SUBORDER SOLANINEAE
FAMILY 207.SOLANACEAE
Leaves alternate, sometimes in pairs, simple, but sometimes (Solanum) dissected. Flowers solitary or in cymose inflorescences, 5-merous, very rarely 4-or pleio-merous. Corolla of united petals, usually regular or nearly so, mostly folded lengthwise in the bud. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and alternating with them, rarely some of them rudimentary. Anthers turned inwards. Disc usually distinct. Ovary superior, 2-4-, rarely 5-or more-celled, usually 2-celled with the partition oblique to the median plane of the flower, rarely (Capsicum) incompletely septate. Ovules axile, usually numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma usually 2-lobed. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 16, species 220. (IncludingATROPACEAE.) (Plate 135.)
1. Fertile stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes, 2, rarely 4. Corolla violet or yellow, tube- or funnel-shaped; lobes 5, club-shaped, alternating with entire or 2-lobed appendages. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with straight embryo. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Flowers panicled.—Species2. Central Africa. They yield fish-poison. [Tribe SALPIGLOSSIDEAE.]SchwenkiaL.Fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 5, rarely 4.22. Ovary 3-5-celled. Embryo much curved. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers solitary, large.3Ovary 2-celled, rarely incompletely 2-celled or many-celled by cultivation.43. Ovary-cells and placentas unequal. Calyx 5-partite with obcordate segments, enlarged after flowering and enveloping the fruit. Corolla blue, regular, bell-shaped. Fruit a berry. Herbs.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. (PentagoniaHeist.) [Tribe NICANDREAE.]NicandraAdamsOvary-cells and placentas equal, 4. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, deciduous excepting the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube.—Species5, one of them only naturalized. They yield poisons, dyes, intoxicants, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Thorn-apple.”(IncludingBrugmansiaPers.) [Tribe DATUREAE.]DaturaL.4. Seeds with a straight or slightly curved embryo, usually thick. Corolla with a long tube and a comparatively narrow limb. Flowers in cymes or cymose panicles. Leaves undivided. [Tribe CESTREAE.]5Seeds with a strongly curved embryo, flat. [Tribe SOLANEAE.]65. Fruit a berry with one or few large seeds. Ovules few in each ovary-cell.Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymes. Trees or shrubs.—Species 2. Naturalized in several islands.Ornamental and medicinal plants. [SubtribeCESTRINAE.]CestrumL.Fruit a capsule with many small seeds. Ovules many in each ovary-cell.Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose, raceme- or panicle-like inflorescences. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions.They yield tobacco (especially fromN. tabacumL. andrusticaL.), lamp-oil, vermin-poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. [SubtribeNICOTIANINAE.]NicotianaL.6. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Corolla widely funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud, white or yellow with red or violet veins. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed.Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 8. North and Central Africa.They are poisonous and yield oil and medicaments. “Henbane.”[SubtribeHYOSCYAMINAE.]HyoscyamusL.Fruit a berry, indehiscent or at length bursting irregularly. Corolla tubular, campanulate, or rotate.77. Anthers attached at the middle of the back. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft.Root thick. Stem very short. Leaves radical, undivided.Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and used in medicine and magic. “Mandrake.” [SubtribeMANDRAGORINAE.]MandragoraJuss.Anthers attached at the base or the lower part of the back. Stem well developed. Leaves alternate.88. Corolla tubular or campanulate; limb narrow in proportion to the tube.Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers solitary or in clusters.Leaves undivided. [SubtribeLYCIINAE.]9Corolla rotate or campanulate; limb broad. [SubtribeSOLANINAE.]129. Corolla irregular, with an oblique limb, violet, folded in the bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, as long as or shorter than the anthers. Fruit almost dry. Herbs. Leaves lobed.Flowers in pairs in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. North-west Africa(Algeria). Used medicinally.TrigueraCav.Corolla regular. Fruit succulent.1010. Corolla-tube narrow; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs or trees.—Species 25.Some of them are poisonous; several species are used as hedge-plants or in medicine.LyciumL.Corolla-tube wide. Fruit globose.1111. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla brownish-green, urceolate, valvate in bud.Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs.Flowers in clusters.—Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate135.)DiscopodiumHochst.Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla brownish-violet or dull-red, campanulate, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments long. Herbs. Flowers solitary.—Species 1 (A. BelladonnaL., dwale). North-west Africa (Algeria). Poisonous and yielding oil and medicaments.AtropaL.
SOLANACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 135.J. Fleischmann del.Discopodium penninervium Hochst.AFlowering branch.BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.
SOLANACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 135.J. Fleischmann del.Discopodium penninervium Hochst.AFlowering branch.BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.
SOLANACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 135.
J. Fleischmann del.
Discopodium penninervium Hochst.
AFlowering branch.BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DCross-section of ovary.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 136.J. Fleischmann del.Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CStamens.DOvary cut lengthwise.EOvary cut across.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 136.J. Fleischmann del.Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst.AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CStamens.DOvary cut lengthwise.EOvary cut across.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 136.
J. Fleischmann del.
Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst.
AFlowering branch.BFlower cut lengthwise.CStamens.DOvary cut lengthwise.EOvary cut across.
12. Anthers cohering or opening by apical pores. Corolla rotate or widely campanulate. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers usually in cymose, umbel-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences.—Species150; three of them (S. tuberosumL., potato,S. MelongenaL., egg-plant, andS. LycopericumL., tomato) only cultivated. Several species yield edible fruits or tubers, from which starch, sugar and alcohol are prepared, also tanning and dyeing materials, a substitute for soap, a means to coagulate milk, and various medicaments; others serve as vegetables or as ornamental or hedge-plants; some are poisonous.(IncludingLycopersicumMill. andNormaniaLowe).SolanumL.Anthers free, opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.1313. Corolla narrowly campanulate, white. Calyx much enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Flowers in clusters. Leaves undivided. Shrubs.—Species6. Poisonous and used medicinally; the sap coagulates milk.(PhysaloidesMoench).WithaniaPauq.Corolla rotate or very widely campanulate. Flowers solitary.1414. Calyx entire or with 5 small teeth, usually but slightly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla white. Filaments longer than the anthers. Fruit slightly fleshy. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 6. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. The fruits (chillies) serve as condiments or medicaments. “Cayenne pepper.”CapsicumL.Calyx 5-lobed, much enlarged in the fruit.1515. Calyx spreading under the fruit. Corolla white. Shrubs. Leaves undivided, covered with dense hairs.—Species 1. Island of St. Helena.MelisseaHook.Calyx inflated and enclosing the fruit. Corolla white, yellow, or violet.Herbs.—Species 6; three of them natives of Central and South Africa, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions.They yield edible fruits and medicaments. “Winter-cherry.”PhysalisL.
FAMILY 208.SCROPHULARIACEAE
Leaves without stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, usually irregular. Petals 4-5, united below, imbricate, not folded in the bud. Stamens 2-5, usually 4. Disc present. Ovary superior, 2-celled, the partition placed transversely to the median plane of the flower, rarely 1-celled or (Bowkeria) 3-celled. Ovules inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous with a straight or slightly curved embryo, rarely (Dintera) exalbuminous.—Genera 107, species 1150. (IncludingSELAGINEAE.) (Plate 136.)
1. Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapped in the bud by one or both of the lateral lobes. [SubfamilyRHINANTHOIDEAE.]2Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapping the lateral lobesin the bud.452. Corolla 2-lipped with a helmet-shaped upper lip and a 3-lobed lower lip.Stamens 4. Anther-halves separate. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Herbs.Leaves well developed. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. [TribeRHINANTHEAE.]3Corolla 2-lipped with a flat upper lip, or 1-lipped with only 3 distinct lobes, or subequally 4-5-lobed.83. Upper lip of the corolla with reflexed margins. Calyx 4-lobed. Seeds numerous, ribbed. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Azores. “Eyebright.”EuphrasiaL.Upper lip of the corolla with straight margins.44. Calyx 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla yellow. Capsule oblique, narrow.Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).“Lousewort.”PedicularisL.Calyx 4-lobed. Capsule straight. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.55. Ovules few, pendulous. Corolla yellow or red. Capsule broad. Seeds ribbed.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally.(UnderBartsiaL.)OdontitesPers.Ovules many, horizontal.66. Placentas thin. Seeds few, large, with wing-like ribs. Capsule broad.Corolla blue or red.—Species 8. Central and North-west Africa.(BartsiaL.)BartschiaL.Placentas thick. Seeds numerous, small. Corolla yellow or red.77. Seeds ribbed. Capsule broad.—Species 2. North and South Africa,Abyssinia, and Island of Réunion. (TrixagoStev., underBartsiaL.)BellardiaAll.Seeds smooth. Capsule narrow.—Species 3. North Africa. (EufragiaGriseb., underBartsiaL.)ParentucelliaViv.8. (2.) Anther-halves separate, sometimes one of them rudimentary or one only developed. Stamens 4, more or less unequal, rarely (Strigina)2 only fertile. Corolla with a distinct, usually long tube. Calyx-teeth about as long as or shorter than the tube. [Tribe GERARDIEAE.]9Anther-halves confluent at the apex, more rarely separate, but then corolla-tube very short and stamens nearly equal or reduced to two, or calyx-teeth much longer than the tube. [Tribe DIGITALEAE.]369. Anthers 1-celled (with one half only developed) in all stamens.10Anthers 2-celled (with both halves developed), at least in two of the stamens, but one cell (or half) sometimes smaller than the other and barren.1710. Corolla almost 1-lipped, with only 3 distinct lobes; tube curved; limb narrow, convex. Calyx 5-cleft. Red-coloured, fleshy, parasitic herbs.Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes.—Species 5.South Africa.HyobancheThunb.Corolla regular or 2-lipped, distinctly 4-5-lobed. Green herbs with well-developed leaves.1111. Corolla subequally 5-lobed, blue, red or white; tube straight or slightly curved. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided.12Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped; lobes unequal.1412. Calyx 2-lipped, 4-lobed, 5-nerved. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate.—Species1. Southern East Africa.EylesiaS. MooreCalyx subequally 4-5-toothed, 7-10-nerved.1313. Calyx 7-9-nerved, 4-toothed. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Leaves all opposite.—Species 3. West Africa. (UnderBuchneraL.)StellulariaBenth.Calyx 10-nerved, usually 5-toothed.—Species 60. Tropical and SouthAfrica. (BuchneraL.)BuechneraL.14. Corolla-tube abruptly curved at or above the middle. Calyx tubular.Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided.15Corolla-tube straight or gradually curved.1615. Placentas thin. Ovules few, large. Stem prostrate.—Species 3. EastAfrica.CycniopsisEngl.Placentas thick. Ovules numerous, small. Stem erect.—Species 30.Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are noxious weeds.StrigaLour.16. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Capsule ellipsoid, straight, not beaked.—Species12. Central and South Africa.CycniumE. Mey.Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Capsule usually oblique and beaked, rarely globose and not beaked.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.RhamphicarpaBenth.17. (9.) Anther-halves (anther-cells) very unequal, one of them fertile, the other barren (without pollen) or almost so.18Anther-halves equal or subequal, both of them fertile.2718. Leaves scale-like, yellow or reddish.19Leaves well developed, green.2019. Corolla with a narrow limb, red. Barren anther-cell very small.—Species 1.Madagascar.TetraspidiumBak.Corolla with a broad limb. Barren anther-cell usually long.—Species 30.Southern and tropical Africa. (AulayaHarv.)HarveyaHook.20. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at the throat of the corolla; barren ones filiform.Corolla with a long curved tube and a 2-lipped limb. Leaves undivided.—Species1. East Africa.StriginaEngl.Fertile stamens 4.2121. Anthers partly with, partly (two of them) without a barren cell. Corolla-tube long, inflated. Stem erect. Leaves undivided.22Anthers all with a barren cell, which in two is sometimes very small; inthis case stem climbing. Herbs or undershrubs.2322. Anthers of the lower (anterior) stamens 1-celled, those of the upper stamens with a fertile cell opening by a longitudinal slit and a spur-like sterile cell. Corolla nearly regular. Mostly shrubs.—Species 1. EastAfrica (Somaliland).GhikaeaSchweinf. & Volk.Anthers of the lower stamens with a cleft connective bearing at one end a fertile cell, which opens by an apical pore, and at the other a disc-like appendage; those of the upper stamens 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped.Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 7. East Africa.PseudosopubiaEngl.23. Anthers with a minute, nearly imperceptible barren cell. Corolla violet; tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Stem erect, with spreading branches. Leaves undivided.—Species 1.Southern West Africa.HierniaS. MooreAnthers, at least those of the shorter stamens, with a distinctly developed barren cell.2424. Barren anther-cells of the longer stamens minute, nearly imperceptible, of the shorter awn- or worm-shaped. Corolla pink or violet; tube exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Climbing undershrubs.—Species 2. Central and South-east Africa.ButtoniaMac KenBarren anther-cells distinctly developed in all stamens, but sometimes unequal in length. Calyx scarcely changed in fruit. Herbs.2525. Anthers cohering all together or in pairs. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a broad limb. Stem erect.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.SopubiaHamilt.Anthers free. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, with a rather narrow limb.2626. Corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. Stem climbing. Leaves undivided, broad, coarsely toothed.—Species 1. West Africa.ThunbergianthusEngl.Corolla-tube equalling the calyx. Stem erect. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species1. Southern West Africa (Angola).BaumiaEngl. & Gilg27. (17.) Corolla-tube short, about equalling the calyx.28Corolla-tube long, distinctly exceeding the calyx.3028. Calyx becoming woody in the fruit. Anthers exserted, with unequal halves. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.XylocalyxBalf.Calyx not woody in the fruit. Herbs.2929. Calyx scarcely changed in the fruit. Capsule 4-valved. Non-parasitic plants. Stem thin. Leaves linear. Inflorescence lax.—Species 3.Tropics. (IncludingGerardianellaKlotzsch).MicrargeriaBenth.Calyx more or less enlarged and inflated in the fruit; if but slightly changed, then parasitic plants with thick stems and usually broad or scale-like leaves.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (IncludingAlectraThunb. andVelvitsiaHiern).MelasmaBerg30. Anther-halves unequal, one of them somewhat shorter or narrower.31Anther-halves equal.3331. Anther-halves nearly equal, one of them somewhat shorter than the other.Filaments very unequal. Ovules numerous. Stem herbaceous. Flowers without bracteoles.—Species 1. Southern Central Africa and Transvaal.GerardiinaEngl.Anther-halves distinctly unequal, one of them narrower. Stem woody, at least at the base.3232. Corolla with a very long tube and a very narrow limb, white. Ovules2-4 in a cell. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.LeucosalpaScott ElliotCorolla with a rather broad limb. Ovules numerous.—Species 3. SouthAfrica and island of Socotra. (BopusiaPresl).GraderiaBenth.33. Stamens nearly equal in length. Corolla-tube rather short. Stem herbaceous.34Stamens distinctly unequal. Stem woody.3534. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla blue.Capsule 4-valved.—Species 1. South Africa.CharadrophilaMarlothFlowers in spikes or racemes. Corolla yellow. Capsule 2-valved.—Species1. Madagascar.SeymeriaPursh35. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla bell-shaped. Glabrous shrubs.—Species 1.Madagascar. (RaphispermumBenth.)RhaphispermumBenth.Calyx-teeth distinctly developed, pointed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Hairy shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.RadamaeaBenth.36. (8.) Stamens 2.37Stamens 4-8.3837. Corolla-tube long, thin, curved. Corolla white. Stamens included; anther-halves confluent. Capsule loculicidal and septicidal, many-seeded.Shrubs. Leaves alternate, linear.—Species 3. Canary andCape Verde Islands and Socotra.CampylanthusRothCorolla-tube short or rather short. Stamens long.—Species 30. Some of them yield salad, a substitute for tea, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Speedwell.”VeronicaL.38. Corolla-tube very short. Stamens 4-8, nearly equal in length.39Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, unequal.4139. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Corolla 5-parted, white. Calyx 5-parted. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. Erect undershrubs. Leaves alternate, narrow.—Species 1. Naturalized inWest Africa and in the Seychelles. Used medicinally and as a substitute for tea.CaprariaL.Anther-halves separate.4040. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white, with 4 segments. Stamens 4. Capsulesepticidal; seeds numerous. Erect undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, subsessile, narrow.—Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics.Used medicinally.ScopariaL.Calyx 4-8-cleft. Corolla yellow or red, with 4-8, usually 5, segments.Capsule loculicidal; seeds not numerous. Creeping herbs. Leaves alternate, stalked, broad.—Species 3. Azores and Canary Islands,Mauritius, and high mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.SibthorpiaL.41. Anther-halves separate. Corolla with a long cylindrical tube and a two-lipped limb. Leaves opposite. Flowers in spikes or racemes.—Species1. Sahara.LafuenteaLag.Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Leaves alternate.4242. Corolla with a cylindrical tube and a broad, slightly 2-lipped limb, blue or violet. Capsule 4-valved. Low herbs. Flowers in terminal racemes.—Species1. Algeria. Used as an ornamental plant.ErinusL.Corolla with a funnel- or bell-shaped tube more or less widened above.Tall herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.4343. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow or red, 2-lipped. Flowers in terminal racemes.—Species 6. North Africa; one of them also naturalized in the island of Réunion. Poisonous plants used medicinally and as ornamental plants. “Foxglove.” (IncludingCallianassaWebb etBerth.)DigitalisL.Stigma entire. Flowers in terminal heads or in axillary fascicles. Leaves broad. Undershrubs.4444. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped. Calyx-segments glume-like, fringed or ciliate. Flowers in terminal heads.—Species1. South Africa.GlumicalyxHiernAnthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers in axillary fascicles.—Species1. Island of Socotra.CamptolomaBenth.45. (1.) Leaves all alternate. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a septicidal, many-seeded capsule. [SubfamilyPSEUDOSOLANEAE.]46Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or whorled; more rarely all radical or alternate; in the latter case corolla distinctly irregular or ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. [SubfamilyANTIRRHINOIDEAE.]5046. Corolla with a long tube, funnel-shaped, blue or red. Stamens 2 or 4.Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes forming leafy racemes. Leaves undivided. [Tribe APTOSIMEAE.]47Corolla with a short or very short tube, bell- or wheel-shaped. Stamens 4 or 5. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. [Tribe VERBASCEAE.]4947. Stamens 2. Fruit pointed. Low herbs with glandular hairs.—Species 10.Central and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Some are used medicinally.(IncludingDoratantheraBenth. andGerardiopsisEngl.)AnticharisEndl.Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile.4848. Fruit pointed. Stamens all fertile. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 5.South and Central Africa.PeliostomumE. Mey.Fruit blunt. Shrubs.—Species 25. Central and South Africa.AptosimumBurch.49. Stamens 4.—Species 18. Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.CelsiaL.Stamens 5.—Species 17. North Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa and in the MascareneIslands. They yield fish-poison and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Mullein.”VerbascumL.50. (45.) Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell of the ovary and fruit. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent. Flowers in spikes, more rarely in heads or panicles or solitary. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. [Tribe SELAGINEAE.]51Ovules and seeds two or more in each cell, usually numerous.5651. Corolla 4-lobed, deeply slit in front. Calyx entire or 2-parted. Stamens 4.Flowers in spikes.52Corolla 5-lobed, not slit at one side. Calyx with 3 or 5, rarely with 2 segments.5352. Calyx slit open in front, entire or notched behind.—Species 30. South and Central Africa.HebenstreitiaL.Calyx divided into two narrow entire segments.—Species 10. SouthAfrica.DischismaChoisy53. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-lobes subequal. Calyx 5-lobed. Fruit 1-seeded.Shrubs. Flowers in spikes.54Fertile stamens 4. Corolla-lobes more or less unequal.5554. Sterile stamens present.—Species 1. South Africa.GoselaChoisySterile stamens absent.—Species 3. South Africa.AgathelpisChoisy55. Calyx subequally 5-toothed, adnate at the base to the bract. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species5. South Africa.MicrodonChoisyCalyx with 5 segments, free from the bract, or with 2-3 segments. Fruit2-seeded.—Species 160. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (IncludingWalafridaE. Mey.)SelagoL.56. (50.) Corolla two-lipped with concave, bladdery-inflated lips and a very short tube. Stamens 2.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands.An ornamental plant. [Tribe CALCEOLARIEAE.]CalceolariaL.Corolla two-lipped with flat or convex lips, or nearly regular.5757. Corolla spurred or saccate, two-lipped. Calyx 5-parted. Fruit a capsule.58Corolla neither spurred nor saccate, rarely slightly gibbous, but then calyx5-lobed or 3-parted.7158. Corolla without a distinct tube. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 valves. Herbs.[Tribe HEMIMERIDEAE.]59Corolla with a distinctly developed tube. Stamens 4. [Tribe ANTIRRHINEAE.]6259. Corolla yellow, 4-cleft, usually with two pouches and two teeth at the base of the lower lip. Stamens 2. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4.South Africa.HemimerisThunb.Corolla red or blue, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile.6060. Flowers turned upside down by the twisting of the pedicel. Corolla scarlet, with two shallow pits at the base. Stamens subequal, all fertile, glabrous. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.AlonsoaRuiz & Pav.Flowers very rarely turned upside down; if so, then anthers hairy. Corolla with 1-2 pits, pouches, or spurs at the base. Stamens unequal.6161. Lower lip of the corolla ventricose and gibbous at the base. Stamens all fertile. Anther-halves separate, spreading.—Species 2. Naturalized in Madagascar.AngeloniaHumb. & Bonpl.Lower lip of the corolla with 2 pits, pouches, or spurs, very rarely with one only. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.—Species 45. SouthAfrica.DiasciaLink & Otto.62. Throat of the corolla closed by a projecting palate. Herbs or undershrubs.63Throat of the corolla open.6763. Corolla spurred at the base. Anther-halves separate.64Corolla ventricose, but not spurred at the base.6664. Corolla with a long spur. Cells of the capsule opening by 2-5 teeth or valves. Leaves pinnately nerved. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.—Species 40. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Some yield vermin-poison or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Toadflax.”LinariaJuss.Corolla with a short spur. Flowers solitary, axillary.6565. Corolla violet. Cells of the capsule opening by 3 teeth or valves. Seeds oblong. Creeping herbs. Leaves palmately nerved.—Species 1.North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. (UnderLinariaJuss.)CymbalariaBaumg.Corolla white, yellow, or two-coloured. Cells of the capsule opening by lids. Seeds ovoid. Leaves pinnately nerved.—Species 17. NorthAfrica and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. (UnderLinariaL.)ElatinoidesWettst.66. Anther-halves separate. Capsule opening by 2 or 3 toothed pores.—Species6. North Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa and Mauritius. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Snap-dragon.”AntirrhinumL.Anther-halves confluent at the apex. A fifth, sterile stamen present.Capsule with unequal cells, opening irregularly. Seeds ribbed. Flowerssmall, axillary.—Species 3. Northern East Africa and Comoro Islands.SchweinfurthiaA. Braun67. Corolla-tube with 2 pits or pouches at the base; lobes subequal. Anther-halves confluent. Capsule 4-valved. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, broad.Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow.—Species 1. South Africa.ColpiasE. Mey.Corolla-tube with 1 pit, pouch, or spur. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite.6868. Anther-halves separate. Corolla-tube long. Capsule with unequal cells.Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4. North Africa. (UnderLinariaJuss.)Chaenorrhinum(DC.) LangeAnther-halves confluent at the apex.6969. Corolla-tube long. Capsule opening by two apical pores. Flowers in racemes. Radical leaves rosulate.—Species 5. North Africa andAbyssinia. (SimbuletaForsk.)AnarrhinumDesf.Corolla-tube short. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 longitudinal valves.7070. Corolla with a 2-lobed upper and a 3-lobed lower lip. Capsule globose,4-valved. Seeds with a tight testa.—Species 7. Tropical and SouthAfrica.DiclisBenth.Corolla with a 4-lobed upper and an entire lower lip. Capsule compressed,2-valved. Seeds with a loose testa, girt with a membranous wing.—Species50. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.NemesiaVent.71. (57.) Flowers in cymes or in cymose panicles or fascicles; occasionally solitary with two bracteoles on the pedicel; in this case shrubs or trees.Anther-halves usually confluent. Fruit a septicidal capsule or a berry.[Tribe CHELONEAE.]72Flowers solitary or in heads, spikes, racemes, or racemose panicles. Stamens2 or 4. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs.8172. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Corolla with a ventricose tube and a narrow limb. Fertile stamens 4; a fifth, sterile stamen distinctly developed, usually scale-like. Anther-halves confluent. Fruit a capsule.—Species20. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.ScrophulariaL.Stem woody throughout. The fifth stamen minute or wanting, rarely fertile.7373. Corolla-tube short and wide. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Fruit a capsule.74Corolla-tube long and narrow. Stamens 4 or 5.7674. Calyx 3-parted, the posterior segment 3-toothed. Corolla yellow or white.Fertile stamens 2. Anther-halves divergent. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. South Africa.IxianthesBenth.Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, with nearly equal segments. Fertile stamens4.7575. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla yellow, with a 2-parted upper lip.Capsule 4-valved, few-seeded. Leaves opposite, tomentose beneath.Flowers in axillary and terminal, many-flowered cymes.—Species 1.South Africa. Yields timber.AnastrabeE. Mey.Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Corolla with a 2-toothed upper lip.Anther-halves nearly parallel. Capsule 2-3-valved, many-seeded.Leaves nearly always whorled.—Species 6. South Africa.BowkeriaHarv.76. Fertile stamens 5. Corolla-lobes equal. Fruit a berry. Epiphytic shrubs. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1. South-east Africa.DermatobotrysBolusFertile stamens 4.7777. Anther-halves divergent. Corolla red. Leaves glabrous.78Anther-halves parallel or nearly so, separate.7978. Leaves scale-like. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. Naturalized in theSeychelles. Ornamental plant.RusseliaJacq.Leaves well developed. Fruit a berry.—Species 5. Tropical and SouthAfrica. The fruits are edible.HalleriaL.79. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla red. Fruit a two-valved capsule.—Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.PhygeliusE. Mey.Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Fruit a 4-valved capsule or a berry.8080. Corolla red, slightly exceeding the calyx. Fruit a berry.—Species 2.South Africa.TeediaRudolphiCorolla yellow or violet. Fruit a capsule.—Species 2. South Africa.FreyliniaPangelli81. (71.) Anther-halves completely confluent; hence anthers apparently1-celled. Calyx 5-parted or 2-lipped. [Tribe MANULEAE.]82Anther-halves separate or confluent at the apex only, rarely completely confluent, but then calyx subequally 5-lobed. [Tribe GRATIOLEAE.]9182. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted.83Calyx subequally 5-parted. Stamens 4.8483. Anthers 4, unequal, or 2.—Species 30. South Africa.ZaluzianskiaSchmidtAnthers 4, equal.—Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland.PolycarenaBenth.84. Corolla-tube very short.85Corolla-tube distinctly developed, usually long.8685. Corolla 2-lipped. Capsule 2-cleft. Flowers solitary. Leaves all radical.(See 61.)DiasciaLink & OttoCorolla nearly regular. Capsule 4-cleft. Flowers in racemes. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. South Africa. (UnderSuteraRoth)SphenandraBenth.86. Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Capsule opening by pores ortransverse slits.87Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped. Capsule opening lengthwise, septicidal.8887. Flowers solitary. Stem climbing.—Species 1. Naturalized in the island of St. Helena. An ornamental plant. (LophospermumDon)MaurandiaOrt.Flowers in racemes. Stem erect. (See 69.)AnarrhinumDesf.88. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla-tube curved. Leaves cleft or dissected.—Species1. Egypt and Nubia. (JamesbritteniaO. Ktze.)SuteraRoth.Stigma entire. Leaves entire or toothed.8989. Bracts adnate to the pedicels.—Species 20. South Africa.PhyllopodiumBenth.Bracts free from the pedicels.9090. Calyx open or nearly open in the bud, surrounded by narrow bracts or without bracts. Corolla-tube nearly always straight. Flowers in compound, rarely in simple racemes.—Species 35. South Africa toAngola. (NemiaBerg).ManuleaL.Calyx imbricate in the bud or surrounded by broad bracts. Flowers solitary or in usually simple spikes, racemes, or heads.—Species 120.South and Central Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (IncludingLyperiaBenth., underSuteraRoth). (Plate 136.)ChaenostomaBenth.91. (81.) Fertile stamens 2.92Fertile stamens 4, rarely 3.9792. Staminodes none. Flowers minute, solitary.93Staminodes 2. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed.9593. Ovary 1-celled. Style very short. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Calyx 5-parted.Leaves ovate. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa(Damaraland)DinteraStapfOvary 2-celled. Style distinctly developed, curved. Corolla 4-lobed or sub-equally 5-lobed.9494. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 4-lobed. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Leaves linear or oblong.—Species 1. MascareneIslands.BryodesBenth.Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves ovate.—Species 1. Egypt.PeplidiumDel.95. Staminodes inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves spreading.—Species20. Tropical and South Africa. (IncludingBonnayaLink et Otto)IlysanthesRafin.Staminodes inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so.9696. Leaves lobed or dissected. Flowers in racemes. Lower lip of the corolla with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Madagascar.HydrotricheZucc.Leaves entire.—Species 10. Central Africa.DopatriumHamilt.97. (91.) Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel. Corolla white, unequally 3-5-lobed. Creeping herbs. Leaves broad, palmately nerved, gland-dotted. Flowers solitary.—Species 1.West Africa.HydrantheliumH. B. & KunthStamens, all or two of them, inserted in the tube of the corolla.9898. Stamens inserted in the tube and at the throat of the corolla.99Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla.10299. Sepals free, broad. Corolla slightly irregular, white. The fifth, sterile stamen filiform. Prostrate herbs. Leaves very small. Flowers solitary.—Species1. Island of Réunion.AllocalyxCordem.Sepals united below. Corolla 2-lipped. Lower stamens with a tooth- or bristle-like appendage at the base.100100. Calyx without wings or prominent angles, but sometimes striped; segments subequal.—Species 17. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.(VandelliaL.)LinderniaAll.Calyx winged or with very prominent angles.101101. Calyx subequally toothed. Anterior stamens sharply bent at the base.Stem usually leafless.—Species 15. Central and South Africa.CraterostigmaHochst.Calyx 2-lipped. Anterior stamens not sharply bent at the base. Stem leafy.—Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.ToreniaL.102. Anther-halves separate, not contiguous. Corolla 2-lipped.103Anther-halves contiguous or confluent.105103. Sepals united high up. Fruit 2-valved. Stem procumbent or ascending.—Species8. Northern East Africa and Egypt.LindenbergiaLehm.Sepals united at the base only. Fruit 4-valved.104104. Placentas winged and connate in the fruit. Glabrous water- or marsh-plants.—Species6. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.(AmbuliaLam.,StemodiacraP. Browne)LimnophilaR. Br.Placentas not winged, usually separate. Corolla blue. Glandular-pubescent land-plants.—Species 1. Central Africa.StemodiaL.105. Sepals united high up.106Sepals united at the base only.107106. Corolla 2-lipped. Anther-halves separate or confluent at the top.Ovary completely septate. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. Two of them indigenous in tropical and South Africa, the third naturalized in the Azores. Used as ornamental plants.MimulusL.Corolla nearly regular. Anther-halves completely confluent. Ovary septate at the base only. Leaves all radical. Flowers axillary.—Species5. Southern and tropical Africa and Egypt.LimosellaL.107. Sepals very unequal. Anther-halves separate.—Species 10. Tropics,South Africa, and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (MonieraP. Browne, includingHerpestisGaertn. andBramiaLam.)BacopaAubl.Sepals nearly equal. Anther-halves confluent at the top. Corolla 2-lipped.108108. Sepals broad. Corolla red or violet. Stamens, at least the anterior exserted; filaments with an appendage at the base. Flowers in racemes, rather large.—Species 1. Central Africa.ArtanemaDonSepals narrow. Stamens included; filaments without an appendage.Flowers solitary, very small.—Species 4. East Africa.StemodiopsisEngl.
FAMILY 209.BIGNONIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite and compound, without stipules. Flowers usually large and panicled, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, rarely all 5 fertile. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (Colea) by one. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules numerous, in two or more rows, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule with the valves usually separating from the partition, or a nut or berry. Seeds usually placed transversely and margined or winged, exalbuminous.—Genera 21, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 137.)
1. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Ovary completely 2-celled. [TribeTECOMEAE.]2Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds not winged, but often margined. Ovary cylindric, 1-celled or incompletely, rarely (Colea) completely 2-celled.Fertile stamens 4. Stem erect. [Tribe CRESCENTIEAE.]142. Fertile stamens 5. Anthers exserted, with parallel halves. Calyx 5-toothed.Ovules few, in two rows. Erect, spiny shrubs. Leaves fascicled. Flowers solitary or in clusters.3Fertile stamens 4. Leaves pinnate, very rarely (Stenolobium) unifoliolate.43. Calyx tubular, slit on one side, with linear teeth. Corolla white, with a long tube. Capsule slightly compressed, with prickly warts. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. South Africa and southern Central Africa.CatophraetesG. DonCalyx bell-shaped. Capsule much compressed, smooth.—Species 9.Tropical and South Africa.RhigozumBurch.4. Stamens projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Anther-halves divergent or divaricate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.5Stamens concealed within the corolla-tube.65. Calyx spathe-like, slit on one side. Seeds with a broad wing. Trees. Leaflets entire.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible seeds, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “African tulip-tree.”SpathodeaBeauv.Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed. Seeds with a narrow wing. Twining shrubs. Leaflets serrate.—Species 3. Central and South Africa.Used as ornamental plants. (UnderTecomaJuss.)TecomariaFenzl6. Anther-halves parallel. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side. Trees.Flowers panicled.7Anther-halves divergent or divaricate.87. Basal (cylindric) part of the corolla-tube short. Ovules of each cell in2 rows. Fruit 2-celled; valves boat-shaped.—Species 1. WestAfrica. Yields timber and medicaments.NewbouldiaSeem.Basal part of the corolla-tube long. Ovules of each cell in more than two rows. Fruit 4-celled; valves flat. Leaflets entire.—Species 1.Madagascar.DolichandroneFenzl8. Inflorescences lateral, usually springing from the old wood. Anther-halves usually divergent.9Inflorescences terminal. Anther-halves usually divaricate.119. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla distinctly2-lipped; tube curved. Disc conical. Ovules of each cell in two rows. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.PerichlaenaBaill.Flowers in panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, unequally 3-5-cleft. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped. Ovules of each cell in several rows. Trees.1010. Calyx-tube narrow, leathery. Corolla campanulate-funnel-shaped. Disc saucer-shaped. Fruit with leathery, keeled valves. Leaves glabrous, crowded at the end of the branches.—Species 2. Madagascar.KigeliantheBaill.Calyx-tube wide. Corolla ventricose-campanulate, curved. Disc cushion-shaped.Fruit cylindric, twisted. Leaves tomentose beneath.—Species2. Central Africa. (FerdinandiaSeem., underHeterophragmaDC.)FernandiaBaill.11. Flowers in racemes or umbels. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped, 5-toothed.Connective of the stamens broadened, leaf-like. Ovules of each cell in two rows. Erect shrubs. Leaflets serrate.—Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa. An ornamental plant. (UnderTecomaJuss.)StenolobiumD. DonFlowers in panicles. Connective not leaf-like.1212. Ovules arranged in 2 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, truncate or unequally 2-5-lobed. Fruit with a spongy partition.Trees.—Species 6. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments.StereospermumCham.Ovules arranged in 4-8 rows in each cell.1313. Ovules in 4 rows in each cell. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side.Fruit with a winged partition. Trees.—Species 10. Central Africa.Some species yield timber. (UnderDolichandroneFenzl)MarkhamiaSeem.Ovules in 8 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, equally 5-toothed.Climbing shrubs.—Species 2. Central and South-east Africa (UnderPandoreaEndl. orTecomaJuss.)PodraneaSprague