ottenuti per fermentazione. Lezione dettata nella R. Università di Napoli, raccolta e redatta da Gaetano Materazzo (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La doppia attivitá muscolare e l’azione della chinina. Critica e sperimenti, Risposta ai Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (La Rivista clinica di Bologna),” 1876; “Due parole di risposta alla lettera dei Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (L’Osservatore, Gazzetta delle cliniche di Torino),” 1876; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della Ciclamina (Renditonto della R. Accademia delle Scienze fisiche e matematiche di Napoli, fasc, di giugno),” 1877; “Azione fisiologica della chinina sulla circolazione del sangue, Esperienze fatte nel laboratorio di Fisiologia dell’ Università di Bruxelles” (1876), dal Dott. Leone Stiénon. “Rivista critica (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La Scienza e l’arte del ricettare, manuale pratico per gli studenti, pei medici e pei farmacisti.” Napoli, 1877, Presso l’Autore, L. 10; Collaborazione all’ “Enciclopedia Medica Italiana,” Articoli, Bettonica, Bezoardo, Bile, Brodo (monografia), Cainea, Calabar (Fava del), Calaguala, Calamo aromatico, Cammomilla, Campegio, Cedron, Cera, Cerato, Cerfoglio, Chelidonia, Chenopodio, Chermes animale, China (monografia), Chiodi di garofano, Cibozio, Cicoria, Circuta (monografia), Cioccolatte medicinali, Cloralio (monografia).

Chossat, Charles Etienne.B. 1796. M.D., Paris, 1820. Prof. Univ. Geneva. Mem. Soc. Nat. Geneva.Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur l’inanition,” Paris, 1843; “De l’Influence du système nerveux sur la chaleur animale,” Paris, 1823.“… During all the operations, and in a great number of thermometrical observations, the animal has been placed upon its back, the fore and hind feet secured to make certain that the body should remain motionless. This position, which is extremelyconvenient for the experimenter, is no doubt far less so for the animal experimented upon.… As Legallois had affirmed, probably from the results of his own experiments on rabbits, ‘that by tying an animal down on its back its temperature may be sufficiently lowered so as even to cause death, if it is kept long enough in that position,’ I thought I ought to repeat that experiment by prolonging its duration.”—Mémoire sur l’Influence du Système Nerveux sur la Chaleur Animale, Paris, 1820, pp. 11 and 12.“After long and conscientious researches, M. Chossat concluded that the sympathetic nerve is the real heat-producing agent in animals. But if, after having cut the brain transversely in front of the pons varolis, after having suppressed all nervous action by a cerebral shock violent enough to cause death, after having cut both the pneumo-gastric nerves, after having made various sections of the spinal cord, after having dissected out the sympathetic nerve above the solary plexus, after having practised ligature of the aorta below the diaphragm; if after all this, the temperature of the animals submitted to these mutilations has been lowered and they have died, notwithstanding that pains were taken to keep up artificial breathing when natural respiration was becoming impossible, it cannot be right to affirm that these animals died from the effects of cold. In the experiments made by M. Chossat, the decreased temperature was evidently the consequence and not the cause of death.”—Gavarret, Art. “Chaleur Animale”Dict. des Sciences Médicales, Vol. XV., 1874, p. 27.“M. Chossat and M. Strelzoff (very recently) have made experiments on pigeons, turtle-doves, hens, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and cats, and have arrived at this result—that the animals die when they have lost in weight thirty per cent., that is to say, one-third of their original weight.”… “M. Chossat subjected twelve animals to complete deprivation of food and drink, and abandoned them thus until they died. He examined them all every twenty-four hours at noon and at midnight.”—Gavarret’s “Animal Heat” p. 394.

Chossat, Charles Etienne.B. 1796. M.D., Paris, 1820. Prof. Univ. Geneva. Mem. Soc. Nat. Geneva.

Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur l’inanition,” Paris, 1843; “De l’Influence du système nerveux sur la chaleur animale,” Paris, 1823.

“… During all the operations, and in a great number of thermometrical observations, the animal has been placed upon its back, the fore and hind feet secured to make certain that the body should remain motionless. This position, which is extremelyconvenient for the experimenter, is no doubt far less so for the animal experimented upon.… As Legallois had affirmed, probably from the results of his own experiments on rabbits, ‘that by tying an animal down on its back its temperature may be sufficiently lowered so as even to cause death, if it is kept long enough in that position,’ I thought I ought to repeat that experiment by prolonging its duration.”—Mémoire sur l’Influence du Système Nerveux sur la Chaleur Animale, Paris, 1820, pp. 11 and 12.

“After long and conscientious researches, M. Chossat concluded that the sympathetic nerve is the real heat-producing agent in animals. But if, after having cut the brain transversely in front of the pons varolis, after having suppressed all nervous action by a cerebral shock violent enough to cause death, after having cut both the pneumo-gastric nerves, after having made various sections of the spinal cord, after having dissected out the sympathetic nerve above the solary plexus, after having practised ligature of the aorta below the diaphragm; if after all this, the temperature of the animals submitted to these mutilations has been lowered and they have died, notwithstanding that pains were taken to keep up artificial breathing when natural respiration was becoming impossible, it cannot be right to affirm that these animals died from the effects of cold. In the experiments made by M. Chossat, the decreased temperature was evidently the consequence and not the cause of death.”—Gavarret, Art. “Chaleur Animale”Dict. des Sciences Médicales, Vol. XV., 1874, p. 27.

“M. Chossat and M. Strelzoff (very recently) have made experiments on pigeons, turtle-doves, hens, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and cats, and have arrived at this result—that the animals die when they have lost in weight thirty per cent., that is to say, one-third of their original weight.”… “M. Chossat subjected twelve animals to complete deprivation of food and drink, and abandoned them thus until they died. He examined them all every twenty-four hours at noon and at midnight.”—Gavarret’s “Animal Heat” p. 394.

Chudzinski(Prof.), Paris. Professor at the Institute of Anthropology.

Ciaccio(Prof.), Bologna. Scuola Veterinaria.

Ciniselli, Giuseppe.Prof. Pavia University.

Cleland, John, 2, The College, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1856; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1856; F.R.S.; Prof. of Anat. Univ. Glasgow; formerly Prof. of Anat. and Physiol. and Clin. Lect. Qu. Coll. Galway.Author of “Animal Physiology,” 1874; “Directory for the Dissection of the Human Body,” 1876. Contrib. to Philos. Trans. and various other papers.

Cleland, John, 2, The College, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1856; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1856; F.R.S.; Prof. of Anat. Univ. Glasgow; formerly Prof. of Anat. and Physiol. and Clin. Lect. Qu. Coll. Galway.

Author of “Animal Physiology,” 1874; “Directory for the Dissection of the Human Body,” 1876. Contrib. to Philos. Trans. and various other papers.

Coats, Joseph, 7, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. Glasgow, 1870; M.B. (Honours), 1867; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1872; (Univ. Glasg., Leipsig, and Wurzburg); Hon. Sec. Med. Chir. Soc. Glasg. and Glasg. Br. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Path. and Chir. Soc., Glasg.; Lect. on Path. and Pathologist Glasg. Western Infirm.; Exam. in Path. Univ. Glasg.; Editor of Glasg. Med. Journal. Contrib. “Arbeit des Herzens,” Ludwig’s Arb., 1869;“Results of some Injections of Kidneys in Bright’s Disease,” Glas. Med. Journ., 1875, etc. etc.Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory 1878 and 1879; also in 1882 with Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments in 1882.

Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory 1878 and 1879; also in 1882 with Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments in 1882.

Cocco-Pisano, Adolfo.Prof. Sassari University.

Cohnheim, Julius.B. 1839, at Demmin, Pomerania; d. Aug. 14, 1884. Leipsig University Path. Institute. M.D. Berlin (Univs. Berlin, Wurzburg, Greifswald, and Prague); Assist. to Virchow at Path. Inst. Berlin, 1864; Prof. Path. Anat. at Kiel, 1868; Prof. Path. Anat. at Breslau, 1872, where was founded under his direction a new Pathological Institute. Accepted the Professorship of Gen. Path. and Anatomy at Leipsic, 1876.Author of numerous articles in Medical Journals, “Lectures on General Pathology,” 1871; joint author with Dr. Anton von Schultheis Rechberg, of Zurich, of “Ueber die Folgen der Kranzarterienverschliessung für das Herz.”Made experiments, in conjunction with Prof. Roy (whom see) “to elucidate a number of questions bearing upon the relation which exists between certain diseases of the kidney and cardiac hypertrophy.”“If we now try to explain the striking phenomena which so invariably accompany our experiments, it is quite impossible not to conclude from the outset that they are the result of the closing of the coronary artery. It is quite true that less frequent beating of the heart, and even irregularities of the pulse, may occur spontaneously, and certainly without ligature of the coronary artery. Any one who has made frequent experiments on dogs in which the pressure of the blood has been noted down during a long period, knows very well that intermittent pulsation, and even greater irregularities, are not unfrequent occurrences in narcotised and bound or curarised animals—irregularities which disappear or re-appear, as the case may be. But the sudden ceasing of the diastolic beating of the heart may also occasionally be observed in dogs whose coronary arteries have not been touched. However, this only happens spontaneously (according to our experience) in dogs which have already been used for a long succession of experiments, which have resulted in the natural alteration of the action of the heart, and in whom the arterial pressure has been lowered to a great degree, more especially when for hours the thorax has been open, and experiments have been made on the greater vessels, or the functions of the heart, or on pericardial pressure, etc.… However, there can be no question that the manipulations of the heart, which are inseparable from our experiments, should be the cause of this result.” … (Here M. Cohnheim makes this naif remark), “Many observers have expressed surprise at the amount of pain which a dog’s heart can bear!”—“Ueber die Folgen der Krauzarterienver schliessung für das Herz,” Virchow’sArchiv., Vol. 85, 1881, pp. 520-21.“The great majority of our experiments were made on dogs under curari with artificial respiration, but several were under morphia; with rabbits there is no particular difficulty in dispensing with all narcotics.”—Virchow’sArchiv.

Author of numerous articles in Medical Journals, “Lectures on General Pathology,” 1871; joint author with Dr. Anton von Schultheis Rechberg, of Zurich, of “Ueber die Folgen der Kranzarterienverschliessung für das Herz.”

Made experiments, in conjunction with Prof. Roy (whom see) “to elucidate a number of questions bearing upon the relation which exists between certain diseases of the kidney and cardiac hypertrophy.”

“If we now try to explain the striking phenomena which so invariably accompany our experiments, it is quite impossible not to conclude from the outset that they are the result of the closing of the coronary artery. It is quite true that less frequent beating of the heart, and even irregularities of the pulse, may occur spontaneously, and certainly without ligature of the coronary artery. Any one who has made frequent experiments on dogs in which the pressure of the blood has been noted down during a long period, knows very well that intermittent pulsation, and even greater irregularities, are not unfrequent occurrences in narcotised and bound or curarised animals—irregularities which disappear or re-appear, as the case may be. But the sudden ceasing of the diastolic beating of the heart may also occasionally be observed in dogs whose coronary arteries have not been touched. However, this only happens spontaneously (according to our experience) in dogs which have already been used for a long succession of experiments, which have resulted in the natural alteration of the action of the heart, and in whom the arterial pressure has been lowered to a great degree, more especially when for hours the thorax has been open, and experiments have been made on the greater vessels, or the functions of the heart, or on pericardial pressure, etc.… However, there can be no question that the manipulations of the heart, which are inseparable from our experiments, should be the cause of this result.” … (Here M. Cohnheim makes this naif remark), “Many observers have expressed surprise at the amount of pain which a dog’s heart can bear!”—“Ueber die Folgen der Krauzarterienver schliessung für das Herz,” Virchow’sArchiv., Vol. 85, 1881, pp. 520-21.

“The great majority of our experiments were made on dogs under curari with artificial respiration, but several were under morphia; with rabbits there is no particular difficulty in dispensing with all narcotics.”—Virchow’sArchiv.

Colasanti, Joseph.M.D. Univ. Rome.Author of “Researches on Uric Acid,” Atti della R. Accademia di Roma, 1881; “Action of Oxygenated Water in Poisoning Dogs;” “Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes,” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8, &c.Made experiments with curare at the Physiological Institute at Bonn. “… For these experiments we used middle-sized dogs, with well developed muscles and little fat. The method of preparing them for the desired experiments was as follows:—The dog was fastened on to the vivisection table. The abdomen was opened by a long cut in the linea alba from the sternum to the symphysis oss. pub.; to the right and left of the linea alba the muscles of the skin and abdomen were cut across and separated, so as to leave space for the preparation of the aorta abdominalis and the vena cava ascendens. Both these vessels were dissected out of their sheaths, and the threads required for binding the canula passed under the artery. While the animal bleeds to death a canula, which is intended to supply defibrinised blood, is fixed into the aorta.…”—“Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes.”—Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8.

Colasanti, Joseph.M.D. Univ. Rome.

Author of “Researches on Uric Acid,” Atti della R. Accademia di Roma, 1881; “Action of Oxygenated Water in Poisoning Dogs;” “Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes,” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8, &c.

Made experiments with curare at the Physiological Institute at Bonn. “… For these experiments we used middle-sized dogs, with well developed muscles and little fat. The method of preparing them for the desired experiments was as follows:—The dog was fastened on to the vivisection table. The abdomen was opened by a long cut in the linea alba from the sternum to the symphysis oss. pub.; to the right and left of the linea alba the muscles of the skin and abdomen were cut across and separated, so as to leave space for the preparation of the aorta abdominalis and the vena cava ascendens. Both these vessels were dissected out of their sheaths, and the threads required for binding the canula passed under the artery. While the animal bleeds to death a canula, which is intended to supply defibrinised blood, is fixed into the aorta.…”—“Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes.”—Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8.

Colin, Gabriel Constant.B. at Mollars, Haute Saône, 1825. Prof. Veterinary College, Alfort. Mem. Acad. of Med., Paris.Author of “Expériences sur la secretion pancréatique chez les grands ruminants,” 1851; “Traité de physiologie comparée des animaux,” 1854-56; “Recherches sur une maladie vermineuse des moutons, due à la présence d’une linguitale dans les ganglions mésentériques,” 1861. Contrib. a number of articles to the “Receuil de Méd. Vétérinaire;” “les Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” “Les Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, &c.”“The following are experiments practised by Messrs. Boulay and Colin:—Starve a horse, make an open wound in the æsophagus, and inject thirty grains of alcoholic extract of nux vomica, or from three to four grains of strychnine. At the end of a quarter of an hour the horse will die in characteristic convulsions.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, p. 155.

Colin, Gabriel Constant.B. at Mollars, Haute Saône, 1825. Prof. Veterinary College, Alfort. Mem. Acad. of Med., Paris.

Author of “Expériences sur la secretion pancréatique chez les grands ruminants,” 1851; “Traité de physiologie comparée des animaux,” 1854-56; “Recherches sur une maladie vermineuse des moutons, due à la présence d’une linguitale dans les ganglions mésentériques,” 1861. Contrib. a number of articles to the “Receuil de Méd. Vétérinaire;” “les Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” “Les Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, &c.”

“The following are experiments practised by Messrs. Boulay and Colin:—Starve a horse, make an open wound in the æsophagus, and inject thirty grains of alcoholic extract of nux vomica, or from three to four grains of strychnine. At the end of a quarter of an hour the horse will die in characteristic convulsions.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, p. 155.

Cornil, André Victor, 6, Rue de Seine, Paris. B. 1837. M.D. Paris, 1865, Prof. of Path. Med. Faculty; Physician to the Hospital de Lourcine.Author of “Manuel d’histologie pathologique,” 1869-72; “Leçons élémentaires d’hygiène,” 1872; Editor (chief) of “Journal des Connaisances Médicales.” Joint author with M. Ranvier of “Manuel d’Histologie Pathologique.”

Cornil, André Victor, 6, Rue de Seine, Paris. B. 1837. M.D. Paris, 1865, Prof. of Path. Med. Faculty; Physician to the Hospital de Lourcine.

Author of “Manuel d’histologie pathologique,” 1869-72; “Leçons élémentaires d’hygiène,” 1872; Editor (chief) of “Journal des Connaisances Médicales.” Joint author with M. Ranvier of “Manuel d’Histologie Pathologique.”

Corona, Augusto(Prof.) Director of Sassari University.

Corrado(Commandatore), Rome. Professor of Physiological Pathology Hospital of San Spirito.

Couty(Mons.), Rio Janeiro.

Coyne, Paul,M.D., Paris. Formerly Resident Hospital Physician. Prof. Med. Faculty, Lille. Director of the Laboratory of Histology of the Hospital La Charité, Paris.Author of “Recherches sur l’Anatomie normale de la muqueuse des larynx et sur l’anatomie pathologique des complications laryngeés de la rougeole,” Paris, 1874. Contrib. to Gaz. Med. de Paris.

Coyne, Paul,M.D., Paris. Formerly Resident Hospital Physician. Prof. Med. Faculty, Lille. Director of the Laboratory of Histology of the Hospital La Charité, Paris.

Author of “Recherches sur l’Anatomie normale de la muqueuse des larynx et sur l’anatomie pathologique des complications laryngeés de la rougeole,” Paris, 1874. Contrib. to Gaz. Med. de Paris.

Cryan, Robert,54, Rutland Square West, Dublin. F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1873; L. 1849; L.M. 1861; L.R.C.S.T. 1847 (Richm. Hosp., Carm. Sch. Dub. and Univ. Glasg.); Phys. St. Vincent’s Hosp.; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Cath. Univ.; M.R.T.A. Mem. Med. Soc., Coll. Phys. Irel., Surg. Soc. Irel. and Path. and Obst. Socs. Dub.; late Lect. on Anat. and Physiol. Carm. Sch.Author of various Contributions to Path. Soc. Dub.;Dub. Quart. Journ., and Med. Press and Circular.Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory of Catholic University, Dublin, in 1878, and Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures.

Author of various Contributions to Path. Soc. Dub.;Dub. Quart. Journ., and Med. Press and Circular.

Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory of Catholic University, Dublin, in 1878, and Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures.

Cunningham, Daniel John, University, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1876; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours) 1874, Edin.; F.R.S., Edin.; Senior Demonstrator of Anat. (late Asst. and Junior Demonst. of Anat.), Univ. Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. Roy. Vet. Coll., Edin.Author of “Dissector’s Guide,” Parts I. and II. Contrib. several Articles toJourn. Anat. and Physiology, etc.Held License for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh, in 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations to Lectures in 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. No experiments in 1878, 1880, and 1882.

Author of “Dissector’s Guide,” Parts I. and II. Contrib. several Articles toJourn. Anat. and Physiology, etc.

Held License for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh, in 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations to Lectures in 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. No experiments in 1878, 1880, and 1882.

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