COMBRETACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 113.J. Fleischmann del.Combretum racemosum Beauv.APart of a flowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CFruit.DCross-section of fruit.
COMBRETACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 113.J. Fleischmann del.Combretum racemosum Beauv.APart of a flowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CFruit.DCross-section of fruit.
COMBRETACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 113.
J. Fleischmann del.
Combretum racemosum Beauv.
APart of a flowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CFruit.DCross-section of fruit.
MYRTACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 114.J. Fleischmann del.Eugenia natalitia Sond.AFlowering branch.BHermaphrodite flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off).CCross-section of ovary.DMale flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off).EFruit.FSeed cut lengthwise.
MYRTACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 114.J. Fleischmann del.Eugenia natalitia Sond.AFlowering branch.BHermaphrodite flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off).CCross-section of ovary.DMale flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off).EFruit.FSeed cut lengthwise.
MYRTACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 114.
J. Fleischmann del.
Eugenia natalitia Sond.
AFlowering branch.BHermaphrodite flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off).CCross-section of ovary.DMale flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off).EFruit.FSeed cut lengthwise.
Fruits not crowded in a cone; pericarp fleshy or leathery outside, bony within. Flowers in usually long, often panicled spikes. Funicle smooth.Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the branches.—Species 80.Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, resin used for fumigating, tanning and dyeing materials, food for silk-worms, edible oily seeds, and medicaments; others are used as ornamental plants.TerminaliaL.
FAMILY 180.MYRTACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx with imbricate, open, or closed aestivation. Petals free and imbricate in bud, or united into a hood. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary usually inferior or half-inferior, 2-5-celled, the cells sometimes incomplete at the top. Ovules inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, rarely (Psiloxylon) 3-4-parted. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 10, species 85. (Plate 114.)
1. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Embryo straight, with large cotyledons. Trees.[SubfamilyLEPTOSPERMOIDEAE, tribe LEPTOSPERMEAE.]2Fruit a berry. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Stamens numerous.Leaves opposite. [SubfamilyMYRTOIDEAE, tribe MYRTEAE.]52. Calyx entire or nearly so. Petals united into a hood falling off as a whole.Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior. Leaves of older trees mostly alternate.—Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in various regions.They yield timber, bark for tanning, an astringent resin (kino), and an ethereal oil used in perfumery and medicine. [SubtribeEEUCALYPTINAE.]EucalyptusL’Hér.Calyx with 5 lobes. Petals 5, free.33. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Leaves opposite.—Species1. South Africa. [Tribe METROSIDERINAE.]MetrosiderosBanksStamens 5-10. Ovary superior. Leaves alternate.44. Stamens 5-8. Stigma 1, entire. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species2. South Africa.HeteropyxisHarv.Stamens 10. Stigmas 3-4. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1.Mascarene Islands. Yields timber. (FropieraHook. fil.)PsiloxylonThouars5. Embryo with a short radicle and large, fleshy cotyledons. Flowers usually4-merous. Sepals separate or indistinct. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled.[SubtribeEUGENIINAE.]6Embryo with a long, curved radicle and shorter or somewhat longer cotyledons. Flowers usually 5-merous. Petals free. [SubtribeMYRTINAE.]86. Ovary in the centre of the receptacle. Calyx-tube contrasting distinctlywith the pedicel, not or slightly prolonged above the ovary. Petals free.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, bark used for tanning, edible fruits, and medicaments. (IncludingChloromyrtusPierre). (Plate 114.)EugeniaL.Ovary in the upper part of the receptacle. Calyx-tube gradually narrowed into the pedicel, usually much prolonged above the ovary.77. Petals free, falling singly. Stamens inserted upon a distinct disc. Sepals comparatively large.—Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in Madagascar and the Mascarenes, the other two cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, bark used for tanning, spices (cloves fromJ. caryophyllusNied.), medicaments, and edible fruits; some are used as ornamental plants. (IncludingCaryophyllusL., underEugeniaL.)JambosaDC.Petals more or less cohering, usually falling off together. Staminiferous disc none. Sepals usually small.—Species 25. Tropical and SouthAfrica. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, spices, medicaments, and edible fruits. (IncludingAcmenaDC., underEugeniaL.)SyzygiumGaertn.8. Placentas in the upper part of the ovary-cells, bearing 1-6 ovules each.Ovary 2-celled. Calyx divided already in the bud. Seeds 1-2, witha membranous coat; embryo spirally twisted, with minute cotyledons.—Species2. Cultivated and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, an aromatic oil, spices (allspice), and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants.PimentaLindl.Placentas in the middle of the ovary-cells, bearing numerous ovules each.Ovary completely or incompletely 3-5-, rarely 2-celled. Seeds numerous, with a horny coat; embryo curved, not spiral.99. Calyx already divided into segments in the bud. Ovary and fruit completely or incompletely 2-3-celled. Embryo with rather large cotyledons.—Species1 (M. communisL., myrtle). North Africa andAbyssinia, also naturalized in St. Helena. It is used as an ornamental plant and yields tanning bark and an oil employed in perfumery and medicine.MyrtusL.Calyx closed in the bud, bursting subsequently. Ovary and fruit usually4-5-celled. Embryo with minute cotyledons.—Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, bast used for paper-making, tanning and dyeing materials, vegetables, edible fruits (guavas), and medicaments.PsidiumL.
FAMILY 181.MELASTOMATACEAE
Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, usually with 3-11 longitudinal nerves, not dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals perigynous or epigynous, free, usually with contorted aestivation. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice as many, rarely as many as the petals. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, usually with anenlarged connective and opening at the top by 1-2 pores or short slits. Ovary generally inferior or half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigma entire. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 33, species 280. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 115.)
1. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 6-20, inserted upon a free central placenta.Fruit a berry. Seed 1, large. Calyx entire or 4-lobed. Petals white or blue. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Anthers short, with a posterior appendage, opening in front by two longitudinal slits. Shrubs or trees. Leaves penninerved or obscurely trinerved. [SubfamilyMEMECYLOIDEAE, tribe MEMECYLEAE.]2Ovary completely 2- or more-celled. Ovules numerous, inserted upon axile placentas. Seeds numerous, small. [SubfamilyMELASTOMATOIDEAE.]32. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base. Petals reddish. Flowers in terminal fascicles. Stem and inflorescence bristly.—Species 1. EastAfrica.WarneckeaGilgConnective of the stamens not lengthened at the base, but spurred at the back. Petals white or blue. Flowers in axillary inflorescences, more rarely in terminal, many-flowered cymes. Stem and inflorescence glabrous.—Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, medicaments, and edible fruits.MemecylonL.3. Seeds strongly curved or spirally coiled. Fruit usually a membranous,4-5-valved capsule with a convex, usually bristly summit. Connective of the stamens unappendaged behind, but furnished with two spurs or gibbosities in front, rarely quite unappendaged. Calyx-lobes usually large and alternating with bristles or small teeth. [TribeOSBECKIEAE.]4Seeds straight or slightly curved, rarely strongly curved, but then fruit bursting irregularly or indehiscent and connective gibbous before and behind. Connective usually appendaged behind, or before and behind.174. Stamens of two kinds, the larger with the connective distinctly lengthened at the base and furnished with two spurs or bosses, the smaller ones witha not or slightly lengthened connective. Shrubs or trees.5Stamens equal in shape, but sometimes unequal in length.85. Connective of the smaller stamens unappendaged, of the larger with two bosses. Calyx-tube glabrous; teeth very short. Fruit with a membranous skin, bursting irregularly. Low shrubs. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species2. West Africa.DinophoraBenth.Connective of all stamens provided with 2 spurs or bosses. Calyx-tube usually hairy. Fruit with a membranous skin, but dehiscing in 4-5 valves, or with a leathery or fleshy skin.66. Calyx without accessory teeth. Connective of all stamens lengthenedat the base and provided with 2 awns. Fruit 4-5-valved. Rough-hairy shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 20.Madagascar.DichaetantheraEndl.Calyx with accessory teeth outside the sepals. Connective of the smaller stamens not or scarcely lengthened.77. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin leathery or fleshy.Flowers 5-7-merous. Shrubs with rough branches and bristly leaves.—Species1. Seychelles.MelastomaBurm.Fruit opening by 4-5 valves; skin membranous or leathery. Ovary adnate to the calyx-tube by 4-5 longitudinal partitions. Flowers 4-5-merous.Hairy, usually bristly herbs, undershrubs or shrubs.—Species50. Central and South Africa; one species also naturalized in theMascarene Islands. An intoxicating drink is prepared from the roots of some species. (IncludingArgyrellaNaud.) (Plate 115.)DissotisBenth.8. Connective with two spur-like appendages. Ovary half-inferior. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles.9Connective with two bosses or without any appendage.129. Stamens unequal in length. Connective much lengthened at the base.Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes broadly rounded. Ovary with 4 bristles at the top. Shrubs.—-Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.BarbeyastrumCogn.Stamens equal in length. Connective not or slightly lengthened at the base.1010. Connective lengthened at the base. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped, glabrous. Calyx-lobes 4, very short. Petals yellow.Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.AmphorocalyxBak.Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base. Calyx-tube bell-shaped.Calyx-lobes rather large. Shrubs with pink petals, or herbs.1111. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx without accessory teeth. Shrubs. Leaves5-11-nerved.—Species 2. Madagascar.DionychiaNaud.Flowers 5-merous. Calyx with 5 bristle-like accessory teeth alternating with the sepals. Herbs. Leaves 3-nerved.—Species 4. Madagascar.RhodosepalaBak.12. Calyx with accessory teeth or bristles alternating with the sepals. Stamens equal in length. Ovary with bristles at the top.13Calyx without accessory teeth or bristles. Petals red or white. Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube.1513. Ovary free. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous or scantily hairy.Petals yellow. Connective not lengthened at the base, obscurely tubercled. Erect herbs. Flowers terminal, solitary or ternate.—Species1. West Africa.NerophilaNaud.Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube usually hairy.Petals usually red.1414. Anthers smooth, oval-oblong. Connective more or less lengthened and provided with two bosses at the base. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.—Species2. Tropics. (UnderOsbeckiaL.)AntherotomaHook. fil.Anthers with a wavy surface, linear, rarely broader, but then connective not distinctly lengthened at the base.—Species 20. Tropical and South-eastAfrica. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.OsbeckiaL.15. Anthers linear. Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base, provided with two bosses in front. Stamens usually unequal in length. Calyx-tube bristly. Shrubs.—Species 15. Tropics. Some species yield edible fruits and medicaments.TristemmaJuss.Anthers ovoid. Connective lengthened at the base, unappendaged. Stamens equal in length. Ovary glabrous at the top. Herbs. Flowers solitary.1616. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube hairy. Ovary inferior. Flowers terminal.—Species1. West Africa. (UnderGuyoniaNaud.)AfzeliellaGilgFlowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous. Ovary half-inferior.—Species2. West Africa.GuyoniaNaud.17. (3.) Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin fleshy or leathery, rarely membranous. Connective furnished with appendages in front and behind, rarely only in front. [Tribe DISSOCHAETEAE.]18Fruit opening by 3-6 valves; skin membranous, rarely leathery. Connective usually furnished with appendages only behind.2518. Connective with two spurs in front, unappendaged behind. Stamens equal or nearly so.19Connective with two spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind. Calyx-lobes tooth-shaped, bristle-shaped, or wanting. Flowers in cymes, umbels, or panicles.2019. Calyx distinctly 5-lobed. Connective very shortly prolonged at the base.Fruit a berry. Herbs. Flowers solitary.—Species 1. West Africa(Cameroons).TetraphyllasterGilgCalyx obscurely lobed. Connective much prolonged at the base. Fruit a capsule with a membranous skin. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in panicles.—Species5. West Africa.SakersiaHook. fil.20. Stamens distinctly unequal, the connective of the longer ones lengthened at the base and furnished with 1 spur behind and 2 in front, that of the shorter ones also with one spur behind but none in front. Flowers 5-merous.Calyx-tube top- or urn-shaped; lobes short, alternating with accessory teeth. Petals red. Ovary adnate up to the middle. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.—Species 3. West Africa.DicellandraHook. fil.Stamens equal or nearly so, rarely very unequal, but then the connective of all with 2 appendages in front and usually not lengthened at the base.2121. Stamens distinctly unequal. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, saucer-shaped at the top, entire or nearly so. Climbingshrubs. Lower leaves alternate, upper whorled. Flowers at the base of the stem in many-flowered globose inflorescences, composed of cymes.—Species1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon).MyrianthemumGilgStamens equal or subequal, rarely (Medinilla) distinctly unequal, but then calyx-tube not much constricted and inflorescence not many-flowered and springing from the base of the stem.2222. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base and furnished with a spur in front and a boss behind. Flowers 5-merous. Ovary wholly adnate. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.—Species 1.Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).PreussiellaGilgConnective with 2 spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind.2323. Stem woody, shrubby. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube entirely or by several dissepiments.—Species 25.Tropics. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.MedinillaGaud.Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves opposite; side-nerves nearly perpendicular to the main nerves. Flowers 5-merous, in terminal umbels or panicles. Connective with 2 bosses in front and one behind.2424. Flowers in panicles. Petals subacute. Ovary in its lower half adhering to the calyx-tube by dissepiments. Style without scales at the base.Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds curved.—Species 1. Central Africa.PhaeoneuronGilgFlowers in umbels. Petals acuminate. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube to above the middle. Style surrounded at the base by 5 scales.—Species1. East Africa.OrthogoneuronGilg25. (17.) Fruit and ovary cylindrical or angled, convex at the top. Stamens equal; connective appendaged behind only, more rarely without any appendage. [Tribe OXYSPOREAE.]26Fruit and usually also the ovary angled or winged, broad and flat or concave at the top, rarely (Calvoa) slightly convex, but then the connective appendaged in front or in front and behind. [Tribe SONERILEAE.]2926. Stem herbaceous or half-shrubby, erect. Leaves large. Flowers in umbels, large, red, 5-merous. Calyx-tube angled; lobes long. Petals produced into a thread-like point. Connective with a thick spur and two glands. Ovary crowned by 5 scales.—Species 1. East Africa.PetalonemaGilgStem shrubby, more rarely half-shrubby, but then decumbent and bearing small leaves. Flowers in cymes or panicles.2727. Stem half-shrubby, decumbent. Connective shortly prolonged at the base, tubercled or obscurely spurred behind.—Species 1. Madagascar.PhornothamnusBak.Stem shrubby. Connective not prolonged.2828. Calyx-limb divided into 4 large lobes without accessory teeth. Connective unappendaged. Ovary adhering below to the calyx-tube by several
MELASTOMATACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 115.J. Fleischmann del.Dissotis capitata (Vahl) Hook. fil.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CCross-section of ovary.DFruit.ESeed.
MELASTOMATACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 115.J. Fleischmann del.Dissotis capitata (Vahl) Hook. fil.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CCross-section of ovary.DFruit.ESeed.
MELASTOMATACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 115.
J. Fleischmann del.
Dissotis capitata (Vahl) Hook. fil.
AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CCross-section of ovary.DFruit.ESeed.
OENOTHERACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 116.J. Fleischmann del.Jussieua linifolia VahlAPlant in flower.BFlowering branch of a taller specimen.CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.EFruit.FSeed.
OENOTHERACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 116.J. Fleischmann del.Jussieua linifolia VahlAPlant in flower.BFlowering branch of a taller specimen.CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.EFruit.FSeed.
OENOTHERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 116.
J. Fleischmann del.
Jussieua linifolia Vahl
APlant in flower.BFlowering branch of a taller specimen.CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.EFruit.FSeed.
dissepiments and crowned by 4 bristle-like scales.—Species 1. Madagascar.RousseauxiaDC.Calyx-limb entire or sinuate, provided with 5 accessory teeth. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube all round.—Species 20. Madagascar.VeprecellaNaud.29. Connective of the stamens appendaged behind only, not or shortly prolonged at the base.30Connective of the stamens appendaged in front or also behind, or unappendaged.Flowers 5-merous.3230. Stamens unequal in length. Herbs with a thickened root-stock. Leaves cordate, 9-nerved.—Species 2. Central Africa.CincinnobotrysGilgStamens equal in length. Flowers 5-merous.3131. Calyx almost entire. Ovary crowned by 5 scales. Erect herbs with glandular hairs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in umbels.—Species 1.East Africa.UrothecaGilgCalyx 5-toothed. Herbs with a very short stem and cymose flowers, or climbing shrubs.—Species 15. Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants.GravesiaNaud.32. Stamens distinctly unequal; connective of the longer ones lengthened at the base, furnished with 1-2 bosses or spurs in front, spurred or unappendaged behind.—Species 8. West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.AmphiblemmaNaud.Stamens equal or nearly so; connective not or shortly lengthened at the base, usually provided with a scale in front, rarely also with a boss behind.—Species 9. Central Africa.CalvoaHook. fil.
FAMILY 182.OENOTHERACEAE
Leaves undivided or pinnately cleft. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, racemes, or panicles, 2-6-, rarely 4-merous. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals free, rarely (Ludwigia) absent. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 10, species 40. (ONAGRACEAE, includingHYDROCARYACEAE.) (Plate 116.)
1. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each cell. Flowers4-merous. Fruit top-shaped, woody, indehiscent. Floating herbs, with filiform branched side-roots and broad radical leaves.—Species 2. The seeds are edible and are used for preparing meal and medicaments.“Water Chestnut.” [Tribe TRAPEAE.]TrapaL.Ovary inferior, 2-celled with one ascending ovule in each cell, or more frequently 3-6-celled with numerous ovules.22. Flowers 2-merous. Receptacle prolonged above the ovary in the shape of a stalk. Petals white or reddish. Stamens 2. Ovules and seeds2. Fruit an ovoid nut with a leathery rind, covered with hooked bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1.North Africa. [Tribe CIRCAEEAE.]CircaeaL.Flowers 3-6-merous. Stamens 3-12. Ovules and seeds numerous.Fruit a capsule or a berry.33. Flowers with bracteoles, regular. Receptacle (calyx-tube) not prolonged beyond the ovary. Calyx persistent. Petals yellow or white, rarely absent. Fruit loculicidal and septicidal. Herbs or undershrubs.Stipules present, but usually minute and caducous. [Tribe JUSSIEUEAE.]4Flowers without bracteoles, 4-merous. Receptacle more or less prolonged above the ovary; if obscurely prolonged, then flowers somewhat irregular with red petals. Calyx deciduous. Stamens 8. Fruit loculicidal or indehiscent.54. Stamens 3-6.—Species 5. (IncludingIsnardiaL.)LudwigiaL.Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-6. Epigynous disc pyramidal or cushion-shaped.—Species10. Some of them are used medicinally and for dyeing. (Plate 116.)JussieuaL.5. Stem woody. Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular. Calyx coloured, witha long tube. Petals red or violet. Stamens unequal. Fruit a berry.—Species1. Naturalized in some tropical countries. An ornamental plant. [Tribe FUCHSIEAE.]FuchsiaL.Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves exstipulate. Fruita capsule.66. Calyx-tube short, bell-shaped. Petals usually red. Stamens unequal in length. Fruit linear with a membranous rind. Seeds with a tuft of hairs. [Tribe EPILOBIEAE.]7Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped or cylindrical. Calyx-lobes reflexed.Flowers regular. Petals usually yellow. Stamens subequal. Stigma4-partite. Seeds without a tuft of hairs. [Tribe OENOTHEREAE.]87. Flowers somewhat irregular, large. Calyx-tube scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals red, spreading. Stamens in one row, bent down, broadened at the base. Style bent down, hairy at the base. Stigma4-partite.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Yields tea and medicaments, and serves as a vegetable and as an ornamental plant. (UnderEpilobiumL.)ChamaeneriumSpachFlowers regular, usually small. Calyx-tube shortly bell-shaped above the ovary. Stamens in two rows, erect. Style erect, glabrous.—Species15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.“Willow-herb.”EpilobiumL.8. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, rather short (as long as or shorter than the lobes).Petals red or white. Fruit club-shaped, stalked, keeled at the angles, with a more or less woody rind. Seeds with an elongated funicle. Leaves pinnatifid.—Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa.Ornamental plants. (UnderOenotheraL.)XylopleurumSpachCalyx-tube cylindrical, long. Petals yellow. Fruit obscurely angled, with a more or less membranous or leathery rind.99. Seeds horizontal, sharply angled, with a thick coat. Leaves dentate.—Species2. Naturalized in North and South Africa. Ornamental plants; one species (O. biennisScop.) has edible roots. (UnderOenotheraL.)OnagraTourn.Seeds ascending, rounded, egg-shaped, with an appendage at the top.Leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid.—Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa and some tropical islands. Ornamental plants.“Evening primrose.”OenotheraSpach
SUBORDER HALORRHAGINEAE
FAMILY 183.HALORRHAGACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, lobed, or pinnately divided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles spikes or panicles, small, regular, 2-4-merous. Petals free or in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 1-8. Anthers attached by the base, opening laterally by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with a single ovule or with 4 ovules, or 4-celled with one-ovuled cells. Ovules pendulous, inverted. Styles or sessile stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit a nut, drupe, or schizocarp. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 117.)
1. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule. Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Sepals 2.Petals 1-2, or more frequently wanting. Stamens 1-2. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a very short embryo. Terrestrial plants. Leaves radical, kidney-shaped, crenate. Flowers in spikes or panicles.—Species1. East and South Africa and Madagascar. Used medicinally.[SubfamilyGUNNEROIDEAE.]GunneraL.Ovary 1-celled with 4 ovules, or 4-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 4. Sepals4, sometimes scarcely perceptible in the female flowers. Petals 4 or in the female flowers absent. Stamens 2-8. Seeds with a long embryo.[SubfamilyHALORRHAGOIDEAE.]22. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 4-celled. Stamens 4. Fruit one-seeded, dry and indehiscent. Terrestrial plants. Leaves undivided.Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 9. (SerpiculaL.) (Plate 117.)[Tribe HALORRHAGEAE.]LaurembergiaBergOvary 4-celled. Fruit 2-4-seeded, usually separating into mericarps.Aquatic plants. Leaves usually pinnately divided. Flowers solitary and axillary or in terminal spikes.—Species 5. North, South, andEast Africa and Madagascar. [Tribe MYRIOPHYLLEAE.]MyriophyllumL.
SUBORDER CYNOMORIINEAE
FAMILY 184.CYNOMORIACEAE
Reddish-brown, fleshy herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves scale-like. Flowers in terminal spadices, polygamous. Perianth of 1-5 narrow segments. Stamen 1. Anther versatile, turned inwards, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, almost straight. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a nut. Seed albuminous; embryo small, without cotyledons.
Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally.CynomoriumMich.
ORDER UMBELLIFLORAE
FAMILY 185.ARALIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually stipulate. Inflorescence composed of umbels, racemes, heads, or spikes. Flowers 4-16-merous. Calyx entire or shortly toothed, imbricate or open in bud. Petals free, valvate in bud, or united into a cap. Stamens as many as petals or more. Anthers versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, crowned by a disc (stylopod), 2-or more-celled, rarely (Polyscias) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 118.)
1. Stem climbing by means of small aerial roots. Leaves entire or lobed, without stipules. Flowers in umbels, 5-merous; pedicels not jointed.Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled; style simple. Fruit a berry; endocarp membranous. Seeds with ruminate albumen.—Species 1 (H. HelixL., ivy). North Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants; the fruits are poisonous.HederaL.Stem without adhesive roots. Leaves pinnate or digitate, rarely undivided or lobed, but then ovary 2-4-celled and style 2-4-parted. Fruit a drupe or a nut; endocarp leathery, crustaceous, cartilaginous, or bony.22. Leaves undivided, lobed, or digitate. Stipules usually distinctly developed.Pedicels not jointed.3Leaves pinnate. Stipules indistinctly developed or wanting. Seeds with uniform albumen.53. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-4-celled. Styles short, free or united below. Stylopod convex or conical. Petals 5, free. Stamens 5. Endocarp crustaceous.Albumen usually ruminate. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely in umbels.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (IncludingSeemannaraliaViguier). (Plate 118.)CussoniaThunb.Ovary 5-15-celled. Petals 5-15, usually united in the shape of a cap.Albumen uniform. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in racemes.Leaves digitate.44. Stamens as many as the petals.—Species 13. Tropics. (IncludingAstropanaxSeem.,HeptapleurumGaertn., andSciadophyllumP. Browne)ScheffleraForst.
HALORRHAGACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 117.J. Fleischmann del.Laurembergia repens BergAFlowering branch.BMale flower cut lengthwise.CFemale flower cut lengthwise.DYoung fruit.EYoung fruit cut lengthwise.
HALORRHAGACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 117.J. Fleischmann del.Laurembergia repens BergAFlowering branch.BMale flower cut lengthwise.CFemale flower cut lengthwise.DYoung fruit.EYoung fruit cut lengthwise.
HALORRHAGACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 117.
J. Fleischmann del.
Laurembergia repens Berg
AFlowering branch.BMale flower cut lengthwise.CFemale flower cut lengthwise.DYoung fruit.EYoung fruit cut lengthwise.
ARALIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 118.J. Fleischmann del.Cussonia spicata Thunb.ALeaf.BFlower-bud.CFlower-bud cut lengthwise.DInflorescence.
ARALIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 118.J. Fleischmann del.Cussonia spicata Thunb.ALeaf.BFlower-bud.CFlower-bud cut lengthwise.DInflorescence.
ARALIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 118.
J. Fleischmann del.
Cussonia spicata Thunb.
ALeaf.BFlower-bud.CFlower-bud cut lengthwise.DInflorescence.
Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals 5, cohering in the shape of a cap. Ovary 8-10-celled. Flowers in spicately arranged heads.—Species1. Seychelles.GeopanaxHemsl.5. Flowers in umbels or racemes with jointed pedicels, very rarely in spikes or heads. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 1-10. Stamens as many as the petals.6Flowers in umbels; pedicels not jointed. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 10-15. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets.76. Styles present, usually free and filiform. Seeds smooth or folded on the surface.—Species 30. Tropics. (IncludingCuphocarpusDecne. etPlanch. andTieghemopanaxViguier, underPanaxL.)PolysciasForst.Styles absent; stigmas 2, seated upon the conical stylopod. Ovary 2-celled.Pericarp with 8 oil-channels. Seeds 4-lobed. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets. Flowers in panicled umbels.—Species1. Madagascar. (UnderPanaxL.)SciadopanaxSeem.7. Petals free or cohering at the tip. Stamens as many as the petals, 10-15; filaments flattened. Styles awl-shaped. Trees.—Species 4. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands.GastoniaComm.Petals united throughout their whole length. Stamens numerous; filaments awl-shaped. Style none; stigma 2-cleft. Shrubs.—Species 1.Seychelles.IndokingiaHemsl.
FAMILY 186.UMBELLIFERAE
Mostly herbs with a jointed stem. Leaves alternate, rarely (Drusa) opposite, usually dissected and with a sheathing stalk. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or in racemed false-whorls, regular or the outermost flowers, of the inflorescence somewhat irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Calyx-limb usually faintly developed or wanting. Petals 5, free, usually bent inwards at the tip and therefore apparently notched or 2-lobed, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, rarely one cell only fertile, very rarely ovary 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, arising from a more or less distinctly 2-lobed disc (stylopod), rarely (Lagoecia) style simple. Fruit dry, usually separating into 2 mericarps attached to the 2-parted, more rarely 2-cleft, simple, or obsolete carpophore. Pericarp ribbed and usually traversed by oil-channels commonly situated in the furrows between the primary ribs which as a rule enclose vascular bundles. Seeds with an adnate testa, a horny albumen, and a small embryo with flat cotyledons.—Genera 92, species 410. (APIACEAE.) (Plate 119.)
1. Fruit with a woody rind, without a free carpophore. Oil-channels wanting, more rarely small and situated beneath the primary ribs. Seeds rather flat on the inner face. Petals straight, rarely bent inwards at the point and thread-shaped. Flowers in solitary or fascicled simple umbels or in racemed false-whorls, rarely (Hermas) in compound umbels. Leaves undivided,lobed, or 3-parted. [SubfamilyHYDROCOTYLOIDEAE.]2Fruit with a membranous or leathery rind, rarely (tribeCoriandreae) witha woody one, but then oil-channels situated on the inner surface of the mericarps and seeds deeply grooved on this side. Flowers usually in compound umbels.62. Fruit much compressed laterally, with a very narrow commissure and a much projecting dorsal angle. Oil-channels very narrow or wanting.Calyx-limb indistinct or shortly toothed. Petals with a straight point.[Tribe HYDROCOTYLEAE.]3Fruit compressed from front to back, with a broad commissure. [TribeMULINEAE.]43. Mericarps with 5 ribs, the marginal ones contiguous. Flowers hermaphrodite.Petals valvate in bud. Leaves roundish, stipulate.—Species15. Some are used medicinally.HydrocotyleL.Mericarps with 7-9 ribs connected by a network of veins, the marginal ribs divergent. Flowers polygamous. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaves exstipulate.—Species 20. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used medicinally. (UnderHydrocotyleL.)CentellaL.4. Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, with faint ribs. Oil-channels more or less obvious. Calyx-teeth narrow. Petals elliptical or lanceolate, with a straight point. Herbs forming cushion-shaped tufts. Leaves3-cleft or 3-parted, alternate. Flowers in terminal simple umbels.—Species1. Island of Kerguelen.AzorellaLam.Fruit much compressed, winged. Oil-channels obscure or absent. Calyx-teeth large or wanting. Leaves undivided or lobed.55. Wings of the fruit arising from the marginal ribs and covered with barbed prickles. Seeds not furrowed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-lobes wanting. Petals elliptical, with a straight point. Flowers in simple umbels arising at the forks of the stem. Leaves usually opposite, clothed with barbed bristles.—Species 1. Canary Islands. (UnderBowlesiaRuiz et Pav.)DrusaDC.Wings of the fruit arising from the intermedial ribs. Fruit netted or wrinkled on the back. Seeds angular-furrowed. Flowers polygamous.Calyx-lobes broad-lanceolate, petal-like in the male flowers. Petals awl-shaped, with the point bent inwards. Flowers in compound umbels.Leaves alternate, tomentose beneath.—Species 5. South Africa(Cape Colony).HermasL.6. (1.) Styles 2, surrounded by a ring-shaped disc, filiform and rather long, rarely a single style. Fruit covered with scales, prickles, or tubercles.Carpophore adnate or wanting. Oil-channels under the primary ribs, scattered, or wanting (none in the furrows). Calyx-lobes large. Petals with the point bent inwards. Flowers in umbels heads or spikes, which are simple or arranged in heads or cymes. [SubfamilySANICULOIDEAE.]7Styles 2, arising from the top of a more or less elevated disc (stylopod).Carpophore usually free. Oil-channels in general only in the furrows of the fruit. Flowers nearly always in compound umbels. [SubfamilyAPIOIDEAE.]117. Ovary with 1 perfect and 1 imperfect cell, the latter empty or containing a rudimentary ovule; in the latter case flowers dioecious and fruit with faint secondary ribs and without oil-channels. Oil-channels indistinct or wanting; in the former case style single. [Tribe LAGOECIEAE.]8Ovary with 2 perfect cells and ovules. Styles 2. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious-polygamous. [Tribe SANICULEAE.]98. Style 1. Oil-channels present. Flowers hermaphrodite, in simple umbels with pinnately divided involucral bracts. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species1. North-east Africa (Cyrenaica).LagoeciaL.Styles 2. Oil-channels absent. Flowers dioecious, in compound umbels or in umbels arranged in heads, with undivided involucral bracts. Leaves lobed.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally.ArctopusL.9. Flowers polygamous, in umbels arranged in cymes. Ovary and fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Fruit more or less globose, without distinct ribs, but with many large and small oil-channels.—Species 2.North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally.SaniculaL.Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or spikes. Ovary and fruit clothed with scales or tubercles. Fruit ovoid, with several large and many small oil-channels or without distinct oil-channels.1010. Flowers in few-flowered heads with a 2-ranked involucre of usually 10 bracts, without bracteoles beneath the single flowers. Calyx-limb membranous. Fruit with thick and warty primary ribs. Oil-channels indistinct. Leaves undivided.—Species 8. South and Central Africa.AlepideaLaroch.Flowers in many-flowered heads or spikes with an involucre of several or many, usually prickly bracts, and with a bracteole under each flower.Calyx-teeth stiff. Fruit without distinct ribs, scaly.—Species 15.North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine.EryngiumL.11. (6.) Secondary ribs between the primary ribs of the fruit distinctly developed, similar to, or larger than the primary ribs, more or less distinctly winged or beset with rows of prickles.12Secondary ribs slightly prominent or wanting.2312. Secondary ribs, at least some of them, winged and unarmed. [TribeLASERPITIEAE.]13Secondary ribs not distinctly winged, but beset with prickles, more rarely with bristles or tubercles.1713. Fruit much compressed from front to back. Seeds flat or nearly so on the inner face. [SubtribeTHAPSIINAE.]14Fruit scarcely or not at all compressed, broadly winged, glabrous. Oil-channels also under the primary ribs. Seeds deeply grooved on theinner face. [SubtribeELAEOSELINAE.]1614. Secondary ribs with a narrow or indistinct wing. Oil-channels only under the secondary ribs, narrow. Petals white, slightly notched.—Species 3.Cape Verde Islands. Used medicinally.TornabeneaParl.Secondary ribs with a broad wing. Petals entire.1515. Primary ribs very prominent. Oil-channels also under the primary ribs.Petals white or reddish.—Species 2. Island of Madeira. The roots are edible. (IncludingMoniziaLowe, underThapsiaL.)MelanoselinumHoffm.Primary ribs slightly prominent. Oil-channels only under the secondary ribs. Petals yellow.—Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally.ThapsiaL.16. Fruit with 4 wings, contracted at the commissure. Oil-channels distant.Petals narrow, yellow.—Species 5. North Africa. Used medicinally.ElaeoselinumKochFruit with 8 wings and a broad commissure. Oil-channels nearly contiguous.Petals broad, white,.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).(UnderElaeoselinumKoch)MargotiaBoiss.17. (12.) Albumen deeply grooved on the inner face of the seeds. [TribeSCANDICINEAE, subtribeCAUCALINAE.]18Albumen slightly grooved or flat on the inner face of the seeds.2118. Albumen rolled in at the edge. Commissure narrowed. Primary ribs prickly. Secondary ribs with 1-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels obvious. Umbels of 2-6 rays.—Species 5. North Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally. (IncludingTurgeniaHoffm.)CaucalisL.Albumen flat at the edge.1919. Fruit with a broad commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps). Primary ribs covered with short bristles. Secondary ribs with 2-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 5-8 rays.—Species 1.North Africa. (UnderDaucusL.)OrlayaHoffm.Fruit with a narrow commissure.2020. Secondary ribs prominent, rounded, warty. Oil-channels obscure. Umbels of many rays.—Species 2. North-west Africa.AmmiopsisBoiss.Secondary ribs scarcely prominent, prickly. Primary ribs ciliate. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 6-12 rays.—Species 9. North and SouthAfrica and mountains of Central Africa. (UnderCaucalisL.)TorilisAdans.21. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally and narrowed at the commissure.Secondary ribs clothed with bristles. Seeds slightly grooved on the inner face. Calyx-teeth long, awl-shaped, unequal. Petals oblong, white or pink. Umbels of 3-5 rays.—Species 1 (C. CyminumL.).North Africa, also cultivated in East Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment and a medicament.CuminumL.Fruit flattened from front to back. Calyx-teeth short. [TribeDAUCEAE.]2222. Secondary ribs clothed with white bristles. Primary ribs nearly glabrous.Petals white. Umbels opposite to the leaves, with 2-4 rays.—Species1. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment. (UnderDaucusL.)AmmodaucusCoss. & Dur.Secondary ribs beset with one row of long prickles. Primary ribs clothed with short bristles.—Species 20. North Africa to Abyssinia; one species naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Some species (especiallyD. CarotaL., carrot) yield vegetables, gum-resin, and medicaments.DaucusL.23. (11.) Seeds very concave or marked with a deep furrow on the inner face.24Seeds flat, slightly concave, or somewhat convex on the inner face.4424. Flowers polygamous, the sessile hermaphrodite ones surrounded each by several stalked males. Petals white. Style long. Fruit nearly always one-seeded. Ribs indistinct. Albumen rolled in at the edge. [TribeECHINOPHOREAE.]25Flowers of the primary umbels polygamous, but irregularly arranged, or hermaphrodite. Fruit nearly always 2-seeded.2625. Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower adnate to the pedicels of the male, which subsequently form a woody cup around the fruit. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow.—Species 1. North Africa. The root is edible.EchinophoraL.Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower not adnate to the pedicels of the male; no cup around the fruit. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow.—Species 1.Abyssinia.PycnocyclaLindl.26. Leaves undivided, entire. Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow or yellowish-green.Fruit laterally compressed.—Species 25. North and SouthAfrica. Some are used medicinally.BupleurumTourn.Leaves, at least the lower ones, dissected.2727. Fruit linear or oblong. [Tribe SCANDICINEAE, subtribeSCANDICINAE.]28Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose.3528. Fruit beaked. Oil-channels very narrow, situated in the furrows and under the primary ribs.29Fruit not beaked. Oil-channels usually broad. Petals bent inwards and notched at the tip.3129. Fruit with a long beak. Ribs obtuse. Calyx not toothed. Petals entire and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip. Umbels of few rays.—Species3. North Africa. Used medicinally.ScandixL.Fruit with a short beak.3030. Fruit cylindrical, broadened at the base, without ribs in the lower part.Calyx not toothed. Petals narrow, entire and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip.—Species 3. North and East Africa. One of them, the chervil (A. CerefoliumHoffm.) is grown as a pot-herb and also usedmedicinally.AnthriscusHoffm.Fruit oblong, hispid, with broad and obtuse ribs. Calyx toothed. Petals broad, bent inwards and notched at the tip. Involucral bracts numerous.—Species2. North-west Africa. (UnderAthamanthaL.)TinguarraParl.31. Fruit without distinct ribs, oblong, somewhat flattened from front to back, clothed with long hairs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, narrow; besides two larger ones at the commissure. Calyx-teeth awl-shaped.Petals minute, white.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (UnderCaucalisL.)ChaetosciadiumBoiss.Fruit with distinct ribs. Calyx-teeth wanting.3232. Fruit with thread- or keel-shaped ribs. Oil-channels thin or rather thin.Root tuberous.33Fruit with broad and rounded, roll-shaped ribs. Oil-channels large, solitary in the furrows. Root not tuberous.3433. Leaf-segments linear. Umbels of 10-20 rays. Involucre reduced to a single bract or wanting. Involucels of many bractlets. Oil-channels numerous.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (GeocaryumCoss. etDur., underChaerophyllumL.)ConopodiumKochLeaf-segments lanceolate or ovate. Umbels of 5-10 rays. Involucre and involucels of 1-4 bracts.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (IncludingBalansaeaBoiss. et Reut., underChaerophyllumL. orBuniumKoch).BiasolettiaKoch34. Fruit conical, clothed with bristles or short prickles. Umbels few-flowered.—Species1. North-west Africa. (UnderChaerophyllumL.)PhysocaulisTausch.Fruit cylindrical, glabrous.—Species 3. North Africa. One species is poisonous.ChaerophyllumL.35. (27.) Pericarp woody. Ribs slightly prominent or obscure. Oil-channels only at the commissure. [Tribe CORIANDREAE.]36Pericarp not woody. Oil-channels also on the back of the fruit, or all indistinct. [Tribe SMYRNIEAE.]3736. Fruit biglobose, much broader than long, wrinkled, without distinct ribs.Commissure small, perforated. Mericarps separating when ripe. Calyx not toothed.—Species 2. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment.BiforaHoffm.Fruit ovoid or globose, not broader than long, with wavy ribs. Commissure large, not perforated. Mericarps not separating. Calyx toothed.—Species1 (C. sativumL.). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized in Central Africa. The fruits are used as a condiment and for preparing an aromatic oil.CoriandrumL.37. Pericarp much thickened; corky, spongy, or blistery. Ribs broad, more or less roll-shaped, sometimes confluent.38Pericarp not much thickened. Ribs narrow, thread-shaped, sometimes obscure. Fruit laterally compressed, with a narrow commissure, moreor less biglobose.4138. Ribs of the fruit confluent; furrows hardly perceptible. Fruit ovoid, glabrous or hairy. Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards.Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.—Species 3.North-west Africa.CachrysL.Ribs of the fruit separated; furrows distinctly visible. Calyx toothed.3939. Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded, roll-shaped; furrows very narrow, each with several oil-channels. Fruit slightly or not compressed, hairy. Albumen curved. Petals white. Leaf-segments broad.—Species2. North-west Africa.MagydarisKochRibs of the fruit slender, more or less thread-shaped; furrows not very narrow. Albumen rolled inwards. Leaf-segments narrow.4040. Fruit covered with blisters, broad-cordate, laterally much compressed. Oil-channels1-3 to each furrow. Seeds loosely enclosed by the pericarp.Petals white. Leaf-segments oblong.—Species 1. East Africa.TrachydiumLinkFruit smooth or covered with tubercles or hairs. Oil-channels numerous.Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.—Species 3. North-west Africa.Used medicinally.HippomarathrumLindl.41. Oil-channels replaced by a continuous oil-layer. Fruit ovoid. Pericarp thick. Ribs thick, wavy or crenate. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed. Petals white, shortly inflexed.—Species 2. North Africa,Abyssinia, and South Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Hemlock.”ConiumL.Oil-channels separated. Fruit cordate. Pericarp thin. Ribs thin.Petals long inflexed.4242. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Albumen curved. Calyx toothed.Petals white.—Species 1. North Africa.PhysospermumCuss.Oil-channels 2 or more in each furrow. Root tuberous.4343. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed.Petals white. Involucre wanting.—Species 1. North-east Africa(Cyrenaica). (UnderConopodiumKoch).ScaligeriaDC.Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards. Petals yellow.—Species2. North Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments.SmyrniumL.44. (23.) Marginal ribs of the mericarps much more prominent than the dorsal and more or less distinctly winged. Mericarps and seeds much compressed from front to back. [Tribe PEUCEDANEAE.]45Marginal ribs of the mericarps similar to the dorsal. Mericarps and seeds slightly or not compressed. [Tribe AMMINEAE.]5745. Nerves (vascular bundles) of the marginal ribs next to the edge of the mericarps, distant from the seed.46Nerves of the marginal ribs situated at their base near the seed.5246. Marginal wings of the mericarps much thickened at the edge.47Marginal wings of the mericarps slightly or not thickened at the edge ornot distinctly developed.5047. Mericarps without dorsal ribs. Oil-channels only in the marginal ribs.Petals white.—Species 1. South Africa. (PappeaSond. & Harv.)ChoritaeniaBenth. & Hook.Mericarps with filiform dorsal ribs. Oil-channels also on the back of the mericarps.4848. Thickened margin of the mericarps gibbous. Oil-channels very thin.Calyx toothed. Petals white, 2-cleft.—Species 2. North Africa.They yield vegetables and medicaments.TordyliumL.Thickened margin of the mericarps slightly uneven. Oil-channels distinctly developed.4949. Marginal wings of the mericarps traversed lengthwise by a broad oil-channel.Petals yellow, turned or rolled inwards at the top.—Species 7.East and North Africa.MalabailaHoffm.Marginal wings of the mericarps not traversed by an oil-channel. Petals white, hairy.—Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (UnderHeracleumL.)ZozimiaHoffm.50. Oil-channels not extending to the base of the mericarps, usually ending at the middle in a club-shaped swelling, solitary in the furrows. Dorsal ribs slightly prominent. Marginal wings membranous. Calyx toothed.Petals deeply emarginate, usually white. Involucels of many bractlets.—Species2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They yield edible roots, fodder, and medicaments.HeracleumL.Oil-channels, at least some of them, extending to the base of the fruit.Calyx rarely toothed. Petals slightly or not emarginate, yellow greenish or reddish.5151. Leaves once pinnatisect. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral umbels male. Petals broad, much rolled in.Marginal wings of the mericarps membranous. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely in pairs.—Species 2. One growing wild in SouthAfrica, the other cultivated in North Africa. Root edible. “Parsnip.”(UnderPeucedanumL.)PastinacaL.Leaves repeatedly pinnatisect. Flowers polygamous, those of the lateral umbels male. Petals narrow, shortly bent inwards. Disc broad.Marginal wings of the mericarps thickish or indistinct.—Species 10.North and East Africa. Several species yield a gum-resin (African ammoniacum) used industrially and medicinally, others serve as vegetables or as ornamental plants.FerulaL.52. (45.) Dorsal ribs of the mericarps very prominent. Marginal ribs more or less thickened. Oil-channels solitary in each rib and solitary or wanting in the furrows. Umbels opposite to the leaves, of few rays. Petals white.—Species 4. North and South Africa. Some have edible roots.(KruberaHoffm., includingSclerosciadiumKoch).CapnophyllumGaertn.Dorsal ribs of the mericarps slightly prominent, more or less filiform.5353. Marginal ribs of the mericarps thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx toothed.54Marginal ribs of the mericarps not thickened, closely contiguous.5554. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments broad.—Species 1. Canary Islands.AstydamiaDC.Petals white. Leaf-segments narrow.—Species 1. Egypt.DucrosiaBoiss.55. Oil-channels numerous. Marginal wings thick. Disc broad. Petals yellow, not or shortly bent inwards. Flowers polygamous, in the lateral umbels male.—Species 1. North Africa. (UnderFerulaL.)FerulagoKochOil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Petals much bent or rolled inwards.Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral umbels sometimes male.5656. Fruit moderately compressed, with a narrow marginal wing. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Petals broad and rolled inwards at the tip, yellow. Umbels without an involucre.—Species 1.(A. graveolensL., dill). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized inCentral and South Africa. Used as a pot-herb. (UnderPeucedanumL.)AnethumTourn.Fruit much compressed, with a membranous, usually broad marginal wing.Petals narrowed and much bent inwards at the tip.—Species 50. Some of them have edible roots or are used in medicine. (IncludingBubonL.,ImperatoriaTourn., andLefeburiaA. Rich.)PeucedanumL.57. (44.) Fruit compressed from front to back or not compressed; commissure(plane of junction of the mericarps) broad. Ribs usually prominent: wing-like, keeled, or broad, more rarely filiform. [SubtribeSESELINAE.]58Fruit compressed laterally; commissure more or less narrowed. Ribs usually slender, filiform, rarely keel- or wing-like. [SubtribeCARINAE.]7358. Ribs of the fruit very prominent, keel- or wing-like.59Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent, filiform or broad.6959. Ribs wing-like.60Ribs keel- or ridge-like.6260. Oil-channels numerous. Leaves 2-5 times pinnately dissected.—Species1. North Africa. “Lovage.” (UnderMeumJacq.)LigusticumL.Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.6161. Marginal wings of the fruit thin. Dorsal wings either corky or partly wing-like, partly filiform. Mericarps usually unequal. Calyx toothed.—Species10. South Africa. Some of them have edible roots. (IncludingStenosemisE. Mey.) (Plate 119.)AnnesorrhizaCham. & Schlechtd.Marginal wings of the fruit thick. All wings equal, membranous or spongy.Mericarps equal. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.—Species 2.South Africa. (UnderSelinumL.)CnidiumCuss.62. Oil-channels numerous, crowded around the seed. Pericarp thickened, spongy. Fruit egg-shaped. Calyx toothed. Petals narrowed and rolled in at the tip, white. Undershrubs. Leaves fleshy, with narrow segments. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.—Species 1.North Africa. Used as a pot-herb. “Samphire.”CrithmumTourn.Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely (Seseli) accompanied by a second channel in each furrow or one under each rib.6363. Calyx toothed. Petals white or reddish. Involucel present.64Calyx not toothed.6764. Stem woody, shrubby. Petals elliptical, entire, with an inflexed point.Fruit oblong, not compressed, glabrous. Disc depressed. Leaves once or twice dissected.—Species 2. South Africa.PolemanniaEckl. & Zeyh.Stem herbaceous.6565. Petals lanceolate or elliptical. Disc biglobose. Fruit narrowly bottle-shaped, compressed from front to back, hairy. Involucre present.Leaves thrice dissected.—Species 2. Canary Islands.TodaroaParl.Petals broad-cordate. Disc conical or flattened. Fruit oblong or oval.6666. Seeds concave on the inner face. Fruit cylindrical, with warty or bristly ribs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc conical. Styles long, with broad stigmas. Flowers hispid. Involucre present. Leaves twice pinnatisect, with broad leathery segments.—Species 3. CentralAfrica.PhysotrichiaHiernSeeds flat on the inner face. Leaves, as a rule, repeatedly pinnatisect and with narrow segments.—Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (IncludingLibanotisCrantz).SeseliL.67. Involucels and involucre wanting. Petals yellow. Disc conical. Pericarp not essentially thickened. Leaves with linear segments.—Species 2.North Africa and Abyssinia, one species also naturalized in other regions.They yield vegetables, condiments, perfumes, and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. “Fennel”.FoeniculumL.Involucels of a few bracts. Petals white or greenish-white. Pericarp thickened. Leaves with oblong, lanceolate, or elliptical segments.6868. Involucre of a few bracts. Petals oblong, greenish-white. Disc conical.Fruit oblong; furrows narrow.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally.PhellolophiumBak.Involucre absent. Petals obovate, white. Disc flattened. Fruit ovoid; furrows broad.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Fools parsley.”AethusaL.69. (58.) Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded. Carpophore none. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx-teeth large. Petals obovate, white. Involucels of many bracts.—Species 10. North and SouthAfrica. Some are poisonous or used in medicine.OenantheL.Ribs of the fruit slender, filiform. Carpophore present.7070. Oil-channels numerous, scattered. Fruit linear-oblong. Pericarp not considerably thickened. Seeds somewhat grooved on the inner face.Calyx-teeth short. Petals yellow. Involucre and involucels of many bracts. Leaves with broad segments.—Species 1. North Africa.(BrignoliaBertol.)KundmanniaScop.Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, more rarely accompanied by a second in each furrow or one under each rib. Petals white or reddish.7171. Seeds flat on the inner face. Calyx toothed. Petals broad-cordate.Disc depressed. (See 66.)SeseliL.Seeds grooved on the inner face. Fruit oblong, hairy. Disc conical. Involucre present. Leaves thrice dissected.7272. Oil-channels in the furrows and under the ribs of the fruit. Seeds with a keel in the middle of the groove on the inner face. Calyx toothed.—Species4. North Africa. Used medicinally.AthamantaL.Oil-channels only in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Rays of the umbels thickened.—Species 2. East Africa.DiplolophiumTurcz.73. (57.) Leaves undivided, entire, rarely (Heteromorpha) toothed to dissected, and then some ribs of the fruit wing-like.74Leaves, at least some of them, toothed to dissected. Ribs of the fruit filiform, rarely keeled but not wing-like.7774. Flowers in heads. Calyx toothed. Petals greenish-white. Carpophore none; mericarps closely cohering. Ribs thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, faint or obscure.—Species 2. North-westAfrica.HohenackeriaFisch. & Mey.Flowers in compound umbels. Petals yellow or yellowish-green. Carpophore free.7575. Calyx toothed. Mericarps unequal, one 2-winged, the other 3-winged.Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Shrubs or trees.—Species 3.Central and South Africa. (FranchetellaO. Ktze.).HeteromorphaCham. et Schlechtd.Calyx not toothed. Mericarps and ribs equal.7676. Petals much inflexed and 2-lobed at the tip. Disc conical, crenate. Fruit oblong, with thick and very prominent ribs. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Undershrubs. Leaves stalked, cordate-orbicular, leathery.Umbels of few rays, involucrate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.NirarathamnusBalf.Petals rolled in and entire or slightly notched at the tip. Disc flat, entire.Leaves usually sessile. (See 26.)BupleurumTourn.77. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none in the furrows. Calyx toothed.Petals white, with a long inflexed point. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.—Species 7. South Africa.LichtensteiniaCham. & Schlechtd.Oil-channels in the furrows, sometimes also under the ribs.7878. Fruit linear or oblong, at least twice as long as broad. Ribs slender.Petals white or reddish.79Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose.8379. Fruit linear or linear-oblong. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Petals white, 3-5-nerved, notched. Involucre and involucels present.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally.FalcariaHost.Fruit oblong. Calyx-teeth minute or wanting.8080. Mericarps with 5 ribs at the back and near the margin and 2 smaller ones on the inner face. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows and under the ribs, very narrow. Disc reduced to a swelling of the base of the styles. Umbels panicled. Involucre wanting. Involucels of few bracts.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (LereschiaBoiss., underAnthriscusL.)CryptotaeniaDC.Mericarps with 5 ribs only. Oil-channels only in the furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Umbels terminal and lateral.8181. Involucre of many large dissected bracts. Petals unequally 2-lobed.Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.—Species 5. North and CentralAfrica. Used medicinally; one species has edible roots.AmmiL.Involucre of usually few entire bracts or wanting. Petals equally notched.8282. Root-stock tuberous. Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Embryo with a single cotyledon.—Species 6. North Africa. The tubers are edible.(IncludingDiaphycarpusCalestani, partly underCarumL.)BuniumL.Root-stock not tuberous. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.—Species 7. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa; one species (C. CarviL., caraway) also cultivated elsewhere. The fruits of this species are used as a condiment and for preparing an aromatic oil; eaten in large quantities they are poisonous.Other species yield edible roots or medicaments. (IncludingSelinopsisCoss. et Dur., partly underBuniumL.)CarumL.83. Oil-channels numerous, narrow. Ribs filiform. Herbs or undershrubs.Leaves dissected or the lower lobed.84Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, rarely (Rhyticarpus) 3, large, but then shrubs and upper leaves undivided.8584. Calyx toothed. Petals white. Involucre and involucels large, persistent.—Species7. Central and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables. (IncludingBerulaKoch)SiumL.Calyx not toothed. Involucre and involucels usually wanting.—Species25. The fruits ofP. anisumL., anise, serve as a condiment; other species are used in medicine. (IncludingReuteraBoiss.)PimpinellaL.85. Pericarp densely bristly or warty. Ribs filiform.86Pericarp smooth or wrinkled, not hairy.8786. Calyx toothed. Petals deeply notched, white. Fruit tubercled upon the ribs, not hairy. Herbs. Leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissectedwith very narrow segments.—Species 7. South and North Africa andIsland of Socotra; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.Some species yield condiments. (TragiopsisPomel, underCarumL. orPtychotisL.)TrachypermumLinkCalyx entire. Petals not notched, white or greenish. Undershrubs.Radical leaves once or twice pinnately dissected, cauline reduced to the sheath. Umbels of few rays.—Species 10. North and South Africa.(DeverraDC.)PituranthosViv.87. Carpophore entire or shortly cleft at the top. Ribs very prominent. Oil-channels large. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals greenish-white, straight or shortly inflexed at the tip. Involucre of 1-3 bracts or wanting.—Species 7. One of them (A. graveolensL., celery) is used as a pot-herb, as a salad, or in medicine. (IncludingHelosciadiumKoch).ApiumL.Carpophore split down to the middle or beyond.8888. Oil-channels extending down to the middle of the fruit and ending there in a club-shaped swelling. Calyx entire. Petals white, broadly inflexed and deeply notched at the tip. Leaves with broad segments.—Species1. North Africa. Used medicinally.SisonL.Oil-channels extending down to the base of the fruit. Calyx toothed, more rarely entire, but then petals yellow and not notched.8989. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals yellow, yellowish-green, or somewhat reddish, much inflexed at the tip.90Calyx distinctly toothed.9190. Ribs of the fruit prominent, filiform. Oil-channels broad. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.—Species 2. North Africa; also naturalized in tropical and South Africa. One species (P. sativumHoffm., parsley) is used as a pot-herb. (UnderApiumL. orCarumL.).PetroselinumHoffm.Ribs of the fruit scarcely prominent or indistinct. Oil-channels narrow.Leaves 4-times pinnately dissected.—Species 1. North Africa andAbyssinia. (UnderCarumL.)RidolfiaMoris.91. Ribs of the fruit very prominent. Oil-channels narrow. Petals shortly inflexed at the tip, white or greenish. Umbels involucrate.—Species 3.South Africa, St. Helena, and Canary Islands. One species is used for preparing an intoxicating drink. (GliaSond., underLichtensteiniaCham. & Schlechtd.)RutheaBolleRibs of the fruit slightly prominent. Petals much inflexed at the tip, rarely shortly inflexed, but then red.9292. Mericarp with 9 faint ribs. Petals dark-red, oblong, shortly inflexed at the tip.—Species 1. Madagascar.AnisopodaBak.Mericarps with 5 filiform ribs. Petals white or yellow, much inflexed at the tip.9393. Petals white, notched, the terminal point proceeding from a transversefold beneath the notch. Herbs. Umbels without an involucre.—Species4. North and South Africa. (UnderCarumL.,PetroselinumHoffm., orSeseliL.)PtychotisKochPetals yellow, entire. Undershrubs or shrubs.—Species 3. SouthAfrica (Cape Colony).RhyticarpusSond.