Chapter 6

Lemoigne(Prof.), Milan. Mem. Council Milanese Società Zoophila.Author of “Relazione Sull’ Idrofobia,” 1882.

Lemoigne(Prof.), Milan. Mem. Council Milanese Società Zoophila.

Author of “Relazione Sull’ Idrofobia,” 1882.

Leopold, G.Prof. Univ. Leipsig.“Professor Leopold, of Leipsig, has recently carried out some experiments of the above kind, the results of which we think it well to summarise, seeing that English physicians are prevented by foolish legislation from making any such researches themselves.… Dr. Leopold therefore proceeded thus: he opened the abdomen and uterus of a pregnant animal, and then the abdomen of one not pregnant, and transferred in some experiments the embryo only, in others the embryo and its membranes and placenta, from the uterus of one animal to the abdominal cavity of the other. Then he closed the wound and observed the result. Rabbits were the animals used.… As to the result, the experiments fall into two groups—one in which peritonitis followed, from which the animals soon died; and the other in which they survived, and the transplanted embryo became encapsuled.… In the cases in which no peritonitis was excited, the animals were killed at periods varying from three to seventy days after the operation.”—Med. Times and Gazette, Jan. 14, 1882, pp. 41, 42.

Leopold, G.Prof. Univ. Leipsig.

“Professor Leopold, of Leipsig, has recently carried out some experiments of the above kind, the results of which we think it well to summarise, seeing that English physicians are prevented by foolish legislation from making any such researches themselves.… Dr. Leopold therefore proceeded thus: he opened the abdomen and uterus of a pregnant animal, and then the abdomen of one not pregnant, and transferred in some experiments the embryo only, in others the embryo and its membranes and placenta, from the uterus of one animal to the abdominal cavity of the other. Then he closed the wound and observed the result. Rabbits were the animals used.… As to the result, the experiments fall into two groups—one in which peritonitis followed, from which the animals soon died; and the other in which they survived, and the transplanted embryo became encapsuled.… In the cases in which no peritonitis was excited, the animals were killed at periods varying from three to seventy days after the operation.”—Med. Times and Gazette, Jan. 14, 1882, pp. 41, 42.

Lépine, R., Lyons. M.D. Paris, 1875. Prof. Medicine Med. Faculty.Author of “De la localisation dans les Maladies cérébrales,” Paris, 1875; jointly (with Lannois) of “Sur la maniere differente dont se comportent les parties supérieure et inférieure de l’intestin grèle au point de vue de l’absorption et de la transsudation,” Arch. de physiol. norm. et path. 1883, p. 93.“The authors pursued the following methods in their experiments, which were made solely on dogs: After opening the abdomen in the linea alba, a portion of the smaller intestines was drawn out, and ligatures which at first were not closed were applied to the upper and lower part; above and below the ligatures the intestine was cut open with very fine scissors, and rinsed out with a seven per cent. solution of salt. Then the lower ligature was closed, and the solution injected into the upper opening, the reabsorption of which is to be tested. While the syringe was being withdrawn the upper ligature was also secured. A portion of the lower end of the small intestine was then submitted to the same process; but in this case a longer portion was taken out to compensate as much as possible for the smaller size of the lower end of the intestine.… After the bowels had been replaced the wound was sewn up, and the dog set at liberty; and after a certain time—generally an hour or an hour and a-half—killed, and the contents of the tied loops were examined.”—Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1883, p. 679.

Lépine, R., Lyons. M.D. Paris, 1875. Prof. Medicine Med. Faculty.

Author of “De la localisation dans les Maladies cérébrales,” Paris, 1875; jointly (with Lannois) of “Sur la maniere differente dont se comportent les parties supérieure et inférieure de l’intestin grèle au point de vue de l’absorption et de la transsudation,” Arch. de physiol. norm. et path. 1883, p. 93.

“The authors pursued the following methods in their experiments, which were made solely on dogs: After opening the abdomen in the linea alba, a portion of the smaller intestines was drawn out, and ligatures which at first were not closed were applied to the upper and lower part; above and below the ligatures the intestine was cut open with very fine scissors, and rinsed out with a seven per cent. solution of salt. Then the lower ligature was closed, and the solution injected into the upper opening, the reabsorption of which is to be tested. While the syringe was being withdrawn the upper ligature was also secured. A portion of the lower end of the small intestine was then submitted to the same process; but in this case a longer portion was taken out to compensate as much as possible for the smaller size of the lower end of the intestine.… After the bowels had been replaced the wound was sewn up, and the dog set at liberty; and after a certain time—generally an hour or an hour and a-half—killed, and the contents of the tied loops were examined.”—Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1883, p. 679.

Lesser, A.Prof. of Toxicology, Med. Fac., Berlin University.

Lesser, Baron Von L. L.Prof. at Private Policlinic, Med. Fac., Leipsig University. Path. Institute.

Leube, Wilhelm Olivier.B. Ulm, Wurtemberg, 1842; studied Med. Tübingen; M.D. 1866; Univs. Munich and Berlin; studied Physiol. under Du Bois Reymond and Rosenthal, and Physiol. Chem. under Kühne; First Asst. Ziemssen’s Clinic, Erlangen, 1868; Prof. extraord., 1872; Prof. Med. Clinic, Jena, same year; Prof. Erlangen, 1874.Author of “Untersuchungen über die Strychnine-wirking und deren Paralysirung durch künstliche Respiration,” Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, 1867, p. 629. Contrib. to “Moleschott’s Untersuchungen,” Virchow’s and Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv., &c.Made experiments with strychnine on various animals.

Author of “Untersuchungen über die Strychnine-wirking und deren Paralysirung durch künstliche Respiration,” Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, 1867, p. 629. Contrib. to “Moleschott’s Untersuchungen,” Virchow’s and Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv., &c.

Made experiments with strychnine on various animals.

Lewaschew(Dr.), St. Petersburg.“A most careful and valuable series of experimental researches on the influence of the nervous system in the causation of disease of the vessels has been contributed to the current number of Virchow’sArchiv., by Dr. Lewaschew, of St. Petersburg.… The method of investigation is worthy of mention. Generally the chief nerve trunks of the hinder extremities of dogs were the parts subject to irritation by means of a solution of muriatic or sulphuric acid; it was found that rabbits and cats were unfit for this continuous form of stimulation, because the action of the acid on the exposed nerve trunk brought about gangrene; as a strong stimulus was wanted milder means could not be employed.”—Lancet, June 2nd, 1883, p. 962.Dr. Lewaschew drew a thread moistened with acid through the nervus ischiadicus of the one leg to set up an irritation in the nerve. At intervals of from three to six days a thread was sewn nearer the peripheric end of the nerve. This was continued till the death of the animals. Some died rapidly of gangrene of the extremities and septicemia, others at the end of two to four weeks only of putrid infection and dysentery; many, however, supported the operation for two or four months. Some of the animals became seized with epileptic fits, which increased till life ended.—Petersburg Med. Wochenschrift, Vol. XXXI., 1880.

Lewaschew(Dr.), St. Petersburg.

“A most careful and valuable series of experimental researches on the influence of the nervous system in the causation of disease of the vessels has been contributed to the current number of Virchow’sArchiv., by Dr. Lewaschew, of St. Petersburg.… The method of investigation is worthy of mention. Generally the chief nerve trunks of the hinder extremities of dogs were the parts subject to irritation by means of a solution of muriatic or sulphuric acid; it was found that rabbits and cats were unfit for this continuous form of stimulation, because the action of the acid on the exposed nerve trunk brought about gangrene; as a strong stimulus was wanted milder means could not be employed.”—Lancet, June 2nd, 1883, p. 962.

Dr. Lewaschew drew a thread moistened with acid through the nervus ischiadicus of the one leg to set up an irritation in the nerve. At intervals of from three to six days a thread was sewn nearer the peripheric end of the nerve. This was continued till the death of the animals. Some died rapidly of gangrene of the extremities and septicemia, others at the end of two to four weeks only of putrid infection and dysentery; many, however, supported the operation for two or four months. Some of the animals became seized with epileptic fits, which increased till life ended.—Petersburg Med. Wochenschrift, Vol. XXXI., 1880.

Lewes, George Henry.B. London, 1817; d. 1878.Studied med., anat., and physiol.Author of “On the spinal cord,” 1858; “The nervous system,” 1859; “Physiology of Common Life,” 1860; “Aristotle,” 1864; “Problems of Life and Mind,” etc.“A triton whose cord had been divided some weeks was completely cut in two. The head-half immediately began crawling away with great activity, which, as this half contained the heart, and almost all the viscera, was not surprising. The tail half remained for some time in a standing posture, and then began to crawl forward. After three steps it paused, remaining quiet during five minutes, and began again, but feebly. The tail moved spontaneously, but with great slowness; when it was touched both tail and legs moved. I then placed it under a glass, with a moistened sponge inside to prevent evaporation from the skin, and left it there for two hours, watching its spontaneous, though very languid movements. If any reader remains still unconvinced, I can only recommend him to divide the spinal chord of a frog a little below the shoulders, and keep the animal for some days or weeks (care must be taken to prevent water getting to the cord, as that soon kills the animal), watching it, and testing its sensibility.”—Physiol. Com. Life, Vol. II., pp. 255-6.“Marshall Hall reports the case of a man in whom accident had destroyed all sensation and voluntary motion, yet who drew up his legs when they were tickled, without once feeling the sensation of tickling.… This case is constantly cited, and is, indeed, very striking. It seems to have a far greater value than any experiments on animals can have, because we cannot question animals as to their sensations; we do notknowwhether they feel or not. We can only infer: whereas we can interrogate the human patient.”—Ibid., p. 861.“Has performed a great many experiments (6,354), nearly all relating to the nerves, (6,365), mostly on frogs and other cold-blooded animals (6,357), and not more than a dozen rabbits and pigeons in a dozen years under anæsthetics (6,361-4).… Could not himself bear to experiment on dogs or cats (6,360, 6,379), rabbits would nearly always do instead (6,413-7).”—Digest Ev. R. Com., p. 41.

Lewes, George Henry.B. London, 1817; d. 1878.

Studied med., anat., and physiol.

Author of “On the spinal cord,” 1858; “The nervous system,” 1859; “Physiology of Common Life,” 1860; “Aristotle,” 1864; “Problems of Life and Mind,” etc.

“A triton whose cord had been divided some weeks was completely cut in two. The head-half immediately began crawling away with great activity, which, as this half contained the heart, and almost all the viscera, was not surprising. The tail half remained for some time in a standing posture, and then began to crawl forward. After three steps it paused, remaining quiet during five minutes, and began again, but feebly. The tail moved spontaneously, but with great slowness; when it was touched both tail and legs moved. I then placed it under a glass, with a moistened sponge inside to prevent evaporation from the skin, and left it there for two hours, watching its spontaneous, though very languid movements. If any reader remains still unconvinced, I can only recommend him to divide the spinal chord of a frog a little below the shoulders, and keep the animal for some days or weeks (care must be taken to prevent water getting to the cord, as that soon kills the animal), watching it, and testing its sensibility.”—Physiol. Com. Life, Vol. II., pp. 255-6.

“Marshall Hall reports the case of a man in whom accident had destroyed all sensation and voluntary motion, yet who drew up his legs when they were tickled, without once feeling the sensation of tickling.… This case is constantly cited, and is, indeed, very striking. It seems to have a far greater value than any experiments on animals can have, because we cannot question animals as to their sensations; we do notknowwhether they feel or not. We can only infer: whereas we can interrogate the human patient.”—Ibid., p. 861.

“Has performed a great many experiments (6,354), nearly all relating to the nerves, (6,365), mostly on frogs and other cold-blooded animals (6,357), and not more than a dozen rabbits and pigeons in a dozen years under anæsthetics (6,361-4).… Could not himself bear to experiment on dogs or cats (6,360, 6,379), rabbits would nearly always do instead (6,413-7).”—Digest Ev. R. Com., p. 41.

Lewin, L.M.D. Asst. at the Pharmacol. Instit., Berlin.Author of “Untersuchungen ueber Wirkung and Verhalten des Tannins im Thierkörper.”—Virchow’s “Archiv.,” Vol. LXXXI., 1880; “Untersuchungen ueber das chemische Verhalten der Folia Uvae Ursi im Thierkörper.”—Virchow’s “Archiv.” Vol. XCII., 1883.Made experiments on rabbits with tannin and other substances.

Lewin, L.M.D. Asst. at the Pharmacol. Instit., Berlin.

Author of “Untersuchungen ueber Wirkung and Verhalten des Tannins im Thierkörper.”—Virchow’s “Archiv.,” Vol. LXXXI., 1880; “Untersuchungen ueber das chemische Verhalten der Folia Uvae Ursi im Thierkörper.”—Virchow’s “Archiv.” Vol. XCII., 1883.

Made experiments on rabbits with tannin and other substances.

Leyden, Ernst Victor.B. Danzig, 1832. Studied Med. Chir., Inst. Friedrich Wilhelm, Berlin; Milit. Surg. Dusseldorf, Danzig, Gumbinnen and Königsberg; Battaillon Surg. Berlin, 1862-65; then Prof. and Direct. Med. Clin. Polyclin. Königsberg; Prof. Strasburg, 1872; succeeded Traube, Berlin, 1876; Privy Councillor in Med. affairs; Prof. Path. and Therap., Direct. Med. Clinic, Berlin.Author of “Beiträge und Untersuchungen zur Physiologie und Pathologie des Gehirns,” Virchow’sArchiv., Vol. XXXVII., p. 519; Editor “Zeitschrift fuer Klinische Medecin.”Inventor of an instrument which can be screwed into an opening made in the skull of dogs to facilitate the study of the movements of the then exposed brain. Injected blood of patients suffering from pneumonia into guinea-pigs.“Nasse and Rosenthal, but especially Leyden, had, a few years ago, studied the effects of pressure and agitation on the functions of the brain mass. Leyden injected a solution of sodium chloride between the skull and dura mater. A more extended series of experimental investigations was subsequently undertaken by Dr. F. Pagenstecher. Pagenstecher injected a mixture of white wax and tallow heated to 50° C. between the skull and dura mater of dogs. As regards the sensibility of the dura mater, Leyden and Pagenstecher differ.”—Bartholow’s “Functions of the Human Brain,”Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci., April, 1874, pp. 305-306.

Author of “Beiträge und Untersuchungen zur Physiologie und Pathologie des Gehirns,” Virchow’sArchiv., Vol. XXXVII., p. 519; Editor “Zeitschrift fuer Klinische Medecin.”

Inventor of an instrument which can be screwed into an opening made in the skull of dogs to facilitate the study of the movements of the then exposed brain. Injected blood of patients suffering from pneumonia into guinea-pigs.

“Nasse and Rosenthal, but especially Leyden, had, a few years ago, studied the effects of pressure and agitation on the functions of the brain mass. Leyden injected a solution of sodium chloride between the skull and dura mater. A more extended series of experimental investigations was subsequently undertaken by Dr. F. Pagenstecher. Pagenstecher injected a mixture of white wax and tallow heated to 50° C. between the skull and dura mater of dogs. As regards the sensibility of the dura mater, Leyden and Pagenstecher differ.”—Bartholow’s “Functions of the Human Brain,”Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci., April, 1874, pp. 305-306.

Lindgren, H. O.Prof. Med. Fac. Lund University.

Lingard, Alfred, 91, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W., M.R.C.S. Eng., 1873; L.S.A., 1874 (St. Thos.’s, Vienna, Berlin, and Paris); Fell. Roy. Micros. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc., Lond., Brit. Med. Ass., Anthrop. Inst. Great Brit. and Irel., and Soc. Anthrop. Paris; late House Phys. St. Thos.’s Hosp.; Transl. of Fournier’s “Syphilis and Marriage;” Contrib. “Ueber den Bau der Symphgefässe in pathologisch veränderter Haut;” Allge. Wien. Med. Zeit.1876; “On an Infectious Ulcerative Disease of Skin and Mucous Membrane caused by a Specific Bacillus,”Lancet, 1883.Held a License for Vivisection in a building belonging to Mr. George Lacey, 213, Wandsworth Road, S.W., and situated in the Stag Yard, opposite side of the Wandsworth Road to the above address in 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments returned 1883.

Held a License for Vivisection in a building belonging to Mr. George Lacey, 213, Wandsworth Road, S.W., and situated in the Stag Yard, opposite side of the Wandsworth Road to the above address in 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments returned 1883.

Liouville, Henri.B. Paris, 1837; D. 1882. M.D. 1870; Chief Direct. Lab. Hôtel Dieu, 1872.Author of “De la Généralisation des Anéurismes Miliaires,” 1871; “De l’abus en thérapeutique,” 1875; Contrib. to various Med. Journals.

Liouville, Henri.B. Paris, 1837; D. 1882. M.D. 1870; Chief Direct. Lab. Hôtel Dieu, 1872.

Author of “De la Généralisation des Anéurismes Miliaires,” 1871; “De l’abus en thérapeutique,” 1875; Contrib. to various Med. Journals.

Lister, Sir Joseph, Bt., 12, Park Crescent, Portland Place, W. M.B. Lond., 1852; B.A., 1847; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1852; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1855; F.F.P.S. Glasgow, 1860; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; LL.D. Edin., 1878; M.D. Dub., 1879; LL.D. Glasg., 1879; D.C.L. Oxon., 1880; LL.D. Cantab., 1880; Knt. Comm. 1st Class, Danebrog; Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond.; Cothenius Medallist German Soc. of Naturalists, 1877; Roy. Medallist Roy. Soc. Lond., 1880; Laureate French Acad. Sci., 1881; Hon. Mem. numerous Foreign Societies; Mem. of Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research; Surg. Extraord. to H.M. the Queen; Prof. Chir. Surgery, King’s Coll.Author of articles “Amputation” and “Anæsthetics” in Holmes’s System of Surgery; “Croonian Lecturer on Coagulation of the Blood,” Proc. Roy. Soc.; “On Ligatures of Arteries on the Antiseptic System;” “De l’influence qu’exerce la position du corps sur la circulation sanguine,” paper read before Acad. de Méd., Paris, June, 1878.Made experiments on horses and calves.“Considers that experiments on living animals is one of the most important means of increasing knowledge (4,291-2). Attaches very great importance to demonstration as a means of instruction (4,339-43).” Thinks that “demonstrations should be performed under anæsthetics, but that not so much for the purpose of avoiding pain to the animals as for the sake of avoiding a demoralising influence on the students” (4,328).—Digest Ev. R. Com.pp. 30-31.

Author of articles “Amputation” and “Anæsthetics” in Holmes’s System of Surgery; “Croonian Lecturer on Coagulation of the Blood,” Proc. Roy. Soc.; “On Ligatures of Arteries on the Antiseptic System;” “De l’influence qu’exerce la position du corps sur la circulation sanguine,” paper read before Acad. de Méd., Paris, June, 1878.

Made experiments on horses and calves.

“Considers that experiments on living animals is one of the most important means of increasing knowledge (4,291-2). Attaches very great importance to demonstration as a means of instruction (4,339-43).” Thinks that “demonstrations should be performed under anæsthetics, but that not so much for the purpose of avoiding pain to the animals as for the sake of avoiding a demoralising influence on the students” (4,328).—Digest Ev. R. Com.pp. 30-31.

Livon, Charles Marie, Marseilles. M.D., 1873; Prof. Exper. Physiol. Sch. Med.Author of “Nouveau Manuel de Vivisections,” Paris, 1882; “Du Traitement des Polypes Laryngiens,” 1873.

Livon, Charles Marie, Marseilles. M.D., 1873; Prof. Exper. Physiol. Sch. Med.

Author of “Nouveau Manuel de Vivisections,” Paris, 1882; “Du Traitement des Polypes Laryngiens,” 1873.

Loewenfeld, L.Prof., Munich.Author of “Experimentelle und Kritische Untersuchungen zur Electrotherapie des Gehirns,” Munich, 1881.“Dr. Loewenfeld, of Munich … also made an experimental inquiry into the effects of both currents, when applied to the brains of rabbits and kittens, on intercranial circulation.… We cannot, however, help remarking on an important discrepancy in the results of his experiments on animals, of which the author himself does not appear to be aware.”—Med. Times and Gaz., March 4th, 1882, p. 238.

Loewenfeld, L.Prof., Munich.

Author of “Experimentelle und Kritische Untersuchungen zur Electrotherapie des Gehirns,” Munich, 1881.

“Dr. Loewenfeld, of Munich … also made an experimental inquiry into the effects of both currents, when applied to the brains of rabbits and kittens, on intercranial circulation.… We cannot, however, help remarking on an important discrepancy in the results of his experiments on animals, of which the author himself does not appear to be aware.”—Med. Times and Gaz., March 4th, 1882, p. 238.

Loewenthal, N.Asst. to Schiff Physiol. Lab. Geneva.Author of “Ueber den Unterschied Zwischen der Secundären Degeneration des Seitenstrangs nach Hirn und Rückenmarks verletzungen.”—Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XXXI., p. 350.

Loewenthal, N.Asst. to Schiff Physiol. Lab. Geneva.

Author of “Ueber den Unterschied Zwischen der Secundären Degeneration des Seitenstrangs nach Hirn und Rückenmarks verletzungen.”—Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XXXI., p. 350.

Lombardini(Prof.), Pisa. Scuola Veterinaria.

Longet, François Achille.B. St. Germain-en-Laye, 1811; d. Bordeaux, 1871. Mem. Acad. Med. Paris, late Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Paris.Author of “Mouvement Circulaire de la Matière dans les trois règnes,” 1866; “Traité de Physiologie,” 1850; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les fonctions de l’epiglotte et sur les agents de l’occlusion de la glotte dans la deglutition, le vomissement, etc.,” 1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les fonctions des nerfs, des muscles, du larynx,” 1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur l’irritabilité musculaire,” 1841; “Anatomie et Physiologie du systéme nerveux de Phomme et des animaux vertébrés,” 1846; “Expériences relatives aux effets de l’inhalation de l’ether sulfurique sur le systéme nerveux,” 1847; “Du Sulfocyanure de potassium consideré comme un des éléments normaux de la salive,” 1856; “Fragments sur les phénomènes chimiques de la digestion,” 1857.“His (Longet’s) experiments to confirm those of Majendie, led him to conclusions completely opposed to those of Flourens.”—Art. “Brain,”Encyclopédie des Sci. Med., Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 204.“Experiments on animals of a different species, so far from leading to useful results as regarded human beings, had a tendency to mislead us. In seeking to benefit mankind by vivisections, it would be necessary to have recourse to pathological facts founded on experiments onhumanbeings.”—Longet, quoted in Fleming’s Essay, p. 42.

Longet, François Achille.B. St. Germain-en-Laye, 1811; d. Bordeaux, 1871. Mem. Acad. Med. Paris, late Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Paris.

Author of “Mouvement Circulaire de la Matière dans les trois règnes,” 1866; “Traité de Physiologie,” 1850; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les fonctions de l’epiglotte et sur les agents de l’occlusion de la glotte dans la deglutition, le vomissement, etc.,” 1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les fonctions des nerfs, des muscles, du larynx,” 1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur l’irritabilité musculaire,” 1841; “Anatomie et Physiologie du systéme nerveux de Phomme et des animaux vertébrés,” 1846; “Expériences relatives aux effets de l’inhalation de l’ether sulfurique sur le systéme nerveux,” 1847; “Du Sulfocyanure de potassium consideré comme un des éléments normaux de la salive,” 1856; “Fragments sur les phénomènes chimiques de la digestion,” 1857.

“His (Longet’s) experiments to confirm those of Majendie, led him to conclusions completely opposed to those of Flourens.”—Art. “Brain,”Encyclopédie des Sci. Med., Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 204.

“Experiments on animals of a different species, so far from leading to useful results as regarded human beings, had a tendency to mislead us. In seeking to benefit mankind by vivisections, it would be necessary to have recourse to pathological facts founded on experiments onhumanbeings.”—Longet, quoted in Fleming’s Essay, p. 42.

Lovèn, Christian.M.D., Prof. Med. Chir. Inst. Stockholm.Author of “Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung,” Ludwig’s Arbeiten, 1866, p. 1.“I now come to the results of stimulation of the central nerves. When a powerful unnarcotised animal was submitted to the experiment, I observed that in most cases, the arteria auricularis became smaller at the commencement of the stimulation. This occurred more surely and quickly as the animal expressed its sufferings more violently by cries and struggles. This narrowing of the artery lasted for different, but always very short periods of time, and then gave place to an enlargement even during continued stimulation.… This is, however, not always the case when a great number of experiments are made.… Once it happened that in an unnarcotised animal, immediately at the commencement of the stimulation without any signs of narrowing a very powerful distention occurred. This result appeared in the same animal as long as the sensitiveness of the nerves remained sufficient to allow the experiment to be continued.”—Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung, Ludwig’s Arbeiten, 1866, pp. 9-10.

Lovèn, Christian.M.D., Prof. Med. Chir. Inst. Stockholm.

Author of “Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung,” Ludwig’s Arbeiten, 1866, p. 1.

“I now come to the results of stimulation of the central nerves. When a powerful unnarcotised animal was submitted to the experiment, I observed that in most cases, the arteria auricularis became smaller at the commencement of the stimulation. This occurred more surely and quickly as the animal expressed its sufferings more violently by cries and struggles. This narrowing of the artery lasted for different, but always very short periods of time, and then gave place to an enlargement even during continued stimulation.… This is, however, not always the case when a great number of experiments are made.… Once it happened that in an unnarcotised animal, immediately at the commencement of the stimulation without any signs of narrowing a very powerful distention occurred. This result appeared in the same animal as long as the sensitiveness of the nerves remained sufficient to allow the experiment to be continued.”—Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung, Ludwig’s Arbeiten, 1866, pp. 9-10.

Luchsinger, B.Prof. Physiology Vet. School, Berne, formerly Asst. Physiol. Lab. Zurich; Prof. Exper. Pharmacol. Gen. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Berne.Author of: “Zur Kenntniss der Functionen des Rückenmarkes,” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XVI.; “Neue Versuche zu einer Lehre vonder Schweiss secretion, ein Beitrag zur Physiologic der Nervencentren,”Ibid., Vol. XIV., p. 869; “Zur Physiologie der Schweiss secretion,” Virchow’sArch., Vol. LXXVI., p. 529; “Zur Allgemeinen Physiologie der irritabeln Substanzen,” Bonn, 1879; “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XXII., p. 179, etc., etc.Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Zurich (jointly with Drs. von Borosnyai, Steger, and Pestalozzi) on electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Also experiments on dogs, horses, cats, pigs, oxen, and goats. Cut the nervus ischiadicus to study the action of muscarin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands. Also experiments on cats and kittens with Miss J. A. Kendall.“At the sight of a strange dog, still more so on being bound to the vivisecting table, the cat often breaks out in a violent perspiration on all four feet. It strikes us naturally that the first thing to do is to remove totally all these psychical influences, if it is wished to study thoroughly other causes which may have the effect of stimulating the perspiratory centres. A method frequently employed—narcosis—I have purposely never used; indeed, Inevermake use of it except for preliminary operations. If the brain is really narcotised, the other nerve centres must also have lost much of their excitability, lesser degrees of narcotisation seem to me to offer very little advantage for the purpose we have in view.”—Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XIII., p. 375.“By the following experiments Luchsinger believes himself to have found the most irrefutable proof of the existence of a really antagonistic action of atropin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands, and to have finally disposed of my thesis on physiological antagonism. When he had fully convinced himself of the functions performed by the sweat glands on the hind feet of chloroformed cats, by cutting both hip nerves, and stimulating their peripheral ends, and also by injecting 0·01 grs. of pilocarpin under the skin of the back; when he had succeeded in completely arresting all secretion of sweat by the injection of 0·001-0·003 grs. of atropin under the skin of the back, so that the very strongest stimulation of the hip nerves remained entirely without effect, he always succeeded in causing a spontaneous secretion of sweat in the balls of the toes by the injection of 0·301 grs. of pilocarpin either into the feet or under the skin of the back. If he injected less than 0·001 grains of pilocarpin, the natural secretion of sweat might not result, but could be excited by stimulation of the nerves which had been without effect before. The feet into which no pilocarpin had been injected remained dry and could not be brought to perspire by electrical stimulation of the nerves. Luchsinger considers these experiments to be practically the most simple and theoretically the most explicit, and hence he believes that I shall also allow myself to be convinced by them of the fallacy of my third thesis. Our experiments on the same subject have shown us however on the contrary that Luchsinger’s theories are only partially founded on correct observation, also that the conclusiveness of his experiments only appears to him so simple and clear because he has not thoroughly worked out the whole question, and has allowed himself to be duped too rapidly by the surprising results which happened at first.”—Rossbach, “Neue studien ueber den Physiologischen Antagonismus der Gifte,” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XXI., pp. 2-3.

Luchsinger, B.Prof. Physiology Vet. School, Berne, formerly Asst. Physiol. Lab. Zurich; Prof. Exper. Pharmacol. Gen. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Berne.

Author of: “Zur Kenntniss der Functionen des Rückenmarkes,” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XVI.; “Neue Versuche zu einer Lehre vonder Schweiss secretion, ein Beitrag zur Physiologic der Nervencentren,”Ibid., Vol. XIV., p. 869; “Zur Physiologie der Schweiss secretion,” Virchow’sArch., Vol. LXXVI., p. 529; “Zur Allgemeinen Physiologie der irritabeln Substanzen,” Bonn, 1879; “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XXII., p. 179, etc., etc.

Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Zurich (jointly with Drs. von Borosnyai, Steger, and Pestalozzi) on electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Also experiments on dogs, horses, cats, pigs, oxen, and goats. Cut the nervus ischiadicus to study the action of muscarin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands. Also experiments on cats and kittens with Miss J. A. Kendall.

“At the sight of a strange dog, still more so on being bound to the vivisecting table, the cat often breaks out in a violent perspiration on all four feet. It strikes us naturally that the first thing to do is to remove totally all these psychical influences, if it is wished to study thoroughly other causes which may have the effect of stimulating the perspiratory centres. A method frequently employed—narcosis—I have purposely never used; indeed, Inevermake use of it except for preliminary operations. If the brain is really narcotised, the other nerve centres must also have lost much of their excitability, lesser degrees of narcotisation seem to me to offer very little advantage for the purpose we have in view.”—Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XIII., p. 375.

“By the following experiments Luchsinger believes himself to have found the most irrefutable proof of the existence of a really antagonistic action of atropin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands, and to have finally disposed of my thesis on physiological antagonism. When he had fully convinced himself of the functions performed by the sweat glands on the hind feet of chloroformed cats, by cutting both hip nerves, and stimulating their peripheral ends, and also by injecting 0·01 grs. of pilocarpin under the skin of the back; when he had succeeded in completely arresting all secretion of sweat by the injection of 0·001-0·003 grs. of atropin under the skin of the back, so that the very strongest stimulation of the hip nerves remained entirely without effect, he always succeeded in causing a spontaneous secretion of sweat in the balls of the toes by the injection of 0·301 grs. of pilocarpin either into the feet or under the skin of the back. If he injected less than 0·001 grains of pilocarpin, the natural secretion of sweat might not result, but could be excited by stimulation of the nerves which had been without effect before. The feet into which no pilocarpin had been injected remained dry and could not be brought to perspire by electrical stimulation of the nerves. Luchsinger considers these experiments to be practically the most simple and theoretically the most explicit, and hence he believes that I shall also allow myself to be convinced by them of the fallacy of my third thesis. Our experiments on the same subject have shown us however on the contrary that Luchsinger’s theories are only partially founded on correct observation, also that the conclusiveness of his experiments only appears to him so simple and clear because he has not thoroughly worked out the whole question, and has allowed himself to be duped too rapidly by the surprising results which happened at first.”—Rossbach, “Neue studien ueber den Physiologischen Antagonismus der Gifte,” Pflüger’sArchiv., Vol. XXI., pp. 2-3.

Luciani, Luigi, 3, Via San Sebastiani, Florence. B. 1842 at Ascoli, Piceno. Studied Univs. Bologna and Naples. Asst. Physiol. Lab. Univ. Bologna, 1868; sent to Leipsig to study Exper. Physiol. under Ludwig, 1872; Prof. Gen. Path. Univ. Parma, 1875; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Siena, 1879.Author of “Sulla fisiologica degli organi centrali del cuore,” Bologna, 1873; “Nacoro pretodo per la trasfusione diretta del sangue,” 1874; “Sulla natura frenzionale del centro respiratorio” (experimental researches made jointly with Prof. Prattili) 1874; “Sulle funzioni del cervello,” ricerche sperimentali (with Prof. Tamburini), 1878-79, &c.Experiments on starving dogs.—Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., p. 338.

Author of “Sulla fisiologica degli organi centrali del cuore,” Bologna, 1873; “Nacoro pretodo per la trasfusione diretta del sangue,” 1874; “Sulla natura frenzionale del centro respiratorio” (experimental researches made jointly with Prof. Prattili) 1874; “Sulle funzioni del cervello,” ricerche sperimentali (with Prof. Tamburini), 1878-79, &c.

Experiments on starving dogs.—Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., p. 338.

Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm.B. Witzenhausen, 1816. Studied Med. at Marburg and Erlangen; Prof. extraord. Comp. Anat. Marburg, 1846; Prof. Anat. and Physiol., Zurich, 1849; Prof. Physiol. and Physics, Josephinum at Vienna, 1855; Prof. Leipsig, 1865; Privy Court Councillor; Prof. at Physiol. Inst.; Vice-President Leipsic Thierschutzverein (Society for the Protection of Animals).Author of “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Heidelberg, 1852; “Die physiologischen Leitungen des Blutdruckes,” Leipsig, 1865.Inventor of an apparatus for cutting through the spinal marrow of living mammalia, recommended by Prof. Cyon; also of an engine for measuring the rapidity of the circulation of the blood.

Author of “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Heidelberg, 1852; “Die physiologischen Leitungen des Blutdruckes,” Leipsig, 1865.

Inventor of an apparatus for cutting through the spinal marrow of living mammalia, recommended by Prof. Cyon; also of an engine for measuring the rapidity of the circulation of the blood.

Lussana Filippo.B. Senate, San Leone. Studied at Clusone, Bergamo and Pavia; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Padua; Direct. Univ. Padua.Author of “Osservazioni fisio-patologiche sul sistema nervoso,” 1856; “Il Pancreas,” 1852: “Atropine e Belladonna,” 1852; “Patologia del Cervelletto,” 1856; “Sperienze sul gran-simpatico,” 1857; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1859; “Sur la fibrine du sang,” 1866; “Fisiologia della donna,” 1867; “Sui processi digestivi” 1868-69; “Fisiologia dei centri nervosi encefalici,” 1871; “Sui canali semicircolari, Richerche fisio-patologiche,” 1872; “Des centres moteurs encéphaliques,” 1877; “I movimenti del dolore,” 1878, &c.

Lussana Filippo.B. Senate, San Leone. Studied at Clusone, Bergamo and Pavia; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Padua; Direct. Univ. Padua.

Author of “Osservazioni fisio-patologiche sul sistema nervoso,” 1856; “Il Pancreas,” 1852: “Atropine e Belladonna,” 1852; “Patologia del Cervelletto,” 1856; “Sperienze sul gran-simpatico,” 1857; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1859; “Sur la fibrine du sang,” 1866; “Fisiologia della donna,” 1867; “Sui processi digestivi” 1868-69; “Fisiologia dei centri nervosi encefalici,” 1871; “Sui canali semicircolari, Richerche fisio-patologiche,” 1872; “Des centres moteurs encéphaliques,” 1877; “I movimenti del dolore,” 1878, &c.

Lyon(Dr.), St. Petersburg.

Macewen, William, 73, Bath Street, and 5, Ure Place, Montrose Street, Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1874; (Glasg.); Mem. Nat. Hist., Path. and Chir., and Med. and Chir. Socs., Glasg.; Lect. on Chir. Surg., and Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm.; Casualty Surg. Glasg. City; late Disp. Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm., and Western Infirm., Glasg.; House Phys. Roy. Infirm. and Asst. Phys. City Asyl., Glasg.Author of “Wounds, in relation to the instruments which produce them;” “Antiseptic Osteotomy for Genu Vulgum,” 1878; “Osteotomy, with an Inquiry into the Ætiology and Pathology of Knock Knee, Bow Legs, and other Osseous Deformities of the Lower Limbs,” 1880; “Observations concerning Transplantation of Bone,” 1881; “On the Immediate Treatment of Wounds,” 1881; “Chromic Gut and Chicken-bone Drainage Tubes,” 1881. Contrib. to “Glasg. Med. Journ.,” 1874; “Edin. Month. Med. Journ.,” 1875; “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1880.Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School 1881 and 1882. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned in 1882.

Author of “Wounds, in relation to the instruments which produce them;” “Antiseptic Osteotomy for Genu Vulgum,” 1878; “Osteotomy, with an Inquiry into the Ætiology and Pathology of Knock Knee, Bow Legs, and other Osseous Deformities of the Lower Limbs,” 1880; “Observations concerning Transplantation of Bone,” 1881; “On the Immediate Treatment of Wounds,” 1881; “Chromic Gut and Chicken-bone Drainage Tubes,” 1881. Contrib. to “Glasg. Med. Journ.,” 1874; “Edin. Month. Med. Journ.,” 1875; “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1880.

Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School 1881 and 1882. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned in 1882.

Mackay, J. Yule.M.B.Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Class-room, 1883.

Mackay, J. Yule.M.B.

Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Class-room, 1883.

Maclagan, Douglas, 28, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. 1833; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1864.; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1831 and 1833; Vice-Pres. F.R.S. (Edin.); Prof. of Med. Jurisp., Police and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.; Surg. Gen. Queen’s Body Guard for Scotland; Surg.-Maj. Q.E.R.V.B.; Hon. Mem. Pharm. Soc. Gt. Brit., etc., etc.Contrib. Papers on Mat. Med. and Therapeutics, Pract. of Med. and Med. Jurisp. in Edin. Med. Journs.Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh Medical Jurisprudence Department in 1878 and 1879. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned.

Contrib. Papers on Mat. Med. and Therapeutics, Pract. of Med. and Med. Jurisp. in Edin. Med. Journs.

Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh Medical Jurisprudence Department in 1878 and 1879. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned.

MacLeod, Neil, Stoney Down, Walthamstow. M.D., 1883.Held a License for Vivisection at Licensee’s House, Stoney Down, Walthamstow, 1883.

MacLeod, Neil, Stoney Down, Walthamstow. M.D., 1883.

Held a License for Vivisection at Licensee’s House, Stoney Down, Walthamstow, 1883.

Maier, Rudolf.B. Freiburg, 1824. Prof. Path. Med. Fac. Univ. Freiburg.Author of “Experimentelle Studien ueber Bleivergiftung,” Virchow’sArchiv., Vol XC. (1882), p. 435.Fed rabbits and guinea-pigs with lead.

Maier, Rudolf.B. Freiburg, 1824. Prof. Path. Med. Fac. Univ. Freiburg.

Author of “Experimentelle Studien ueber Bleivergiftung,” Virchow’sArchiv., Vol XC. (1882), p. 435.

Fed rabbits and guinea-pigs with lead.

Majendie, François.B. at Bordeaux, 1783; d. at Paris 1855. M.D. Paris, 1808; Mem. Acad. Science and Med. 1821; held a Professorship of Medicine at the College of France, which he converted in 1830 into a Professorship of Experimental Physiology.Author of “Traité élémentaire de la Physiologie,” 1816.Majendie was the founder of the School of Experimental Physiology, and was so indifferent to the sufferings of the animals experimented upon that he has been called cruel by his fellow workers, and was even accused of having performed experiments on human beings. On the occasion of his first visit to England he was openly accused in Parliament, but was so warmly defended by James Mackintosh and a strong party, that the accusation led to no result.“I recall to mind a poor dog, the roots of whose vertebral nerves Majendie desired to lay bare. The dog, already mutilated and bleeding, twice escaped from under the implacable knife, and threw his front paws around Majendie’s neck, licking him, as if to soften his murderer and beg for mercy. Vivisectors may laugh, but I confess I was unable to endure the heartrending spectacle.”—Dr. Latour, Lancet, No. 2,086, pp. 224-5.

Author of “Traité élémentaire de la Physiologie,” 1816.

Majendie was the founder of the School of Experimental Physiology, and was so indifferent to the sufferings of the animals experimented upon that he has been called cruel by his fellow workers, and was even accused of having performed experiments on human beings. On the occasion of his first visit to England he was openly accused in Parliament, but was so warmly defended by James Mackintosh and a strong party, that the accusation led to no result.

“I recall to mind a poor dog, the roots of whose vertebral nerves Majendie desired to lay bare. The dog, already mutilated and bleeding, twice escaped from under the implacable knife, and threw his front paws around Majendie’s neck, licking him, as if to soften his murderer and beg for mercy. Vivisectors may laugh, but I confess I was unable to endure the heartrending spectacle.”—Dr. Latour, Lancet, No. 2,086, pp. 224-5.

Malassez, 168, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, M.D., 1873. Asst. Direc. Lab. Histol., College of France; formerly Res. Hosp. Phys.Author of “De la Numération des globules rouges du sang, &c.” Paris, 1873. “Sur les perfectionnements les plus récents apportés aux méthodes et aux appareils de numération des globules sanguines, et sur un nouveau compte-gouttes,” Arch. de Physiol. norm. et path. 1880, p. 377; “Sur la digestion pancréatique,”Gaz. Méd. de ParisNo. 51, p. 1880, &c.Extirpated the spleen of dogs; the result of these experiments being that the dogs became mangy, and had to be killed.—Gaz. Méd. Paris, 1878, p. 317.

Malassez, 168, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, M.D., 1873. Asst. Direc. Lab. Histol., College of France; formerly Res. Hosp. Phys.

Author of “De la Numération des globules rouges du sang, &c.” Paris, 1873. “Sur les perfectionnements les plus récents apportés aux méthodes et aux appareils de numération des globules sanguines, et sur un nouveau compte-gouttes,” Arch. de Physiol. norm. et path. 1880, p. 377; “Sur la digestion pancréatique,”Gaz. Méd. de ParisNo. 51, p. 1880, &c.

Extirpated the spleen of dogs; the result of these experiments being that the dogs became mangy, and had to be killed.—Gaz. Méd. Paris, 1878, p. 317.

Mantegazza, Paolo.B. at Monza, 1831. Stud. Med. Pisa, Milan, and Pavia; Prof. Chem. Tech. Sch., Milan; Prof. Path. Univ. Pavia; Prof. Anthrop. Inst. di Studii Superiori, Florence; Senator; Practised Med. in South America. On returning to Italy founded Lab. of Exper. Path. at Pavia, the first in Europe; founder Mus. Anthrop., Florence.Author of “Sulla America Meridionale, lettere mediche,” Milan, 1859; “Rio de la Plata e Teneriffe,”Ibid., 1867; “Dell’azione del dolore sulla respirazione,” 1867; “Un giorno a Madere,” 1868; “Profili e paesaggi della Sardegna,” Milan, 1869; “Dizionario delle Scienze medicale” (jointly with A. Corradi and G. Bizzozzero).Ibid., 1869, etc.; “Enciclopedia Igienica popolare,”Ibid., 1870; “Fisiologia dell’ Amore,”Ibid., 1873; “Fisiologia del piacere,”Ibid., 1874; “Il bene ed il male,”Ibid., 1874; “Il Dio Ignoto,” Florence, 1877; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1880.Inventor of a machine called “The Tormentatore,” capable of inflicting “intense,” “cruel,” “most atrocious” agony.“TheGazzetta Italiana di Milanocontains an essay of Prof. Mantegazza on experiments carried on under his direction at the laboratory of experimental pathology of the University of Pavia. It will suffice to state that the experiments were intended to study the action of pain on digestion and nutrition. They were, as the Professor himself confesses, agonising to the animals subjected to them, and distressing to the experimenters, and simply proved that loss of appetite, great weakness, and a peculiar imbibition of moisture were the result of the pain inflicted. It is added that no alteration of the spinal marrow could be detected after the agony had been protracted forone month. Very meagre results of unpardonable cruelty.”—Lancet, March 25th, 1871, p. 415.

Author of “Sulla America Meridionale, lettere mediche,” Milan, 1859; “Rio de la Plata e Teneriffe,”Ibid., 1867; “Dell’azione del dolore sulla respirazione,” 1867; “Un giorno a Madere,” 1868; “Profili e paesaggi della Sardegna,” Milan, 1869; “Dizionario delle Scienze medicale” (jointly with A. Corradi and G. Bizzozzero).Ibid., 1869, etc.; “Enciclopedia Igienica popolare,”Ibid., 1870; “Fisiologia dell’ Amore,”Ibid., 1873; “Fisiologia del piacere,”Ibid., 1874; “Il bene ed il male,”Ibid., 1874; “Il Dio Ignoto,” Florence, 1877; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1880.

Inventor of a machine called “The Tormentatore,” capable of inflicting “intense,” “cruel,” “most atrocious” agony.

“TheGazzetta Italiana di Milanocontains an essay of Prof. Mantegazza on experiments carried on under his direction at the laboratory of experimental pathology of the University of Pavia. It will suffice to state that the experiments were intended to study the action of pain on digestion and nutrition. They were, as the Professor himself confesses, agonising to the animals subjected to them, and distressing to the experimenters, and simply proved that loss of appetite, great weakness, and a peculiar imbibition of moisture were the result of the pain inflicted. It is added that no alteration of the spinal marrow could be detected after the agony had been protracted forone month. Very meagre results of unpardonable cruelty.”—Lancet, March 25th, 1871, p. 415.

Mapother, Edward Dillon, 6, Merrion Square North, Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Irel. (with 1st Honour and Gold Medal), 1857; F.R.C.S.I. 1862; L. 1854 (Richm. Hosp., Qu. Univ. and R.C.S. Irel.); Pres. Stat. Soc. Dub.; Prof. Physiol. and Ex.-Pres. R.C.S.I.; late Exam. Surg. Qu. Univ. Irel.Author of “A Manual of Physiology and of the Principles of Disease,” 3rd edit. 1832; “The Medical Profession and its Educational and Licensing Bodies” (1st Carmichael Prize), 1868; “Lectures on Public Health,” 2nd edit., 1867; “The Body and its Health, a Book for Primary Schools,” 4th edit.; “Lectures on Skin Diseases,” “Hip Joint,” 1853 (obtained Gold Medal of Path. Soc.) Contrib. toDublin Med. Journ.andBrit. Med. Press, etc.Held a License far Vivisection at Royal College Surgeons Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No Experiments returned.

Author of “A Manual of Physiology and of the Principles of Disease,” 3rd edit. 1832; “The Medical Profession and its Educational and Licensing Bodies” (1st Carmichael Prize), 1868; “Lectures on Public Health,” 2nd edit., 1867; “The Body and its Health, a Book for Primary Schools,” 4th edit.; “Lectures on Skin Diseases,” “Hip Joint,” 1853 (obtained Gold Medal of Path. Soc.) Contrib. toDublin Med. Journ.andBrit. Med. Press, etc.

Held a License far Vivisection at Royal College Surgeons Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No Experiments returned.

Marey, Etienne Jules, 11, Boulevard Delessert, Paris. B. at Beaune (Côte d’Or), 1830; stud. Med. at Paris; M.D. 1859; Prof. Nat. History College of France, 1869; Mem. of the Acad. of Med., 1872; and Mem. Acad. of Sci. 1878, in the place of Claude Bernard.“To meet the views of M. Marey a physiological station is being established in the Bois de Boulogne. In his Laboratory at the College of France M. Marey has been able to make a number of researches on the physiology of the nerves and muscles; but from want of space, he has encountered difficulties when he required to study the functional movements of the various animals. The new physiological station of the Bois de Boulogne, which will have a roadway of 3,500 yards in length, will enable M. Marey to make interesting experiments on this subject.”—Brit. Med. Journ., 19 Nov., 1881, p. 826.Dr. Marey devoted himself to scientific Research, and founded a Free Lab. of Physiology, which was for some time the only one in France.Author of “Recherches sur la circulation du sang à l’état physiologique et dans les maladies,” Paris, 1859; “Physiologie Médicale de la circulation du sang,” 1863; “Études physiologiques sur les caracterès graphiques des battements du cœur,” 1863; “Du mouvement dans les fonctions de la vie,” Paris, 1868; “Physiologie médicale de la circulation du sang basée sur l’étude graphique des mouvements du cœur,” Paris, 1868; “Expériences sur la résistance de l’air pour servir à la physiologie du vol des oiseaux,” Paris, 1869; “Mémoire sur le vol des insectes et des oiseaux,” 1869; “Mémoire sur le Torpille,” 1873; “La machine animale,” 1873; “Physiologie expérimentale,” 1875 (being an account of the works carried on in his laboratory); “La méthode graphique dans les Sciences expérimentales,” 1878.“If it is necessary to register the movements of the heart a small instrument invented by M. Marey is very useful. The animal is fastened on its back to a wooden table, and its heart being laid bare, can be held level with the abdominal region by a pair of bent tongs.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Vol. II., p. 37.

“To meet the views of M. Marey a physiological station is being established in the Bois de Boulogne. In his Laboratory at the College of France M. Marey has been able to make a number of researches on the physiology of the nerves and muscles; but from want of space, he has encountered difficulties when he required to study the functional movements of the various animals. The new physiological station of the Bois de Boulogne, which will have a roadway of 3,500 yards in length, will enable M. Marey to make interesting experiments on this subject.”—Brit. Med. Journ., 19 Nov., 1881, p. 826.

Dr. Marey devoted himself to scientific Research, and founded a Free Lab. of Physiology, which was for some time the only one in France.

Author of “Recherches sur la circulation du sang à l’état physiologique et dans les maladies,” Paris, 1859; “Physiologie Médicale de la circulation du sang,” 1863; “Études physiologiques sur les caracterès graphiques des battements du cœur,” 1863; “Du mouvement dans les fonctions de la vie,” Paris, 1868; “Physiologie médicale de la circulation du sang basée sur l’étude graphique des mouvements du cœur,” Paris, 1868; “Expériences sur la résistance de l’air pour servir à la physiologie du vol des oiseaux,” Paris, 1869; “Mémoire sur le vol des insectes et des oiseaux,” 1869; “Mémoire sur le Torpille,” 1873; “La machine animale,” 1873; “Physiologie expérimentale,” 1875 (being an account of the works carried on in his laboratory); “La méthode graphique dans les Sciences expérimentales,” 1878.

“If it is necessary to register the movements of the heart a small instrument invented by M. Marey is very useful. The animal is fastened on its back to a wooden table, and its heart being laid bare, can be held level with the abdominal region by a pair of bent tongs.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Vol. II., p. 37.

Martin, H. Newell.M.A.; D. Sc.; Prof. Biol., John Hopkins’ University, Baltimore, U.S.Author of “The normal respiratory movements of the frog, and the influence upon its respiratory centre of stimulation of the optic lobes,”Journ. of Physiol., 1878, p. 131; “On the respiratory function of the internal intercostal muscles,” jointly with E. Murray Hartwell, M.A.,Ibid., Vol. II., No. 1, p. 24.“After dividing the skin in the middle line, I have always removed a piece of the skull with a small trephine applied in a lozenge-shaped area which is seen to be bounded on the sides by four small vessels. The posterior edge of the opening thus made extends back to about opposite the posterior margin of the cerebral hemispheres, and the aperture was enlarged with scissors until the front edges of the optic lobes came into view. These were carefully and completely separated by a cataract knife from the parts of the brain in front of them, and the latter were removed from the cranial cavity; the incision in the skull being usually carried forwards to facilitate this removal. The edges of the skin were then brought carefully in contact, without sutures, and the animalplaced in a dish containing a little water and left until the wound healed up … they were not fed, as experience showed me that for the week or two during which I desired to keep them, they did better without food; or at least without the exhausting struggle which the attempt to open their mouths called forth.”—Journ. Physiol., Vol. I., p. 155.“Dogs and cats were employed in our experiments.”—Journ. Physiol., Vol. II., p. 25.

Martin, H. Newell.M.A.; D. Sc.; Prof. Biol., John Hopkins’ University, Baltimore, U.S.

Author of “The normal respiratory movements of the frog, and the influence upon its respiratory centre of stimulation of the optic lobes,”Journ. of Physiol., 1878, p. 131; “On the respiratory function of the internal intercostal muscles,” jointly with E. Murray Hartwell, M.A.,Ibid., Vol. II., No. 1, p. 24.

“After dividing the skin in the middle line, I have always removed a piece of the skull with a small trephine applied in a lozenge-shaped area which is seen to be bounded on the sides by four small vessels. The posterior edge of the opening thus made extends back to about opposite the posterior margin of the cerebral hemispheres, and the aperture was enlarged with scissors until the front edges of the optic lobes came into view. These were carefully and completely separated by a cataract knife from the parts of the brain in front of them, and the latter were removed from the cranial cavity; the incision in the skull being usually carried forwards to facilitate this removal. The edges of the skin were then brought carefully in contact, without sutures, and the animalplaced in a dish containing a little water and left until the wound healed up … they were not fed, as experience showed me that for the week or two during which I desired to keep them, they did better without food; or at least without the exhausting struggle which the attempt to open their mouths called forth.”—Journ. Physiol., Vol. I., p. 155.

“Dogs and cats were employed in our experiments.”—Journ. Physiol., Vol. II., p. 25.

Martin, Hippolyte, 62, Rue de la Chaussée-d’Antin, Paris. Phys. Hos. Dis. Children.“M. Hippolyte Martin has presented to the Biological Society of Paris, specimens of artificially excited tuberculosis in rabbits, resulting from the injection of apparently inert powders (lycopodium, etc.), into the peritoneal cavity.”—Brit. Med. Journ., April, 2, 1881.

Martin, Hippolyte, 62, Rue de la Chaussée-d’Antin, Paris. Phys. Hos. Dis. Children.

“M. Hippolyte Martin has presented to the Biological Society of Paris, specimens of artificially excited tuberculosis in rabbits, resulting from the injection of apparently inert powders (lycopodium, etc.), into the peritoneal cavity.”—Brit. Med. Journ., April, 2, 1881.

Martini, Adolfo.M.D. Asst. Prof. Pisa Univ.

Matthias-Duval, 11, Rue des Martyrs, Paris. Agrégé de la Faculté.

Mayer, Sigmund.Prof. Histol. Med. Fac. Univ. Prague.Author of “Speciellen Nerven Physiologie” in “Hermann’s Handbuch der Physiologie,” Leipsig, 1879; “Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und der Blutgefässe;” “Ueber die Erscheinungen im Kreislaufsapparate nach zeitweiliger Verschliessung der Aorta,” Sitzber d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien), Vol. 79, part III., 1879; “Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen ueber die Hemmung und Wiederherstellung des Blutstroms im Kopfe,” (11) Centralb. f. d. med. Wiss. No. 8 (1880), p. 129; “Zur Lehre von der Herzthätigkeit,” Prag. Med. Wockenschr., No. 14 (1880), p. 135; “Ueber ein Gesetz der Erregung terminaler Nerven-Substanzen,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien), Vol. 81 (1880), p. 111.

Mayer, Sigmund.Prof. Histol. Med. Fac. Univ. Prague.

Author of “Speciellen Nerven Physiologie” in “Hermann’s Handbuch der Physiologie,” Leipsig, 1879; “Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und der Blutgefässe;” “Ueber die Erscheinungen im Kreislaufsapparate nach zeitweiliger Verschliessung der Aorta,” Sitzber d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien), Vol. 79, part III., 1879; “Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen ueber die Hemmung und Wiederherstellung des Blutstroms im Kopfe,” (11) Centralb. f. d. med. Wiss. No. 8 (1880), p. 129; “Zur Lehre von der Herzthätigkeit,” Prag. Med. Wockenschr., No. 14 (1880), p. 135; “Ueber ein Gesetz der Erregung terminaler Nerven-Substanzen,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien), Vol. 81 (1880), p. 111.

McBride, Peter, 16, Chester Street, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1881; M.B. and C.M., 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879; L. 1876 (Edin. and Vienna); Mem. Edin. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Lect. on Dis. of Ear Edin. Sch. of Med., etc.Contrib. to “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” “Lancet,” “Med. Times and Gazette,” etc., etc.Held a License for Vivisection at University, Edinburgh Materia Medica Department, in 1879 and 1880; Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1879 and 1880.

Contrib. to “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” “Lancet,” “Med. Times and Gazette,” etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University, Edinburgh Materia Medica Department, in 1879 and 1880; Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1879 and 1880.

McDonnell, Robert, 89, Merrion Square, W. Dublin. A.B. and M.D. Dub., 1857; F.R.C.S.I. (Exam.), 1853; L.M. Rot. Hosp. Dub.; (Carm. Sch. and T.C. Dub.); F.R.S., M.R.I.A., Mem. Counc. Univ. Dub.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub., Roy. Zool. Soc. and Stat. Soc. Irel.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Surg. Dr. Steeven’s and Jervis St. Hosps.; late Med. Supt. Mountjoy Govt. Prison; Asst. Surg. Brit. Civ. Hosp. Smyrna and Civ. Surg. Med. Staff, Crimea; Ex.-Pres. R.C.S., Irel.Author of “Lectures and Essays on the Science and Practice of Surgery;” “Lectures on Physiology of the Nervous System,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz.; “Observations on the Habits and Anatomy of theLepidosiren Annecteus,” Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc.; “On the Functions of the Liver,” 1865. Contrib. “Physiology of Diabetic Sugar in the Animal Economy,” Dub. Quart. Journ.; “Observs. on the Operation of Trephining the Spine in Cases of Fracture,”Ibid., 1865; also to Dub. Hosp. Gas., Dr. Brown-Séquard’s Journal of Physiology, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc.; Editor of “Colles’s Works” (Syd. Soc.)Held a License far Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Rooms, at Laboratory Medical College, Dr. Steven’s Hospital, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned.Those who desire to advance science should begin as soon as they have passed their final examination to experiment independently in the laboratory; did so himself, and has also made a very few experiments at his own house, 4, 514-7.—Digest Ev. R. Com., p. 33.

Author of “Lectures and Essays on the Science and Practice of Surgery;” “Lectures on Physiology of the Nervous System,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz.; “Observations on the Habits and Anatomy of theLepidosiren Annecteus,” Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc.; “On the Functions of the Liver,” 1865. Contrib. “Physiology of Diabetic Sugar in the Animal Economy,” Dub. Quart. Journ.; “Observs. on the Operation of Trephining the Spine in Cases of Fracture,”Ibid., 1865; also to Dub. Hosp. Gas., Dr. Brown-Séquard’s Journal of Physiology, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc.; Editor of “Colles’s Works” (Syd. Soc.)

Held a License far Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Rooms, at Laboratory Medical College, Dr. Steven’s Hospital, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned.

Those who desire to advance science should begin as soon as they have passed their final examination to experiment independently in the laboratory; did so himself, and has also made a very few experiments at his own house, 4, 514-7.—Digest Ev. R. Com., p. 33.

McKendrick, John Gray, University, Glasgow. M.D. Aberd. and C.M., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; LL.D., 1882; (Univs. Aberd. and Edin.); F.R.S. Edin.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ., Glasg.; Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst. Gt. Brit.; formerly Thomson Lect. on Nat. Sci. Free Church Coll., Aberd., 1879-80; Lect. on Insts. of Med. Extra. Acad. Sch., Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. Dick Vet. Coll., etc., etc.Author of “Outlines of Physiology,” 1878; various Papers on Physiological Subjects in Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc.Held a License for Vivisection at University, Glasgow, Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Class Room; also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80.Experiments on the eyes of living birds and mammals.Does not see how legislation can regulate vivisection (3953-4); and fears it would retard the advancement of science (4012); has a private laboratory himself (3960-5); and disapproves of licensing places as likely to inconvenience competent and earnest men.…—Digest Ev. R. Com., p. 30.“On an etherized animal, the degree of reflex stimulation produced by an electric current of predetermined intensity in immediate contact with the skin was noted. Afterwards the exposed cerebral hemispheres were simultaneously stimulated, to observe whether the reflex action produced by the first stimulation increased or diminished. This method only led to uncertain results.”—Review of “On the inhibitory or restraining action which the encephalon exerts on the reflex centres of the spinal cord” by John McKendrick (Edin. Med. Journ., Feb., 1874, p. 733), “Revue des Sciences Médicales,” Vol. IV., No. 7, p. 64.“At this stage of the inquiry we examined the action of light on the eyes of living animals.… We accordingly instituted a series of experiments which were practically very troublesome. We examined the eyes—(1) of the living cat; (2) of the living pigeon; and (3) of the living owl. In all cases the animals were deeply under the influence of chloroform during the experiments.“1. The Cat.—The animal was securely fixed in Czermak’s rabbit-holder. The skin around the orbit was reflected. The zygomaticarch was snipped through by bone forceps, so as to expose as much as possible of the side of the orbit. The cellular tissue of the orbit was then pushed aside along the superior and the lateral aspect of the eyeball, so as to reach the optic nerve with as little disturbance as possible to the vascular arrangements of the eyeball. On exposing clearly the optic nerve, and staunching hæmorrhage, the nerve was cut through transversely with sharp scissors. When this was done the globe could be pulled downwards, inwards, and forwards, so as to expose a clear transverse section of the nerve. With the head firmly fixed, one narrow clay point was now placed on the cornea, while the other was in contact with the transverse section of the nerve.”—“On the physiological actions of light,” by Dr. McKendrick and Mr. James Dewar.—Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1876, p. 160.

Author of “Outlines of Physiology,” 1878; various Papers on Physiological Subjects in Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University, Glasgow, Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Class Room; also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80.

Experiments on the eyes of living birds and mammals.

Does not see how legislation can regulate vivisection (3953-4); and fears it would retard the advancement of science (4012); has a private laboratory himself (3960-5); and disapproves of licensing places as likely to inconvenience competent and earnest men.…—Digest Ev. R. Com., p. 30.

“On an etherized animal, the degree of reflex stimulation produced by an electric current of predetermined intensity in immediate contact with the skin was noted. Afterwards the exposed cerebral hemispheres were simultaneously stimulated, to observe whether the reflex action produced by the first stimulation increased or diminished. This method only led to uncertain results.”—Review of “On the inhibitory or restraining action which the encephalon exerts on the reflex centres of the spinal cord” by John McKendrick (Edin. Med. Journ., Feb., 1874, p. 733), “Revue des Sciences Médicales,” Vol. IV., No. 7, p. 64.

“At this stage of the inquiry we examined the action of light on the eyes of living animals.… We accordingly instituted a series of experiments which were practically very troublesome. We examined the eyes—(1) of the living cat; (2) of the living pigeon; and (3) of the living owl. In all cases the animals were deeply under the influence of chloroform during the experiments.

“1. The Cat.—The animal was securely fixed in Czermak’s rabbit-holder. The skin around the orbit was reflected. The zygomaticarch was snipped through by bone forceps, so as to expose as much as possible of the side of the orbit. The cellular tissue of the orbit was then pushed aside along the superior and the lateral aspect of the eyeball, so as to reach the optic nerve with as little disturbance as possible to the vascular arrangements of the eyeball. On exposing clearly the optic nerve, and staunching hæmorrhage, the nerve was cut through transversely with sharp scissors. When this was done the globe could be pulled downwards, inwards, and forwards, so as to expose a clear transverse section of the nerve. With the head firmly fixed, one narrow clay point was now placed on the cornea, while the other was in contact with the transverse section of the nerve.”—“On the physiological actions of light,” by Dr. McKendrick and Mr. James Dewar.—Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1876, p. 160.

McReddie, George.M.D. India.“Dr. McReddie (Proceedings of the N.W. Provinces Branch of the British Medical Ass., 1883), after injecting strychnine into dogs, has tried the effects of antidotes on the animals, using inhalations of chloroform, amyl nitrite, atropine, and eserine. He finds that all these remedies are inefficacious, neither preventing the fatal result nor arresting the convulsions.”—Brit. Med. Journ., May 19th, 1883, p. 973.

McReddie, George.M.D. India.

“Dr. McReddie (Proceedings of the N.W. Provinces Branch of the British Medical Ass., 1883), after injecting strychnine into dogs, has tried the effects of antidotes on the animals, using inhalations of chloroform, amyl nitrite, atropine, and eserine. He finds that all these remedies are inefficacious, neither preventing the fatal result nor arresting the convulsions.”—Brit. Med. Journ., May 19th, 1883, p. 973.

McWilliam, John Alexander, Univ. Coll., Gower Street, W. M.D. Aberd. (highest Honours for Thesis), 1882; M.B. and C.M. (highest Acad. Honours and John Murray Medal and Schol.), 1880; Univs. Aberd. and Edin., Univ. Coll. Lond., and Univ. Leipsig; Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll. Lond.; late Teacher of Exper. Physics and Asst. Demonst. of Anat., Char. Cross Hosp. Med. Schl., and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Aberd.Contrib. “Case of Renal Abnormality,” “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1882.Held a License for Vivisection at University College New Physiological Theatre and Rooms comprised in Physiological Laboratory, together with Curator’s Rooms, 1883; also Certificate for Experiments in Illustration to Lectures. No experiments returned.

Contrib. “Case of Renal Abnormality,” “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1882.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College New Physiological Theatre and Rooms comprised in Physiological Laboratory, together with Curator’s Rooms, 1883; also Certificate for Experiments in Illustration to Lectures. No experiments returned.

Meissner, G.Prof. Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., Göttingen Univ.; Lec. Physiol. Instit.

Meren, Giovanni.M.D., Asst. Prof. Cagliari University.

Metzdorf, R.Prof. Lab. Vet. School, Breslau.

Miescher, F.Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Bâle Univ.

Milne-Murray, Robt., 10, Hope Street, Edinburgh. M.A. St. And., 1875; M.B. Edin. and C.M. (Honours) 1879; M.R.C.P. Edin., 1881 (Univ. Edin.); Mem. Edin. Obst. Soc., late Res. Phys. Roy. Matern. Hosp. Edin.Author of “Chemical Notes and Equations;” Contrib. toEdin. Med. Journ., 1881 and 1882.Held a License for Vivisection, no place named, in 1882 and 1883; also Special Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics same years.

Author of “Chemical Notes and Equations;” Contrib. toEdin. Med. Journ., 1881 and 1882.

Held a License for Vivisection, no place named, in 1882 and 1883; also Special Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics same years.

Moleschott, Giacomo.Rome Univ. Prof. B. 1822 at Herzogenbusch. M.D. Heidelberg (Univ. Heidelberg and Haarlem); Practised Med. Utrecht; Private Prof. of Physiol. Chem. and Anthropol. Heidelberg, 1847; later Prof. Physiol. Zurich; Univ. Turin 1861; naturalised Italian and Senator, 1876; Prof. Physiology Univ. Rome 1878.Author of “Physiology of Food,” 1859; “Physiology of Transformation of Substances in Plants and Animals,” 1851; “Physiological Sketches,” 1861; and joint author (with Donders and Van Deen) of “Holländische Beiträge zu den anatomischen und physiologischen Wissenschaften.”Founded a Physiol. Lab. at Heidelberg in 1853.“M. Moleschott’s experiments consisted in taking the liver out of animals capable of resisting this mutilation (frogs, for instance, may survive from eight to fifteen days). More than one hundred frogs have been thus prepared by M. Moleschott.”—Note, Béclard’sTraité de Physiologie, p. 716, Vol. I., 1880.

Author of “Physiology of Food,” 1859; “Physiology of Transformation of Substances in Plants and Animals,” 1851; “Physiological Sketches,” 1861; and joint author (with Donders and Van Deen) of “Holländische Beiträge zu den anatomischen und physiologischen Wissenschaften.”

Founded a Physiol. Lab. at Heidelberg in 1853.

“M. Moleschott’s experiments consisted in taking the liver out of animals capable of resisting this mutilation (frogs, for instance, may survive from eight to fifteen days). More than one hundred frogs have been thus prepared by M. Moleschott.”—Note, Béclard’sTraité de Physiologie, p. 716, Vol. I., 1880.

Mollière, Daniel.Paris.Contrib. to “Progrès Médical,” 1873, p. 163.Cut the spinal nerves of rabbits and kittens to produce artificial deformity of the spine.

Mollière, Daniel.Paris.

Contrib. to “Progrès Médical,” 1873, p. 163.

Cut the spinal nerves of rabbits and kittens to produce artificial deformity of the spine.

Morgan, C. Lloyd,Prof. Geol. and Biol. Univ. Coll., Bristol; formerly of Rondibosch, South Africa.“I will now briefly describe the nature of my experiments:—1. Condensing a sunbeam on various parts of the scorpion’s body.…2. Heating in a glass bottle, as this admits of most careful watching. I have killed some twenty or thirty individuals in this way.…3. Surrounding with fire or red-hot embers.…4. Placing in burning alcohol.…5. Placing in concentrated sulphuric acid.… The creature died in about ten minutes.…6. Burning phosphorus on the creature’s body. I placed a small pellet of phosphorus near the root of the scorpion’s tail, and lit the phosphorus with the touch of a heated wire.…7. Drowning in water, alcohol, and ether.8. Placing in a bottle with a piece of cotton-wool moistened with benzine.9. Exposing to sudden light.…10. Treating with a series of electric shocks.11. General and exasperating courses of worry.”“I think it will be admitted that some of these experiments were sufficiently barbarous (the sixth is positively sickening) to induce any scorpion who had the slightest suicidal tendency to find relief in self-destruction. I have in all cases repeated the experiments on several individuals.”—C. Morgan Lloyd, inNature, Feb. 1st, 1883.

Morgan, C. Lloyd,Prof. Geol. and Biol. Univ. Coll., Bristol; formerly of Rondibosch, South Africa.

“I will now briefly describe the nature of my experiments:—

1. Condensing a sunbeam on various parts of the scorpion’s body.…

2. Heating in a glass bottle, as this admits of most careful watching. I have killed some twenty or thirty individuals in this way.…

3. Surrounding with fire or red-hot embers.…

4. Placing in burning alcohol.…

5. Placing in concentrated sulphuric acid.… The creature died in about ten minutes.…

6. Burning phosphorus on the creature’s body. I placed a small pellet of phosphorus near the root of the scorpion’s tail, and lit the phosphorus with the touch of a heated wire.…

7. Drowning in water, alcohol, and ether.

8. Placing in a bottle with a piece of cotton-wool moistened with benzine.

9. Exposing to sudden light.…

10. Treating with a series of electric shocks.

11. General and exasperating courses of worry.”

“I think it will be admitted that some of these experiments were sufficiently barbarous (the sixth is positively sickening) to induce any scorpion who had the slightest suicidal tendency to find relief in self-destruction. I have in all cases repeated the experiments on several individuals.”—C. Morgan Lloyd, inNature, Feb. 1st, 1883.

Moriggia(Prof.), Rome University.

Mosso, Angelo.Prof. Physiol. Univ. Turin. B. at Turin, 1846. For two years Mosso assiduously attended Schiff’s Laboratory, afterwards he studied two years at Leipsig under Ludwig. Then he studied at Paris. From thence he returned to accept the chair of Materia Medica at Turin, and soonafter with a subsidy from the Government and his University, he founded the first Laboratory of experimental Chemistry in Italy. When the Professorship of Physiology became vacant by the translation of Moleschott to Rome, Mosso accepted it.Author of “Movimenti dell’œsofago,” Experimental Researches (Turin, 1872); “Sopra alcune nuovæ proprieta delle pareti dei vasi sanguini,” 1873; “Sull’ azione dell’ emetico,” 1874; “Sui movimenti dell’ iridi,” 1874; “Critica sperimentale della diastole attiva del cuore,” 1874; “Sopra un nuovo metodo per iscrivere i movimenti dei vasi sanguigni nell’ uomo,” 1875; “Sull’ azione fisiologica dell’ aria compressa,” 1875; “Sopra Palternarsi del campo della visione,” 1875; “Sull’ azione del cloralio,” 1875; “Tre memorie intorno alla circolazione del sangue nel cervello dell’ nomo,” etc.Made experiments with nitrite of amyl in the Lab. of experimental Pharmacology of the Univ. of Turin (Gaz. Méd. de Paris, 1878, p. 174); also jointly with Guarechi injected extract of putrified human brain into animals.

Author of “Movimenti dell’œsofago,” Experimental Researches (Turin, 1872); “Sopra alcune nuovæ proprieta delle pareti dei vasi sanguini,” 1873; “Sull’ azione dell’ emetico,” 1874; “Sui movimenti dell’ iridi,” 1874; “Critica sperimentale della diastole attiva del cuore,” 1874; “Sopra un nuovo metodo per iscrivere i movimenti dei vasi sanguigni nell’ uomo,” 1875; “Sull’ azione fisiologica dell’ aria compressa,” 1875; “Sopra Palternarsi del campo della visione,” 1875; “Sull’ azione del cloralio,” 1875; “Tre memorie intorno alla circolazione del sangue nel cervello dell’ nomo,” etc.

Made experiments with nitrite of amyl in the Lab. of experimental Pharmacology of the Univ. of Turin (Gaz. Méd. de Paris, 1878, p. 174); also jointly with Guarechi injected extract of putrified human brain into animals.

Back to Index Next