Chapter 8

Radcliffe, Chas. Bland, 25, Cavendish Square, W. M.D. Lond., 1861; M.B., 1845; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1858; L., 1848; Goulston Lect. 1860; Croon. Lect. 1873; Censor. 1875-76; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Cons. Phys. Westm. Hosp.Author of “Proteus, or the Law of Nature;” “On Epilepsy, Pain, Paralysis, and certain other Disorders of the Nervous System,” 1883; etc., etc.Held a License for Vivisection at University College London, 1878. Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878.

Author of “Proteus, or the Law of Nature;” “On Epilepsy, Pain, Paralysis, and certain other Disorders of the Nervous System,” 1883; etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College London, 1878. Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878.

Rambaud(Prof.), Rue de l’Hôtel-de-Ville, 77, Lyons. Prof. of Medicine Med. Faculty.

Ranvier, L., Boulevard Saint Michel, 105, Paris. Prof. of Anatomy Med. Fac., College of France.Author of “Recherches sur les éléments du sang,” Travaux du Laboratoire d’histologie, 1875; “Leçons d’anatomie générale,” Paris, 1880.

Ranvier, L., Boulevard Saint Michel, 105, Paris. Prof. of Anatomy Med. Fac., College of France.

Author of “Recherches sur les éléments du sang,” Travaux du Laboratoire d’histologie, 1875; “Leçons d’anatomie générale,” Paris, 1880.

Ravaglia, Giuseppe(Prof.), Bologna University.

Raynaud, Maurice.B. 1834; d. 1881; late Phys. at La Charité, Paris; Agrégé of the Fac. of Med.; Mem. of Section of Med. Path. Acad. of Med.; and Officer of the Legion of Honour.Author of “De la transmissibilité de la rage de l’homme au lapin,” Compt. Rend., Vol. LXXXIX. (1879), p. 714.“M. Raynaud has communicated the results of experimental researches he has made with M. Lannelongue on the transmission of rabies from man to rabbits.… In a second series of experiments, inoculations have been made with different liquids extracted from the tissues of the dead body.… Finally, inoculations were made from rabbit to rabbit under the most varied conditions; with the salivary glands, and the lymphatic ganglions; death was the result. It remains to be seen whether the disease thus communicated was really hydrophobia. MM. Colin, Dejardin-Baumetz, and Pasteur think it was not. M. Raynaud, himself, only asserts the fact weakly, as he draws attention to the absence of the period of excitement, the short time of incubation, the extreme rapidity with which death ensues; lastly, he mentions cases where inoculated animals have recovered after a few days’ illness.… M. Gosselin thinks the surest method of recognizing the disease would be by retransmission from the rabbit to the dog.”—Archives générales de Médecine, Vol. I. (1881), p. 369.

Raynaud, Maurice.B. 1834; d. 1881; late Phys. at La Charité, Paris; Agrégé of the Fac. of Med.; Mem. of Section of Med. Path. Acad. of Med.; and Officer of the Legion of Honour.

Author of “De la transmissibilité de la rage de l’homme au lapin,” Compt. Rend., Vol. LXXXIX. (1879), p. 714.

“M. Raynaud has communicated the results of experimental researches he has made with M. Lannelongue on the transmission of rabies from man to rabbits.… In a second series of experiments, inoculations have been made with different liquids extracted from the tissues of the dead body.… Finally, inoculations were made from rabbit to rabbit under the most varied conditions; with the salivary glands, and the lymphatic ganglions; death was the result. It remains to be seen whether the disease thus communicated was really hydrophobia. MM. Colin, Dejardin-Baumetz, and Pasteur think it was not. M. Raynaud, himself, only asserts the fact weakly, as he draws attention to the absence of the period of excitement, the short time of incubation, the extreme rapidity with which death ensues; lastly, he mentions cases where inoculated animals have recovered after a few days’ illness.… M. Gosselin thinks the surest method of recognizing the disease would be by retransmission from the rabbit to the dog.”—Archives générales de Médecine, Vol. I. (1881), p. 369.

Redfern, Peter, 4, Lower Orescent, Belfast, and Templepatrick House, Donaghdee. M.B. Lond., 1844; M.D., 1847; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1843; F. (exam.) 1851; L.S.A., 1844; Corr. Mem. Soc. de Biol. Paris; Hon. Mem. Acad. Roy. de Méd. de Belgique; Prof. of Anat. and Physiol. Qu. Coll. Belfast; Mem. Senate and Exam. in Anat. and Physiol. Qu. Univ. Irel.; Exam. Anat. Univ. Ireland; Lect. on Anat. and Physiol. and Exam. King’s Coll. Aberdeen.Author of “Abnormal Nutrition in Articular Cartilages, with Experimental Researches on the Lower Animals,” 1850, etc., etc.Held a License for Vivisection at Queen’s College Belfast Physiological Laboratory in 1879-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned in 1882 and 1883.

Author of “Abnormal Nutrition in Articular Cartilages, with Experimental Researches on the Lower Animals,” 1850, etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at Queen’s College Belfast Physiological Laboratory in 1879-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned in 1882 and 1883.

Régnault, Henri Victor.B. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1810; D. 1878. Studied at the École Polytechnique; Engineer-in-Chief of Mines, 1847; Director of the Porcelain Manufactory of Sèvres, 1854; Prof. of Physics, Collége de France, and of Chemistry at the École Polytechnique, 1840; Member of French Acad., 1840.Author of “Cours élémentaire de Chimie.”

Author of “Cours élémentaire de Chimie.”

Regnard, Paul, Boulevard St. Michel, 46, Paris. Prof. of Physiol. La Sorbonne.Inventor (with Félix Jolyet) of a machine to study the modifications of the products of respiration.—Gaz. Med. de Paris(1877), p. 190-199.

Regnard, Paul, Boulevard St. Michel, 46, Paris. Prof. of Physiol. La Sorbonne.

Inventor (with Félix Jolyet) of a machine to study the modifications of the products of respiration.—Gaz. Med. de Paris(1877), p. 190-199.

Reichert, C. B.Prof. of Theoretical Hist. and Anat. Med. Fac. Univ. Berlin.Co-editor (with Du Bois-Reymond) of “Archiv. für Anatomie und Physiologie.”

Reichert, C. B.Prof. of Theoretical Hist. and Anat. Med. Fac. Univ. Berlin.

Co-editor (with Du Bois-Reymond) of “Archiv. für Anatomie und Physiologie.”

Rémy, Charles, Avenue Victoria, 18, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1878. Phys. La Charité, formerly prosector of Med. Sch., Reims; Mem. Société Anatomique.Author of “Développement des tissus cartilagineux et osseux,” Paris, 1880.

Rémy, Charles, Avenue Victoria, 18, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1878. Phys. La Charité, formerly prosector of Med. Sch., Reims; Mem. Société Anatomique.

Author of “Développement des tissus cartilagineux et osseux,” Paris, 1880.

Retzius, G.Prof. of Med. at Stockholm.Made experiments with chromacid, chromacid ammonia, etc., on the retina of various animals—toads, hens, rabbits, oxen.

Retzius, G.Prof. of Med. at Stockholm.

Made experiments with chromacid, chromacid ammonia, etc., on the retina of various animals—toads, hens, rabbits, oxen.

Reymond.(See Du Bois Reymond.)

Richards, Vincent, Goalundo, Bengal. F.R.C.S., Edin., 1882; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1863 (Guy’s); Mem. Asiat. Soc., Bengal; Civil Surg.; Superint. Emigr., Calcutta Port; Surg. E.B.R.V.; Late Mem. Comm. for Investigat. of Snake Poisoning.Joint Author of “Report on Indian and Australian Snake Poisoning.” Contrib. of “Cholera amongst Emigrants,” Ind. Med. Gaz., 1881, “Experiments with Permanganate of Potash in Cobra Poisoning.”—Ibid., 1882, etc.Has made experiments on pigs with cholera virus.—Lancet, May 3rd, 1884, p. 814.

Joint Author of “Report on Indian and Australian Snake Poisoning.” Contrib. of “Cholera amongst Emigrants,” Ind. Med. Gaz., 1881, “Experiments with Permanganate of Potash in Cobra Poisoning.”—Ibid., 1882, etc.

Has made experiments on pigs with cholera virus.—Lancet, May 3rd, 1884, p. 814.

Richet, L. Alfred, Laboratory of the Hôtel Dieu, Paris. M.D., 1844; Res. Surg. Hosp. St. Louis, 1858; La Pitié, 1863; Hôtel Dieu, 1872; Prof. Clin. Surg. Medical Faculty; Mem. Acad. of Med. 1865.Author of “Traité pratique d’Anatomie Médico chirurgicale” 1850 and 1873; Contrib. of numerous Articles to “Archives Générales de Médicine;” also “Le Roi des Animaux,” “Revue des Deux Mondes, Tom. 55.”M. Richet has found that strong and repeated electrical stimulation, will cause, in rabbits and dogs, a tetanus comparable in its results to the traumatic form.“In the dogs the electricity employed was not sufficiently powerful to arrest respiration, and death was due to the elevation of temperature. The ascent of the thermometer was extremely rapid, so that after the tetanus had lasted for half-an-hour, the lethal temperature of 111 or 112 F. was reached.… The proof that the increased body heat was the cause of death was furnished by the fact that if the animal is kept cool by artificial means it may bear for more than two hours extremely strong currents, which cause severe tetanus without dying for some days. The capacity for generating this great temperature under electrisation does not disappear even after prolonged application, and it is not influenced by previous fasting for two or three days.… Usually death occurs when a temperature of 112° is attained, but in some cases it reached 112·5 and even 113·3. If the temperature did not rise above 110° death did not ensue on the same or the following day; after this point however, although death may not be immediate, it occurs within 24 hours.… At 111° the breathing is so frequent that it is hardly possible to count it and so feeble that scarcely any air enters the thorax.”—Lancet, September 17th, 1881, p. 515.

Richet, L. Alfred, Laboratory of the Hôtel Dieu, Paris. M.D., 1844; Res. Surg. Hosp. St. Louis, 1858; La Pitié, 1863; Hôtel Dieu, 1872; Prof. Clin. Surg. Medical Faculty; Mem. Acad. of Med. 1865.

Author of “Traité pratique d’Anatomie Médico chirurgicale” 1850 and 1873; Contrib. of numerous Articles to “Archives Générales de Médicine;” also “Le Roi des Animaux,” “Revue des Deux Mondes, Tom. 55.”

M. Richet has found that strong and repeated electrical stimulation, will cause, in rabbits and dogs, a tetanus comparable in its results to the traumatic form.

“In the dogs the electricity employed was not sufficiently powerful to arrest respiration, and death was due to the elevation of temperature. The ascent of the thermometer was extremely rapid, so that after the tetanus had lasted for half-an-hour, the lethal temperature of 111 or 112 F. was reached.… The proof that the increased body heat was the cause of death was furnished by the fact that if the animal is kept cool by artificial means it may bear for more than two hours extremely strong currents, which cause severe tetanus without dying for some days. The capacity for generating this great temperature under electrisation does not disappear even after prolonged application, and it is not influenced by previous fasting for two or three days.… Usually death occurs when a temperature of 112° is attained, but in some cases it reached 112·5 and even 113·3. If the temperature did not rise above 110° death did not ensue on the same or the following day; after this point however, although death may not be immediate, it occurs within 24 hours.… At 111° the breathing is so frequent that it is hardly possible to count it and so feeble that scarcely any air enters the thorax.”—Lancet, September 17th, 1881, p. 515.

Richet, Charles, Rue Bonaparte, 5, Paris. B. at Paris 1850. M.D., Paris, 1877.Author of “Recherches expérimentelles et cliniques sur la sensibilité,” Paris, 1877.Made experiments on fishes reported to the Acad. de Sciences, Oct. 24, 1881.“Pain is a purely central phenomenon. It is a sensation that may exist, even to intensity, without manifesting its presence by any external sign, and consequently it is impossible to gauge it. All physiologists know that during vivisection there is an entire dissimilarity in the manner in which animals seem to suffer. Some remain motionless, the eyes fixed, neither struggling nor moaning; they appear as if struck by stupor. Others on the contrary groan and howl, never remaining a moment without struggling or endeavouring to escape. Every incision that is made, every laceration, every pull is instantly followed by a shock which interferes with the result of the experiment.… I will point out, moreover, the fact observed by the physiologists at Alport. The blood of the animals used for operations is almost devoid of fibrine, like the blood of animals that have been overworked. As regards dyspepsia and disorders of the digestive functions which prolonged pain brings on, the phenomenon is rather psychical than physiological, and pain acts similarly to grief and privation.”—“Recherches expérimentelles et cliniques sur la sensibilité,”Collection de Thèses École de Médicine, Paris, 1877, p. 255.“When it is a question of scientific research one must act resolutely, without considering the pain.”—Revue des deux Mondes, Feb. 15, 1883.“I do not believe that a single experimenter says to himself when he gives curari to a rabbit, or cuts the spinal marrow of a dog, or poisons a frog: ‘Here is an experiment which will relieve or will cure the disease of some men.’ No, in truth, he does not think of that! He says to himself ‘I shall clear up an obscure point, I will seek out a new fact.’ And this scientific curiosity which alone animates him, is explained by the high idea he has formed of Science. This is why we pass our days in fœtid laboratories (dans les salles nauséabondes), surrounded by groaning creatures, in the midst of blood and suffering, bent over palpitating entrails.”—Ibid.“Science has nothing to do with utility, or rather the true utilitarians are those who have hope in the science of the future.”—Ibid.

Richet, Charles, Rue Bonaparte, 5, Paris. B. at Paris 1850. M.D., Paris, 1877.

Author of “Recherches expérimentelles et cliniques sur la sensibilité,” Paris, 1877.

Made experiments on fishes reported to the Acad. de Sciences, Oct. 24, 1881.

“Pain is a purely central phenomenon. It is a sensation that may exist, even to intensity, without manifesting its presence by any external sign, and consequently it is impossible to gauge it. All physiologists know that during vivisection there is an entire dissimilarity in the manner in which animals seem to suffer. Some remain motionless, the eyes fixed, neither struggling nor moaning; they appear as if struck by stupor. Others on the contrary groan and howl, never remaining a moment without struggling or endeavouring to escape. Every incision that is made, every laceration, every pull is instantly followed by a shock which interferes with the result of the experiment.… I will point out, moreover, the fact observed by the physiologists at Alport. The blood of the animals used for operations is almost devoid of fibrine, like the blood of animals that have been overworked. As regards dyspepsia and disorders of the digestive functions which prolonged pain brings on, the phenomenon is rather psychical than physiological, and pain acts similarly to grief and privation.”—“Recherches expérimentelles et cliniques sur la sensibilité,”Collection de Thèses École de Médicine, Paris, 1877, p. 255.

“When it is a question of scientific research one must act resolutely, without considering the pain.”—Revue des deux Mondes, Feb. 15, 1883.

“I do not believe that a single experimenter says to himself when he gives curari to a rabbit, or cuts the spinal marrow of a dog, or poisons a frog: ‘Here is an experiment which will relieve or will cure the disease of some men.’ No, in truth, he does not think of that! He says to himself ‘I shall clear up an obscure point, I will seek out a new fact.’ And this scientific curiosity which alone animates him, is explained by the high idea he has formed of Science. This is why we pass our days in fœtid laboratories (dans les salles nauséabondes), surrounded by groaning creatures, in the midst of blood and suffering, bent over palpitating entrails.”—Ibid.

“Science has nothing to do with utility, or rather the true utilitarians are those who have hope in the science of the future.”—Ibid.

Ringer, Sydney, 15, Cavendish Place, W., M.D. Lond., 1863; M.B., 1860; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1870, M. 1863; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A. 1859 (Univ. Coll.); Prof. of Med. Univ. Coll.; Phys. and Prof. of Clin. Med. (late Res. Med. Off.) Univ. Coll. Hosp.; late Asst. Phys. Childr. Hosp. Great Ormond Street and Clin. Asst. Consump. Hosp. Brompton.Author of “Ringer’s Handbook of Therapeutics,” 10th Edit., London, 1883; “On the Temperature of the Body,” &c., London, 1883.Held a License for Vivisection at University College London Physiological Theatre in 1878 and 1879.“In addition to these experiments, we have made some observations clinically. To eighteen adults—fourteen men and four women—we ordered ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce of water, and of these seventeen declared that they were unable to take it. They came back, protesting loudly, and required no questioning as to the symptoms produced. They seemed to be pretty unanimous on one point—that it was about the worst medicine (!) they had ever taken. They said if they ever took another dose they would expect to drop down dead, and it would serve them right. One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering a little from rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he ‘felt giddy,’ as if he would ‘go off insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands turned blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a half before he dared move. His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing pains in the head. He was urged to take another dose, but declined on the ground that he had a wife and family. Another patient had to sit down for an hour after the dose, and said that it ‘took all his strength away.’ He, too, seemed to think that the medicine did not agree with him.… The women appear to have suffered more than the men! at all events, they expressed their opinions more forcibly. One woman said that ten minutes after taking the first dose—she did not try a second—she felt a trembling sensation all over her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there she perspired profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and throbbed violently, until she thought they would burst.… Another woman said she thought she would have died after taking a dose; it threw her into a violent perspiration, and in less than five minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed for hours; it upset her somuch that she was afraid she would never get over it. The only one of the fourteen patients who made no complaint after taking ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect on these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to increase the dose.”—Lancet, Nov. 3, 1883.“In addition to these observations on patients, I made six temperature experiments on rabbits, but the results obtained were simply nil. I soon found—a fact with which I was previously acquainted—that, in those animals, fright exerts a marked influence on the temperature.”—Handbook of Therapeutics, p. 516.“Dr. Rickards and I gave to an habitual drunkard, making him ‘dead drunk,’ twelve ounces of good brandy in a single dose, without the slightest reduction of temperature.”“In a boy aged ten, who had never in his life before taken alcohol in any form, I found, through a large number of observations, a constant and decided reduction of temperature.”—Ibid., pp. 340-1.

Author of “Ringer’s Handbook of Therapeutics,” 10th Edit., London, 1883; “On the Temperature of the Body,” &c., London, 1883.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College London Physiological Theatre in 1878 and 1879.

“In addition to these experiments, we have made some observations clinically. To eighteen adults—fourteen men and four women—we ordered ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce of water, and of these seventeen declared that they were unable to take it. They came back, protesting loudly, and required no questioning as to the symptoms produced. They seemed to be pretty unanimous on one point—that it was about the worst medicine (!) they had ever taken. They said if they ever took another dose they would expect to drop down dead, and it would serve them right. One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering a little from rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he ‘felt giddy,’ as if he would ‘go off insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands turned blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a half before he dared move. His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing pains in the head. He was urged to take another dose, but declined on the ground that he had a wife and family. Another patient had to sit down for an hour after the dose, and said that it ‘took all his strength away.’ He, too, seemed to think that the medicine did not agree with him.… The women appear to have suffered more than the men! at all events, they expressed their opinions more forcibly. One woman said that ten minutes after taking the first dose—she did not try a second—she felt a trembling sensation all over her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there she perspired profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and throbbed violently, until she thought they would burst.… Another woman said she thought she would have died after taking a dose; it threw her into a violent perspiration, and in less than five minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed for hours; it upset her somuch that she was afraid she would never get over it. The only one of the fourteen patients who made no complaint after taking ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect on these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to increase the dose.”—Lancet, Nov. 3, 1883.

“In addition to these observations on patients, I made six temperature experiments on rabbits, but the results obtained were simply nil. I soon found—a fact with which I was previously acquainted—that, in those animals, fright exerts a marked influence on the temperature.”—Handbook of Therapeutics, p. 516.

“Dr. Rickards and I gave to an habitual drunkard, making him ‘dead drunk,’ twelve ounces of good brandy in a single dose, without the slightest reduction of temperature.”

“In a boy aged ten, who had never in his life before taken alcohol in any form, I found, through a large number of observations, a constant and decided reduction of temperature.”—Ibid., pp. 340-1.

Roberty, O., 4, Place de la Corderie, Marseilles. Prof. of Exper. Physiol. School of Medicine.

Robin, Ch. Phil., 94, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1846; Prof. Histol. Med. Faculty Paris, 1862; Mem. Acad. Med., 1858; Mem. Biol. Entomological Anatomical Socs. of Paris; Corr. Acad. Med. Chir. Stockholm; Mem. Institute of France; Senator.Author of “Fermentation” 1848; “Microscopical Anatomy;” 1868-69; “Cellular Anatomy and Physiology,” 1873, and numerous other works; “Journal de l’Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales et Pathologiques de l’homme et des animaux” Paris, 1864-1880.

Author of “Fermentation” 1848; “Microscopical Anatomy;” 1868-69; “Cellular Anatomy and Physiology,” 1873, and numerous other works; “Journal de l’Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales et Pathologiques de l’homme et des animaux” Paris, 1864-1880.

Röhmann, F.M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Breslau.Author of “Beobachtungen an Hunden mit Gallenfistel,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XXIX., p. 509.

Röhmann, F.M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Breslau.

Author of “Beobachtungen an Hunden mit Gallenfistel,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XXIX., p. 509.

Rolleston, George, M.D. Oxon., 1857; M.B., 1854; F.R.C.P. Lond. 1859, M. 1856, (St. Barthol.); late F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Mem. Gen. Med. Counc. Linacre Prof. of Anat.; Hon. Phys. Radcliffe Infirmary; late Lee’s Reader in Anat., etc., etc.Contrib. “The Brain of Man, and the Brains of Certain Animals,” “Medical Times and Gazette,” 1862, etc.Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Anatomical Department of Museum in 1878.“Vivisection is specially likely to tempt a man into certain carelessness; the passive impressions produced by the sight of suffering growing as is the law of our nature, weaker, while the habit of, and the pleasure in experimenting grows stronger by repetition.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 1287.“It is not so easy a thing to know when you have an animal thoroughly anæsthetised; and what is more, some animals recover with much greater rapidity than others of the same species from the same doses of anæsthetics.”—Ibid., Q. 1349.

Contrib. “The Brain of Man, and the Brains of Certain Animals,” “Medical Times and Gazette,” 1862, etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Anatomical Department of Museum in 1878.

“Vivisection is specially likely to tempt a man into certain carelessness; the passive impressions produced by the sight of suffering growing as is the law of our nature, weaker, while the habit of, and the pleasure in experimenting grows stronger by repetition.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 1287.

“It is not so easy a thing to know when you have an animal thoroughly anæsthetised; and what is more, some animals recover with much greater rapidity than others of the same species from the same doses of anæsthetics.”—Ibid., Q. 1349.

Rollet(Prof.), Gratz University.

Rosenthal, Isidor, B. 1836, Erlangen. M.D. Berlin Univ.; Prof. Physiol. and Hygiene at Med. Fac. Univ. of Erlangen.Author of “Athembewegungen u. Innervation derselben, thierische Wärme,” in Hermann’s “Handbuch der Physiologie;” “Allgemeine Physiologie der Muskeln u. Nerven,” in “Internationale Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek;” “Bier u. Branntwein u. ihre Bedeutung für die Volksgesundheit,” 1881.

Rosenthal, Isidor, B. 1836, Erlangen. M.D. Berlin Univ.; Prof. Physiol. and Hygiene at Med. Fac. Univ. of Erlangen.

Author of “Athembewegungen u. Innervation derselben, thierische Wärme,” in Hermann’s “Handbuch der Physiologie;” “Allgemeine Physiologie der Muskeln u. Nerven,” in “Internationale Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek;” “Bier u. Branntwein u. ihre Bedeutung für die Volksgesundheit,” 1881.

Rossbach, Michael Joseph.Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Jena; Director of the Clinic and Policlinic.Author of “Pharmakologische Untersuchungen,” Wurzburg, 1876; “Ueber den Einfluss der Künstlichen Respiration auf Strychnin-vergiftung,” Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1873, No. 24; “Neue Studien ueber den Physiologischen Antagonismus der Gifte,” Pflüger, Vol. XXII., p. 1.Experiments on curarised dogs and cats: Nerves dissected out and stimulated, drugs injected. (SeeLuchsinger.)“At the same time Rossbach also studied the influence of artificial respiration on the cramps induced by strychnine. He totally contradicts the results observed by Leube. Artificial respiration, he finds, does not alter the effects of poison, whether it be given in doses sufficient to produce cramps only or in fatal doses.”—Eckhart’sBeiträge, Vol. X. (1883), p. 40.

Rossbach, Michael Joseph.Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Jena; Director of the Clinic and Policlinic.

Author of “Pharmakologische Untersuchungen,” Wurzburg, 1876; “Ueber den Einfluss der Künstlichen Respiration auf Strychnin-vergiftung,” Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1873, No. 24; “Neue Studien ueber den Physiologischen Antagonismus der Gifte,” Pflüger, Vol. XXII., p. 1.

Experiments on curarised dogs and cats: Nerves dissected out and stimulated, drugs injected. (SeeLuchsinger.)

“At the same time Rossbach also studied the influence of artificial respiration on the cramps induced by strychnine. He totally contradicts the results observed by Leube. Artificial respiration, he finds, does not alter the effects of poison, whether it be given in doses sufficient to produce cramps only or in fatal doses.”—Eckhart’sBeiträge, Vol. X. (1883), p. 40.

Roth, Wladimir.M.D.; ex-Chef de Clin. at Univ. of Moscow.Made experiments with the Venom of Salamanders on frogs.—Rep. inGaz. Med. de Paris, 1877, p. 409.

Roth, Wladimir.M.D.; ex-Chef de Clin. at Univ. of Moscow.

Made experiments with the Venom of Salamanders on frogs.—Rep. inGaz. Med. de Paris, 1877, p. 409.

Roy, Charles Smart, Cambridge. M.B. Edin. and C.M. 1875 (Univ. Edin.) M.D. Edin. 1878, (Edin.) G. H. Lewes, Scholar; late Brown, Prof. of Pathol. Univ., of London; Prof. of Pathol. Univ. of Cam., 1884; formerly Asstn. to Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Strasburg.Contrib. to Journ. of Physiol., Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv. and Virchow’s Archiv.Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University New Museum Physiological Laboratory and at Brown Institution, London, in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses, in 1882. Special Certificates for Experiments without anæsthetics and Certificate permitting Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses in 1883. No Experiments returned on Horses, Mules or Asses.“Let me refer to what has been done by Dr. Roy in 1880, partly in the Physiological Laboratory at Cambridge, and partly in the Leipsic Philological Institute, the experiments being carried out on rabbits, cats, and dogs. The animal was placed under curare, artificial respiration was used, that is to say, a tube was pushed down the animal’s windpipe, and worked by an engine in regular puffs in order to keep the blood oxygenated. Then the back, skull, chest, and abdomen were opened. I don’t suppose these were always opened in one animal, as in many cases the animal would have died. No doubt sometimes part of the experiment took place on one, and sometimes on another. The various organs were dissected out. The principal nerves such as the sciatic nerve and so on, were tied in two places and cut. This lasted for many hours. It is statedthe animal was under the influence of anæsthetics, but the use of curare is admitted. In the most scientific opinion, when curare is used, it neutralizes the use of the anæsthetic. I feel myself at a great disadvantage in treating of these matters as compared with the gentlemen beside me; but if I am making a mistake, I trust I may be corrected. In this instance, however, I believe I am right. Curare creates paralysis, it paralyses the muscles and prevents the animal resisting or showing the symptoms by which alone the existence of anæsthesia can be tested.”—Mr. Reid’s Speech in House of Commons, April 4th, 1883.“It was first sought to obtain information upon this subject by investigating the manner and extent to which the action of the heart is affected by obstruction of the renal arteries and the other large branches of the aorta; the facts obtained by taking this line of inquiry were not however of a kind fitted to throw light upon the problem which it was specially desired to solve. It soon became evident that an investigation of the manner in which the renal secretion and circulation are nominally regulated, and the relation which these bear to the regulating mechanism of the systemic circulation, would be best fitted to supply information of the kind required. The method employed, was to record graphically the changes in volume of one or both kidneys, while at the same time the changes in the blood-pressure in the aorta and the rapidity with which the urine was secreted were also recorded on the same revolving cylinder or, as continuous tracings, upon the paper of Ludwig’s kymograph. The method used for recording the changes in volume of the kidney is the same in principle as that of the plethysmograph. The kidney is enclosed in a rigid metal box, the arrangement being such that while the organ can freely expand or contract, and while the changes in volume are recorded by a lever writing with a light glass pen upon the kymograph paper, no obstruction is offered to the entrance and exit of blood by the renal vessels nor to the outflow of urine by the ureter. The kidney is surrounded by warm olive oil, which, however, is not in immediate contact with its surface, but is separated from it by a delicate flexible membrane of a kind which has already been referred to by the author in several of his published papers, and which prevents any escape of the oil by the side of the blood-vessels and other structures entering the hilus of the gland.… When the instrument is in use, the kidney lies between two delicate, exceedingly flexible membranes, which apply themselves closely to its surface and to the surface of the structures entering the hilus of the organ, and each of these membranes forms with each of the symmetrical halves of the box a chamber which is filled with oil and which communicates by a relatively wide flexible tube with the recording instrument.”Experiment “4. After the immediate effect of the operation has passed off, the volume of the kidney will usually remain unchanged (with exception of the changes due to the pulse and respiration) for many hours unless some change in the conditions of the experiment be intentionally introduced.“5. When theTraube-Heringcurves of the blood-pressure present themselves, the volume of the kidney does not expand with the rhythmic rise in the blood-pressure. With each rise of the blood-pressure the kidneycontracts, expanding with each fallof the blood-pressure. The renal vessels are, therefore, amongst those to the rhythmic contraction and expansion of which theTraube-Heringwaves are due.“6. Arrest for 3 or 4 minutes of the artificial respiration, where that is employed, and where curare has been previously injected, causes a contraction of the renal vessels (which may reach 12 per cent of the post-mortem volume of the kidney) simultaneously with the rise of aortic blood pressure which is produced by the asphyxia.“7. Stimulation of the medulla oblongata by weak induced currents causes a powerful contraction of the renal vessels.“8. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve,e.g., sciatic, brachial plexus, splanchnic, &c., causes a contraction of the renal vessels simultaneous with the rise in the aortic blood-pressure. Stimulation of the central end of the vagus causes a contraction of the kidney (where the vagus of the other side has been cut to eliminate reflex inhibition of the heart), and the renal vesselscontractwhether the stimulation of the central end of the vagus cause a rise or a fall of the aortic blood-pressure.“9. Stimulation of nearly all the roots of the splanchnic in the thorax, and of both larger and smaller splanchnic nerve-trunks causes contraction of the kidney of theoppositeside. The extent to which the kidney contracts on stimulation of the splanchnic is usually very considerable. In one case the kidney contracted on stimulating with a strong induced current for three minutes to an extent which was equal to 63 per cent. of the post-mortem volume of the organ.“10. In nearly every case stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut splanchnic at the point where it passes through the diaphragm causes contraction ofbothkidneys; the kidney of the side opposite to the nerve stimulated commencing to contract later than the one on the same side as the stimulated nerve.“11. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, or of the medulla oblongata, or of the cervical spinal cord, causes a contraction of the renal vessels afterbothsplanchnics have been cut at their point of entrance into the abdominal cavity. Vaso-constrictor influences may therefore pass from the spinal cord to the kidney by some other path than the two splanchnics.“12. Section of the splanchnic does not always cause an expansion of the renal vessels, a fact which would make it doubtful whether a vascular tonus of the renal vessels emanating from the vaso motor centre or centres in the spinal cord is normally present.“13. Stimulation of thecentralends of the majority of the fine nerves which enter the kidney along with the vessels causes a contraction of the vessels of the kidney.“14. Stimulation of theperipheralend of each and all of the renal nerves which accompany the vessels causes a contraction of the organ.“15. After section of all but one of the (usually from 7 to 11) nerves accompanying the renal vessels, stimulation of the peripheral end of the splanchnic or of a sensory nerve still causes a contraction of the kidney which differs but little in amount from that produced by the same stimulation when all the renal nerves wereintact, but which takes longer time to show itself after the stimulation.”—Extracts from paper “On the Mechanism of the Renal Secretion,” by C. S. Roy, M.D.; read before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, May 23, 1881.

Contrib. to Journ. of Physiol., Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv. and Virchow’s Archiv.

Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University New Museum Physiological Laboratory and at Brown Institution, London, in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses, in 1882. Special Certificates for Experiments without anæsthetics and Certificate permitting Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses in 1883. No Experiments returned on Horses, Mules or Asses.

“Let me refer to what has been done by Dr. Roy in 1880, partly in the Physiological Laboratory at Cambridge, and partly in the Leipsic Philological Institute, the experiments being carried out on rabbits, cats, and dogs. The animal was placed under curare, artificial respiration was used, that is to say, a tube was pushed down the animal’s windpipe, and worked by an engine in regular puffs in order to keep the blood oxygenated. Then the back, skull, chest, and abdomen were opened. I don’t suppose these were always opened in one animal, as in many cases the animal would have died. No doubt sometimes part of the experiment took place on one, and sometimes on another. The various organs were dissected out. The principal nerves such as the sciatic nerve and so on, were tied in two places and cut. This lasted for many hours. It is statedthe animal was under the influence of anæsthetics, but the use of curare is admitted. In the most scientific opinion, when curare is used, it neutralizes the use of the anæsthetic. I feel myself at a great disadvantage in treating of these matters as compared with the gentlemen beside me; but if I am making a mistake, I trust I may be corrected. In this instance, however, I believe I am right. Curare creates paralysis, it paralyses the muscles and prevents the animal resisting or showing the symptoms by which alone the existence of anæsthesia can be tested.”—Mr. Reid’s Speech in House of Commons, April 4th, 1883.

“It was first sought to obtain information upon this subject by investigating the manner and extent to which the action of the heart is affected by obstruction of the renal arteries and the other large branches of the aorta; the facts obtained by taking this line of inquiry were not however of a kind fitted to throw light upon the problem which it was specially desired to solve. It soon became evident that an investigation of the manner in which the renal secretion and circulation are nominally regulated, and the relation which these bear to the regulating mechanism of the systemic circulation, would be best fitted to supply information of the kind required. The method employed, was to record graphically the changes in volume of one or both kidneys, while at the same time the changes in the blood-pressure in the aorta and the rapidity with which the urine was secreted were also recorded on the same revolving cylinder or, as continuous tracings, upon the paper of Ludwig’s kymograph. The method used for recording the changes in volume of the kidney is the same in principle as that of the plethysmograph. The kidney is enclosed in a rigid metal box, the arrangement being such that while the organ can freely expand or contract, and while the changes in volume are recorded by a lever writing with a light glass pen upon the kymograph paper, no obstruction is offered to the entrance and exit of blood by the renal vessels nor to the outflow of urine by the ureter. The kidney is surrounded by warm olive oil, which, however, is not in immediate contact with its surface, but is separated from it by a delicate flexible membrane of a kind which has already been referred to by the author in several of his published papers, and which prevents any escape of the oil by the side of the blood-vessels and other structures entering the hilus of the gland.… When the instrument is in use, the kidney lies between two delicate, exceedingly flexible membranes, which apply themselves closely to its surface and to the surface of the structures entering the hilus of the organ, and each of these membranes forms with each of the symmetrical halves of the box a chamber which is filled with oil and which communicates by a relatively wide flexible tube with the recording instrument.”

Experiment “4. After the immediate effect of the operation has passed off, the volume of the kidney will usually remain unchanged (with exception of the changes due to the pulse and respiration) for many hours unless some change in the conditions of the experiment be intentionally introduced.

“5. When theTraube-Heringcurves of the blood-pressure present themselves, the volume of the kidney does not expand with the rhythmic rise in the blood-pressure. With each rise of the blood-pressure the kidneycontracts, expanding with each fallof the blood-pressure. The renal vessels are, therefore, amongst those to the rhythmic contraction and expansion of which theTraube-Heringwaves are due.

“6. Arrest for 3 or 4 minutes of the artificial respiration, where that is employed, and where curare has been previously injected, causes a contraction of the renal vessels (which may reach 12 per cent of the post-mortem volume of the kidney) simultaneously with the rise of aortic blood pressure which is produced by the asphyxia.

“7. Stimulation of the medulla oblongata by weak induced currents causes a powerful contraction of the renal vessels.

“8. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve,e.g., sciatic, brachial plexus, splanchnic, &c., causes a contraction of the renal vessels simultaneous with the rise in the aortic blood-pressure. Stimulation of the central end of the vagus causes a contraction of the kidney (where the vagus of the other side has been cut to eliminate reflex inhibition of the heart), and the renal vesselscontractwhether the stimulation of the central end of the vagus cause a rise or a fall of the aortic blood-pressure.

“9. Stimulation of nearly all the roots of the splanchnic in the thorax, and of both larger and smaller splanchnic nerve-trunks causes contraction of the kidney of theoppositeside. The extent to which the kidney contracts on stimulation of the splanchnic is usually very considerable. In one case the kidney contracted on stimulating with a strong induced current for three minutes to an extent which was equal to 63 per cent. of the post-mortem volume of the organ.

“10. In nearly every case stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut splanchnic at the point where it passes through the diaphragm causes contraction ofbothkidneys; the kidney of the side opposite to the nerve stimulated commencing to contract later than the one on the same side as the stimulated nerve.

“11. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, or of the medulla oblongata, or of the cervical spinal cord, causes a contraction of the renal vessels afterbothsplanchnics have been cut at their point of entrance into the abdominal cavity. Vaso-constrictor influences may therefore pass from the spinal cord to the kidney by some other path than the two splanchnics.

“12. Section of the splanchnic does not always cause an expansion of the renal vessels, a fact which would make it doubtful whether a vascular tonus of the renal vessels emanating from the vaso motor centre or centres in the spinal cord is normally present.

“13. Stimulation of thecentralends of the majority of the fine nerves which enter the kidney along with the vessels causes a contraction of the vessels of the kidney.

“14. Stimulation of theperipheralend of each and all of the renal nerves which accompany the vessels causes a contraction of the organ.

“15. After section of all but one of the (usually from 7 to 11) nerves accompanying the renal vessels, stimulation of the peripheral end of the splanchnic or of a sensory nerve still causes a contraction of the kidney which differs but little in amount from that produced by the same stimulation when all the renal nerves wereintact, but which takes longer time to show itself after the stimulation.”—Extracts from paper “On the Mechanism of the Renal Secretion,” by C. S. Roy, M.D.; read before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, May 23, 1881.

Russo, Antonio.Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Palermo University.

Rutherford, William, University, and 14, Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1863 (Thesis Gold Medallist); M.R.C.S. Eng.; (Univs. Edin., Berlin, Vienna, Paris); F.R.S.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ. Edin.; formerly Prof. of Physiol. King’s Coll. and Roy. Inst. Lond.; Annual Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin. and King’s Coll. Med. Soc.Author of “Outlines of Practical Histology,” 1877; “A Text Book of Physiology,” 1880; “Influence of the Vagus upon the Vascular System;” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1870; “On the Physiological Action of Drugs on the Secretion of Bile;”Ibid., 1879; “Lectures on Experimental Physiology;”Lancet, 1871-72; etc., etc.Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh, Physiological Lecture Room and Laboratory in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-82-83; also a Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics; two Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill; and two Certificates for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878; No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses.“I will take one instance from certain experiments performed by Professor Rutherford, and reported in theBritish Medical Journal. I refer to the series of experiments commenced December the 14th, 1878. These experiments were 31 in number; no doubt there were hundreds of dogs sacrificed upon other series of experiments, but now I am only referring to one set beginning as I say on the 14th of December, 1878. There were in this set 31 experiments, but no doubt many more than 31 dogs were sacrificed. All were performed on dogs, and the nature of them was this: The dogs were starved for many hours. They were then fastened down; the abdomen was cut open; the bile duct was dissected out and cut; a glass tube was tied into the bile duct and brought outside the body. The duct leading to the gall-bladder was then closed by a clamp and various drugs was placed into the intestines at its upper part. The result of these experiments was simply nothing at all—I mean it led to no increase of knowledge whatever, and no one can be astonished at that, because these wretched beasts were placed in such circumstances—their condition was so abnormal—that the ordinary and universally recognised effect of well-known drugs was not produced. These experiments were performed without anæsthetics—the animals were experimented upon under the influence of a drug called curari.”—Mr. Reid’s Speech in the House of Commons, April 4th, 1883.“In your judgment and your own experience, are operations of that description upon a dog to be taken as being evidence of what the effect would be on the human being?—Certainly not, but merely as suggesting what the action would be; that is all. The experimentmust also be tried upon man before a conclusion can be drawn.”—Evid. Roy. Com.Q. 2966.“What is the rule by which you guide yourself in determining whether animals shall be rendered insensible to pain or not?—When the mode of rendering them insensible to pain would interfere with the due result being obtained from the experiment, we do not so render them. Is that any large proportion of the experiments?—I should say a considerable proportion. Would it be more than half the experiments?—I should have a difficulty in saying how many, but I should think about half the experiments that I have done.”—Ibid., 2841-3.“Where did you study physiology yourself?—I studied it in Berlin chiefly. I had to go there to have a whole course of experiments performed for my special benefit; there was a great expenditure of time and teaching power, and also of animals, to teach me alone.”—Ibid., Q. 2867.

Author of “Outlines of Practical Histology,” 1877; “A Text Book of Physiology,” 1880; “Influence of the Vagus upon the Vascular System;” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1870; “On the Physiological Action of Drugs on the Secretion of Bile;”Ibid., 1879; “Lectures on Experimental Physiology;”Lancet, 1871-72; etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh, Physiological Lecture Room and Laboratory in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-82-83; also a Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics; two Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill; and two Certificates for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878; No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses.

“I will take one instance from certain experiments performed by Professor Rutherford, and reported in theBritish Medical Journal. I refer to the series of experiments commenced December the 14th, 1878. These experiments were 31 in number; no doubt there were hundreds of dogs sacrificed upon other series of experiments, but now I am only referring to one set beginning as I say on the 14th of December, 1878. There were in this set 31 experiments, but no doubt many more than 31 dogs were sacrificed. All were performed on dogs, and the nature of them was this: The dogs were starved for many hours. They were then fastened down; the abdomen was cut open; the bile duct was dissected out and cut; a glass tube was tied into the bile duct and brought outside the body. The duct leading to the gall-bladder was then closed by a clamp and various drugs was placed into the intestines at its upper part. The result of these experiments was simply nothing at all—I mean it led to no increase of knowledge whatever, and no one can be astonished at that, because these wretched beasts were placed in such circumstances—their condition was so abnormal—that the ordinary and universally recognised effect of well-known drugs was not produced. These experiments were performed without anæsthetics—the animals were experimented upon under the influence of a drug called curari.”—Mr. Reid’s Speech in the House of Commons, April 4th, 1883.

“In your judgment and your own experience, are operations of that description upon a dog to be taken as being evidence of what the effect would be on the human being?—Certainly not, but merely as suggesting what the action would be; that is all. The experimentmust also be tried upon man before a conclusion can be drawn.”—Evid. Roy. Com.Q. 2966.

“What is the rule by which you guide yourself in determining whether animals shall be rendered insensible to pain or not?—When the mode of rendering them insensible to pain would interfere with the due result being obtained from the experiment, we do not so render them. Is that any large proportion of the experiments?—I should say a considerable proportion. Would it be more than half the experiments?—I should have a difficulty in saying how many, but I should think about half the experiments that I have done.”—Ibid., 2841-3.

“Where did you study physiology yourself?—I studied it in Berlin chiefly. I had to go there to have a whole course of experiments performed for my special benefit; there was a great expenditure of time and teaching power, and also of animals, to teach me alone.”—Ibid., Q. 2867.

Sanderson, John Burdon, Physiol. Lab. Univ. Mus. Oxford, M.D. Edin., 1851; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1863, M. (Exam.) 1855 (Edin.); LL.D., F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; late Jodrell Prof. of Physiol., Univ. College; Waynflete Prof. of Physiol., Oxford; late Phys. Consump. Hosp. Brompton; Asst. Phys. and Lect. Middlesex Hosp.; Mem. Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research.Author of Various Papers and Reports. Editor of “Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory,” 1872.Held a License for Vivisection at the Brown Institution, and University College, London; also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-83.“For this purpose (to produce asphyxia) a cannula must be fixed air tight in the trachea.… The phenomena as they present themselves in the dog, may be enumerated as follows:—First minute—Excessive respiratory movements.… Towards the close of the first minute the animal becomes convulsed.…Second minute.… The iris is now dilated to a rim, the eye does not close when the cornea is touched, nor does the pupil react to light; all reflex action to stimuli has ceased.…Third and fourth minutes.—As death approaches, the thoracic and abdominal movements, which are entirely inspiratory, become slower and slower as well as shallower.… In these spasms which accompany the final gasps of an asphyxiated animal, the head is thrown back, the trunk straightened or arched backwards, and the limbs are extended, while the mouth gapes and the nostrils dilate.”—Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory, p. 320.“In a curarised rabbit, in which artificial respiration is maintained in the usual way, an incision is made in the middle line, extending from the upper third of the sternum to the upper end of the trachea. The external jugular vein of one side is then brought into view, tied in two places, and divided between ligatures.… Both ganglia having been thus prepared with as little loss of time as possible, the sympathetic and vagus nerves are divided, and the medulla oblongata (spinal cord) is then divided.”—Ibid., p. 278.“Fix the point of the chisel in the middle line of the skull (of a rabbit) just behind the protuberance, and bore through the bone,moving the handle of the instrument from side to side in order to assist its passage, but not pressing with too great force. When the skull has been penetrated, push the chisel downwards and forwards through the cerebellum.… In half-an-hour or an hour afterwards test for sugar.”—Ibid., p. 515.“The bile in guinea-pigs is secreted in very large quantities.… When the bile-duct is tied the guinea-pigs die in less than twenty-four hours; but when it is not tied they will live for a week.”—Ibid., p. 505.

Author of Various Papers and Reports. Editor of “Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory,” 1872.

Held a License for Vivisection at the Brown Institution, and University College, London; also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-83.

“For this purpose (to produce asphyxia) a cannula must be fixed air tight in the trachea.… The phenomena as they present themselves in the dog, may be enumerated as follows:—First minute—Excessive respiratory movements.… Towards the close of the first minute the animal becomes convulsed.…Second minute.… The iris is now dilated to a rim, the eye does not close when the cornea is touched, nor does the pupil react to light; all reflex action to stimuli has ceased.…Third and fourth minutes.—As death approaches, the thoracic and abdominal movements, which are entirely inspiratory, become slower and slower as well as shallower.… In these spasms which accompany the final gasps of an asphyxiated animal, the head is thrown back, the trunk straightened or arched backwards, and the limbs are extended, while the mouth gapes and the nostrils dilate.”—Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory, p. 320.

“In a curarised rabbit, in which artificial respiration is maintained in the usual way, an incision is made in the middle line, extending from the upper third of the sternum to the upper end of the trachea. The external jugular vein of one side is then brought into view, tied in two places, and divided between ligatures.… Both ganglia having been thus prepared with as little loss of time as possible, the sympathetic and vagus nerves are divided, and the medulla oblongata (spinal cord) is then divided.”—Ibid., p. 278.

“Fix the point of the chisel in the middle line of the skull (of a rabbit) just behind the protuberance, and bore through the bone,moving the handle of the instrument from side to side in order to assist its passage, but not pressing with too great force. When the skull has been penetrated, push the chisel downwards and forwards through the cerebellum.… In half-an-hour or an hour afterwards test for sugar.”—Ibid., p. 515.

“The bile in guinea-pigs is secreted in very large quantities.… When the bile-duct is tied the guinea-pigs die in less than twenty-four hours; but when it is not tied they will live for a week.”—Ibid., p. 505.

Savory, Wm. Scovell, 66, Brook Street, W. M.B. Lond. (Univ. Med. Schl.), 1848; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.) 1852; M. 1847; F.R.S.; Mem. Comt. Exam. Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng.; Surg. and Lect. on Surg. St. Bath. Hosp.; Exam. Surg. Univ. Coll.; Surg. Christ’s Hosp.; late Prof. Comp. Anat. and Physiol. R.C.S. Eng.Author of “Life and Death;” “Essays on Pyæmia, &c.;” St. Bart. Hosp. Reps. and Various Essays in Philos. and Med. and Chir. Trans. and Med. Journ.Made experiments on dogs—to study the relative temperature of arterial and venous blood.—Lancet, Vol. I., 1857, pp. 371-398.

Author of “Life and Death;” “Essays on Pyæmia, &c.;” St. Bart. Hosp. Reps. and Various Essays in Philos. and Med. and Chir. Trans. and Med. Journ.

Made experiments on dogs—to study the relative temperature of arterial and venous blood.—Lancet, Vol. I., 1857, pp. 371-398.

Schäfer, Edw. Albert, University College, Gower Street, W.C. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Jodrell Prof. of Physiol. Univ. Coll.; formerly Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst.Author of “A Course of Practical Histology,” London, 1883; Contrib. Proc. Roy. Soc. and Journ. Anat. and Phys., &c. &c.; Editor of Microscopic Part of Quain’s Anatomy, 8th Edition.Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, Physiological Theatre, Microscope Room with Ante Room, the Jodrell Laboratory, Physiological Laboratory, and Curator’s Rooms in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878-79-80-81-82-83.“Then may I take it there are a great number of experiments which, supposing a frog to be a sensitive animal, must cause a vast deal of pain, which are not done under chloroform?—There is no doubt of it. And there is no precaution taken to diminish pain, if it suffers pain?—I think I may say no special precaution.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 3,801-2.

Schäfer, Edw. Albert, University College, Gower Street, W.C. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Jodrell Prof. of Physiol. Univ. Coll.; formerly Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst.

Author of “A Course of Practical Histology,” London, 1883; Contrib. Proc. Roy. Soc. and Journ. Anat. and Phys., &c. &c.; Editor of Microscopic Part of Quain’s Anatomy, 8th Edition.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, Physiological Theatre, Microscope Room with Ante Room, the Jodrell Laboratory, Physiological Laboratory, and Curator’s Rooms in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878-79-80-81-82-83.

“Then may I take it there are a great number of experiments which, supposing a frog to be a sensitive animal, must cause a vast deal of pain, which are not done under chloroform?—There is no doubt of it. And there is no precaution taken to diminish pain, if it suffers pain?—I think I may say no special precaution.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 3,801-2.

Schiff, Moritz.B. at Frankfort, O.M., 1823; Studied at Univs. Heidelberg, Göttingen, and Berlin; Laureate in Med., Gott., 1844; Pupil of Majendie and Longet; formerly Curator of Ornithological Museum, Frankfort; Prof. of Ornith. and Path. Anat., Bern, 1855; Prof. Physiol., Florence, 1872; Prof. Physiol. at Geneva, 1876.Author of “De vi motoria bascos encephali,” Frankfort, 1845; “Untersuchungen zur Physiologie des Nervensystems,” 1854; “Nerven und Muskel-Physiologie,” Lahr, 1838; “Ueber Zuckerbildung in der Leber,” Wurzburg, 1859; “Sul sistema nervoso encefalico,” Florence, 1865; “Sur la Physiologie de la Digestion,” Turin, 1867; “Sulla Misura della Sensazione,” Florence, 1869; “De l’Inflammation et de la Circulation,” Paris, 1873; “La pupille comme esthesiomètre,” Paris, 1875, etc.“In Professor Schiff’s work, almost every lecture is accompanied by the sacrifice of some animal; 700 a year, it is stated, thus perish (1343). Calls attention to a discrepancy between two statements of Professor Schiff: one stating that the dogs made no noise because they were not in pain; the other stating that their nerves of vocalisation had been cut “pour les empêcher.… de discréditer ainsi les études physiologiques auprês des habitants du quartier” (1287).”—Digest Ev. Roy. Com., p. 11.“A number of rabbits were deprived of food until they ate dead frogs thrown into their hutch. The object of this experiment was to show that herbivorous animals could live on animal food (See Schiff,Physiologie de la Digestive, Vol. I., p. 67). What use this information may be put to I leave to the judgment of unbiassed minds to determine. I know that the rabbits suffered very much before they were induced to eat the dead frogs.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 4,888, p. 244.“After the thousands of experiments made by these gentlemen, by which they are enabled to contradict each other, and after all this fiendish massacre, the latest writer on the nervous system, Moritz Schiff, a man who has gained some notoriety as a vivisector, concludes, from numberless other experiments he has made, that the functions of the cerebellum are altogether unknown.”—Fleming’s Essay, p. 33.

Author of “De vi motoria bascos encephali,” Frankfort, 1845; “Untersuchungen zur Physiologie des Nervensystems,” 1854; “Nerven und Muskel-Physiologie,” Lahr, 1838; “Ueber Zuckerbildung in der Leber,” Wurzburg, 1859; “Sul sistema nervoso encefalico,” Florence, 1865; “Sur la Physiologie de la Digestion,” Turin, 1867; “Sulla Misura della Sensazione,” Florence, 1869; “De l’Inflammation et de la Circulation,” Paris, 1873; “La pupille comme esthesiomètre,” Paris, 1875, etc.

“In Professor Schiff’s work, almost every lecture is accompanied by the sacrifice of some animal; 700 a year, it is stated, thus perish (1343). Calls attention to a discrepancy between two statements of Professor Schiff: one stating that the dogs made no noise because they were not in pain; the other stating that their nerves of vocalisation had been cut “pour les empêcher.… de discréditer ainsi les études physiologiques auprês des habitants du quartier” (1287).”—Digest Ev. Roy. Com., p. 11.

“A number of rabbits were deprived of food until they ate dead frogs thrown into their hutch. The object of this experiment was to show that herbivorous animals could live on animal food (See Schiff,Physiologie de la Digestive, Vol. I., p. 67). What use this information may be put to I leave to the judgment of unbiassed minds to determine. I know that the rabbits suffered very much before they were induced to eat the dead frogs.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 4,888, p. 244.

“After the thousands of experiments made by these gentlemen, by which they are enabled to contradict each other, and after all this fiendish massacre, the latest writer on the nervous system, Moritz Schiff, a man who has gained some notoriety as a vivisector, concludes, from numberless other experiments he has made, that the functions of the cerebellum are altogether unknown.”—Fleming’s Essay, p. 33.

Schmidt, Albrecht.Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Dorpat.

Scott, John Alfred, 25, Idrone Terrace, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. L.K.Q.C.P. Irel. and L.M., 1882; L.R.C.S.I., 1881; L.M. Rot. Hosp., Dub., 1880; (Ledw. and Carm. Schs. and Mercer’s and Adelaide Hosps., Dub.); Fell. Acad. Med. Irel.; Mem. Photog. Soc. Irel.; Lect. on Anat. Physiol. Carm. Coll. of Med. Dub.Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Lecture Rooms and Laboratory, Carmichael College, Dublin, in 1882 and 1883. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882 and 1883. No Experiments returned, 1882.

Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Lecture Rooms and Laboratory, Carmichael College, Dublin, in 1882 and 1883. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882 and 1883. No Experiments returned, 1882.

Sedgwick, Wm. T.Ph.B.; Fellow of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.Contrib. “The influence of quinine upon the reflex excitability of the spinal cord.”—“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. III., p. 22.Experiments on frogs.

Sedgwick, Wm. T.Ph.B.; Fellow of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.

Contrib. “The influence of quinine upon the reflex excitability of the spinal cord.”—“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. III., p. 22.

Experiments on frogs.

Senator, Hermann, 7, Bauhofstrasse, Berlin. B. Gnesen, 1834; M.D., Berlin, 1858; Pupil of Johannes Müller, 1875; Direct. Inner Dept. of Augusta Hosp.; and Prof. extraord. Med. Faculty, Berlin.Co-editor (with Prof. H. Kronecker) of “Centralblatt für die medicinischen Wissenschaften.”

Senator, Hermann, 7, Bauhofstrasse, Berlin. B. Gnesen, 1834; M.D., Berlin, 1858; Pupil of Johannes Müller, 1875; Direct. Inner Dept. of Augusta Hosp.; and Prof. extraord. Med. Faculty, Berlin.

Co-editor (with Prof. H. Kronecker) of “Centralblatt für die medicinischen Wissenschaften.”

Sertoli, Enrico, Prof. Univ., Milan. Scuola Sup. di Veterinaria.

Severini, Luigi, Perugia. Prof. Università Libera, Corso di Zoojatrice.

Sewall, Henry.B. Sc.; Ph. D.; Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.; Assoc. in Biol. Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore.Contrib. “Experiments upon the ears of fishes with reference to the function of equilibrium.”—“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. IV., p. 339, &c.“The experiments to be described were carried on by means of the facilities offered at the Marine Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University during the summer of 1881, at Beaufort, N.C., and again in 1883, on the Chesapeake Bay.… Records were made of experiments performed upon more than ninety individuals (sharks and skate).… The experiments … were performed under unusually favourable anatomical conditions, but it must be confessed that the results obtained are far from forming a solution of the problem investigated.”—Journ. of Physiol., Vol. IV., pp. 338, etc.

Sewall, Henry.B. Sc.; Ph. D.; Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.; Assoc. in Biol. Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore.

Contrib. “Experiments upon the ears of fishes with reference to the function of equilibrium.”—“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. IV., p. 339, &c.

“The experiments to be described were carried on by means of the facilities offered at the Marine Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University during the summer of 1881, at Beaufort, N.C., and again in 1883, on the Chesapeake Bay.… Records were made of experiments performed upon more than ninety individuals (sharks and skate).… The experiments … were performed under unusually favourable anatomical conditions, but it must be confessed that the results obtained are far from forming a solution of the problem investigated.”—Journ. of Physiol., Vol. IV., pp. 338, etc.

Sharpey, William.B. at Arbroath, Forfarshire, 1802; d. 1881. Studied at Edinburgh and Paris; M.D. Edinburgh, 1823; LL.D. Edin.; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1830; F.R.S., F.R.S.E.; a Trustee Hunt. Mus.; Mem. Gen. Med. Counc.; Mem. Senate Univ. Lond.; Emerit. Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Univ. of London, 1836; F.R.S., 1839.“Has performed experiments on living animals, and sometimes exhibited them (389-91), and considers such experiments absolutely necessary for the progress of physiology (393), and that scientific investigation by competent persons is important for the development of medical and surgical improvement (398-401).”—Digest. Ev. Roy. Com., p. 4.“The chief use of employing curari is to render the animal quite still; that is the great purpose of it. What Mr. Hutton says is quite true, that it is not generally recognised as an anæsthetic, and, therefore, not used as an anæsthetic.—Then it is a contrivance to save to the operator the trouble which the manifestation of pain by the animal might occasion him? It facilitates the operation at any rate.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 462-3.

“Has performed experiments on living animals, and sometimes exhibited them (389-91), and considers such experiments absolutely necessary for the progress of physiology (393), and that scientific investigation by competent persons is important for the development of medical and surgical improvement (398-401).”—Digest. Ev. Roy. Com., p. 4.

“The chief use of employing curari is to render the animal quite still; that is the great purpose of it. What Mr. Hutton says is quite true, that it is not generally recognised as an anæsthetic, and, therefore, not used as an anæsthetic.—Then it is a contrivance to save to the operator the trouble which the manifestation of pain by the animal might occasion him? It facilitates the operation at any rate.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 462-3.

Sibson, Francis, 59, Brook Street, W. M.D. Lond. 1848; M.D. Dub. (Hon.) 1867; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1853; Hon. D.C.L. Durh.; F.R.S.; Mem. Senate (formerly Exam. in Med.) Univ. Lond.; Vice-Pres. (late Pres. Council) Brit. Med. Assoc.; late Sen. Phys. and Lect. on Clin. Med. St. Mary’s Hosp.; Goulst. Lect. R.C.P. Lond., 1853; Croon. Lect., 1870.Author of “Medical Anatomy;” “The Causes which excite Respiration in Health and Disease;” Physiol. Address, 1851, etc., etc.

Author of “Medical Anatomy;” “The Causes which excite Respiration in Health and Disease;” Physiol. Address, 1851, etc., etc.

Sieveking, Ed. Henry, 17, Manchester Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1841; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1852 (Univ. Coll. and Edin.); Pres. Harv. Soc., 1861; Vice-Pres. Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Phys. Extraord. to H.M. the Queen; Phys. in Ord. to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phys. to St. Mary’s Hosp.; Phys. Hosp. for Paralysis and Epilepsy, etc.Formerly Editor “Medico-Chirurgical Review;” Author of “Manual of Pathological Anatomy” (with Dr. H. Jones), 1854, etc.

Formerly Editor “Medico-Chirurgical Review;” Author of “Manual of Pathological Anatomy” (with Dr. H. Jones), 1854, etc.

Sihler, Christian, M.D., Fellow of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.Author of “On the so-called Heat Dyspnœa,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. II, p. 192.Placed some dogs with cervical cord cut, in a heated chamber to test experiments made previously by Goldstein.

Sihler, Christian, M.D., Fellow of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.

Author of “On the so-called Heat Dyspnœa,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. II, p. 192.

Placed some dogs with cervical cord cut, in a heated chamber to test experiments made previously by Goldstein.

Silvestri, Luigi, Perugia. Prof. Università Libera Corso di Zoojatrice.

Solera, Luigi.Prof. Catania University.

Soloweitschyk, Isaac, St. Petersburg.Made experiments on the action of the different combinations of Antimony in the Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Strasburg. Exper. VIII., on a cat weighing about 7¾ lbs. The nervi vagi cut, the animal curarised, and artificial respiration established, electrodes inserted into the spinal marrow and an electric current sent through the nerves.--Archiv. für Exper. Pathol., 12, 5, 6.

Soloweitschyk, Isaac, St. Petersburg.

Made experiments on the action of the different combinations of Antimony in the Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Strasburg. Exper. VIII., on a cat weighing about 7¾ lbs. The nervi vagi cut, the animal curarised, and artificial respiration established, electrodes inserted into the spinal marrow and an electric current sent through the nerves.--Archiv. für Exper. Pathol., 12, 5, 6.

Soltmann, O.Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Breslau.“With reference to the published works of Fritsch and Hitzig on the motor centres of the cortex, and also (while I am engaged in the same studies) concerning the experiments of Hermann on electrical stimulation in Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. X., I feel called upon to make the following communication:—(1) In newly-born dogs no muscular movements were observed during electrical stimulation of the cortex cerebri; (2) These movements were only observed some days (9-11 days) after birth; (3) The extent and form of the motor centres of the cortex vary; in young animals they differ from those of fully grown animals. The necessary subjects for further experimentation (pregnant bitches and young dogs of all ages) are difficult to obtain so that the experiments only proceed slowly. Breslau, 10 March, 1875.”—Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1875, p. 210.

Soltmann, O.Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Breslau.

“With reference to the published works of Fritsch and Hitzig on the motor centres of the cortex, and also (while I am engaged in the same studies) concerning the experiments of Hermann on electrical stimulation in Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. X., I feel called upon to make the following communication:—(1) In newly-born dogs no muscular movements were observed during electrical stimulation of the cortex cerebri; (2) These movements were only observed some days (9-11 days) after birth; (3) The extent and form of the motor centres of the cortex vary; in young animals they differ from those of fully grown animals. The necessary subjects for further experimentation (pregnant bitches and young dogs of all ages) are difficult to obtain so that the experiments only proceed slowly. Breslau, 10 March, 1875.”—Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1875, p. 210.

Stefani, Aristide, Ferrara. Università Libera, Corso di Zoojatrice.Author (jointly with Weiss) of “Ricerche anatomiche intorno al cervelletto di Comlombi sani ed operati nei Canali Semicircolari,” Com. to Acad. Ferrara, 24 Nov., 1877.

Stefani, Aristide, Ferrara. Università Libera, Corso di Zoojatrice.

Author (jointly with Weiss) of “Ricerche anatomiche intorno al cervelletto di Comlombi sani ed operati nei Canali Semicircolari,” Com. to Acad. Ferrara, 24 Nov., 1877.

Sternberg, George M.M.D., Surgeon and Major, U.S.A.Contrib. “Induced Septicæmia in the Rabbit,” Amer. Journ. of Med. Sciences, July, 1882; “Experiments to determine the germicide value of certain Therapeutic Agents,”Ibid., April, 1883.“The object of the present paper is to compare the results obtained in some recently reported experiments upon rabbits (Report to the Scientific Grants Committee of the British Medical Association, by Peter Murray Braidwood, M.D., F.R.M.S., and Francis Vacher, F.R.C.S., Ed.,British Med. Journ., Nos. 1,100 and 1,101, 1882) with the writers experiments made last year, under the auspices of the National Board of Health (a fatal form of septicæmia in the rabbit produced by the subcutaneous injection of human saliva).—National Board of Health Bulletin, April 30, 1881.“I have demonstrated by repeated experiments that my saliva in doses of 1·25 c.c. to 1·75 c.c. injected into the subcutaneous connective tissue of a rabbit,infallibly produces death, usually within forty-eight hours.”… “The saliva of four students, residents of Baltimore gave negative results; eleven rabbits injected with the saliva of six individuals in Philadelphia gave eight deaths and three negative results; but in the fatal cases a less degree of virulence was shown in six cases by a more prolonged period between the date of injection and the date of death.”—Amer. Journ. of Med. Sciences, July, 1882, pp. 71, &c.

Sternberg, George M.M.D., Surgeon and Major, U.S.A.

Contrib. “Induced Septicæmia in the Rabbit,” Amer. Journ. of Med. Sciences, July, 1882; “Experiments to determine the germicide value of certain Therapeutic Agents,”Ibid., April, 1883.

“The object of the present paper is to compare the results obtained in some recently reported experiments upon rabbits (Report to the Scientific Grants Committee of the British Medical Association, by Peter Murray Braidwood, M.D., F.R.M.S., and Francis Vacher, F.R.C.S., Ed.,British Med. Journ., Nos. 1,100 and 1,101, 1882) with the writers experiments made last year, under the auspices of the National Board of Health (a fatal form of septicæmia in the rabbit produced by the subcutaneous injection of human saliva).—National Board of Health Bulletin, April 30, 1881.

“I have demonstrated by repeated experiments that my saliva in doses of 1·25 c.c. to 1·75 c.c. injected into the subcutaneous connective tissue of a rabbit,infallibly produces death, usually within forty-eight hours.”… “The saliva of four students, residents of Baltimore gave negative results; eleven rabbits injected with the saliva of six individuals in Philadelphia gave eight deaths and three negative results; but in the fatal cases a less degree of virulence was shown in six cases by a more prolonged period between the date of injection and the date of death.”—Amer. Journ. of Med. Sciences, July, 1882, pp. 71, &c.

Stevenson, Thomas, Guy’s Hosp., S.E., and 45, Gresham Road, S.W. M.D. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1871; M. 1864; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Guy’s); Lect. on Chem. and Med. Jurisp. Guy’s Hosp.; Analyst Surrey, Bedfordsh., St. Pancras, Shoreditch, etc.; Exam. in Forensic Med. Univ. Lond.Joint Author “On the Application of Physiological tests for certain Organic Poisons, especially Digitaline;” Proc. Roy. Soc. 1865, and various Papers in Guy’s Hosp. Reps., etc.Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum Theatre and Lecture Room in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1883.

Joint Author “On the Application of Physiological tests for certain Organic Poisons, especially Digitaline;” Proc. Roy. Soc. 1865, and various Papers in Guy’s Hosp. Reps., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum Theatre and Lecture Room in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1883.

Stirling, William, Marischal College, Aberdeen. B. Sc. Edin. (1st Class Honours), 1870; D. Sc. (1st Class Honours in Physiol.) 1872; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1872; M.D. (Gold Medallist), 1875; (Edin., Leipsig, Berlin and Paris); Regius Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ. Aberdeen.Author of “Text Book of Practical Histology” (plates), 1881; “Outlines of Physiological Chemistry,” 1881; “Effects of Division of the Sympathetic Nerve in the Neck of Young Animals,” “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc.Held a License for Vivisection at University Aberdeen Physiological Department in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1881.

Author of “Text Book of Practical Histology” (plates), 1881; “Outlines of Physiological Chemistry,” 1881; “Effects of Division of the Sympathetic Nerve in the Neck of Young Animals,” “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Aberdeen Physiological Department in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1881.

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