BIGNONIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 137.J. Fleischmann del.Kigelia aethiopica Decne.ALeaf.BInflorescence.CFlower cut lengthwise.DOvary cut lengthwise.EOvary cut across.FFruit.
BIGNONIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 137.J. Fleischmann del.Kigelia aethiopica Decne.ALeaf.BInflorescence.CFlower cut lengthwise.DOvary cut lengthwise.EOvary cut across.FFruit.
BIGNONIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 137.
J. Fleischmann del.
Kigelia aethiopica Decne.
ALeaf.BInflorescence.CFlower cut lengthwise.DOvary cut lengthwise.EOvary cut across.FFruit.
PEDALIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 138.J. Fleischmann del.Sesamum angolense Welw.AFlowering plant.BFlower cut lengthwise.CLower part of the flower cut lengthwise.DStigma.ECross-section of ovary.
PEDALIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 138.J. Fleischmann del.Sesamum angolense Welw.AFlowering plant.BFlower cut lengthwise.CLower part of the flower cut lengthwise.DStigma.ECross-section of ovary.
PEDALIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 138.
J. Fleischmann del.
Sesamum angolense Welw.
AFlowering plant.BFlower cut lengthwise.CLower part of the flower cut lengthwise.DStigma.ECross-section of ovary.
14. (1.) Ovary completely 1-celled. Calyx bell-shaped, bursting irregularly.Corolla red or orange, ventricose-campanulate, irregular. Anther-halves parallel or divergent. Fruit with a thick rind. Trees. Leaves pinnate.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (KigelkeiaRafin.) (Plate 137.)KigeliaDC.Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled.1515. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex.16Leaves pinnately compound or reduced to the winged leaf-stalk. Flowers panicled.1816. Leaves with a pair of spines at their base. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary or springing from the old wood. Calyx pouch-shaped, unequally2-5-lobed. Corolla regular, long funnel-shaped. Anther-halves divaricate.—Species2. Madagascar.ParacoleaBaill.Leaves without spines at the base, but the leaf-stalk sometimes becoming spine-like. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx bell-shaped,5-toothed. Corolla more or less irregular, bell- or bell-funnel-shaped.1717. Leaves herbaceous; leaf-stalk hardening into a spine. Flowers in panicles.Corolla irregular. Anther-halves divaricate.—Species 1. Madagascar.PhyllocteniumBaill.Leaves leathery, resinous; leaf-stalk not hardening into a spine. Flowers in racemes. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves divergent, pendulous.—Species1. Madagascar. (UnderTabebuiaGomez).ZaaBaill.18. Leaves reduced to the jointed and winged leaf-stalk bearing sometimes1-3 terminal leaflets. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla slightly irregular.Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped. Ovary septate at the base. Fruit succulent.—Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber and edible fruits or serve as ornamental plants. (ArthrophyllumBoj.)PhyllarthronDC.Leaves pinnate, opposite or whorled.1919. Calyx long tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, nearly regular.Anther-halves divergent. Disc ring-shaped. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex. Inflorescences terminal.—Species 3. Madagascar.SiphocoleaBaill.Calyx bell-shaped.2020. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla regular, almost barrel-shaped, red.Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped, crenate. Trees. Inflorescences terminal.—Species 1. Madagascar.RhodocoleaBaill.Calyx 5-toothed or unequally cleft. Corolla more or less irregular, bell-funnel-shaped.Fruit dry.—Species 25. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species have edible fruits.ColeaBoj.
FAMILY 210.PEDALIACEAE
Plants with glandular hairs. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, simple. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, the 4 fertile in pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, small, awl-shaped. Ovary superior, 2-8-celled with 2 or more axile ovules in each cell, rarely (Linariopsis) 1-celled with 2 basal ovules. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigmatic lobes. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen.—Genera 14, species 65. (Plate 138.)
1. Flowers in terminal, raceme- or umbel-like cymes. Shrubs or small trees.Ovary 2-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule.2Flowers solitary or in fascicles in the axils of the leaves, with glands at the base of the pedicels. Herbs, rarely (Pretreothamnus) shrubs, but then ovules 3 in each ovary-cell.42. Inflorescences umbel- or fascicle-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels none. Corolla-tube moderately long, funnel-shaped, neither spurred nor curved. Anthers included; halves divergent, pendulous. Disc slightly one-sided. Ovary-cells not or very incompletely chambered. Fruit beset with hooked bristles. Seeds narrowly winged. Leaves large, broad, long-stalked, lobed. Spines none.—Species 6. Madagascar.(UnderHarpagophytumDC.)Uncarina(Baill.) StapfInflorescences raceme-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels presente.Corolla-tube very long, cylindrical, spurred or curved. Ovary-cell, nearly completely chambered. Leaves small, partly replaced by spines.33. Corolla spurred. Anthers scarcely exserted, with parallel halves. Disc one-sided. Stem much thickened at the base.—Species 6. CentralAfrica.SesamothamnusWelw.Corolla not spurred, with an S-shaped tube, yellow. Anthers exserted, with divergent halves. Disc equal-sided. Stem not much thickened.Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland).SigmatosiphonEngl.4. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. Ovules 2, erect. Seed 1. Calyx-lobes very unequal. Corolla violet; tube widened from the base, almost straight.Anther-halves parallel. Disc equal-sided. Stem prostrate, hairy.Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Southern WestAfrica (Angola). Used medicinally.LinariopsisWelw.Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell.55. Ovary and fruit 2-celled, with undivided cells. Ovules descending or horizontal. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Flowers solitary.6Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled, each cell completely or incompletely dividedinto two chambers.106. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary.7Ovules 8 or more in each cell of the ovary. Anthers opening by long slits.Disc one-sided. Succulent, prostrate herbs.97. Fruit 4-winged, without spines. Anther-halves divergent, opening by short slits. Disc one-sided. Corolla yellow or red. Stem tuberous at the base.—Species 15. Central and South Africa.PterodiscusHook.Fruit wingless, bearing spines or tubercles. Corolla yellow. Succulent herbs.88. Fruit with a large spine at the base of each angle.—Species 1. EastAfrica and Madagascar. Yields vegetables and is used in medicine.PedaliumRoyenFruit without large spines at the base, but with small spines or tubercles on the flanks. Seeds winged.—Species 1. East Africa. (UnderPedaliumRoyen).PedaliophytumEngl.9. Ovules 8 in each cell of the ovary. Corolla yellow; tube deeply saccate at the base.—Species 1. South-east Africa.HolubiaOliv.Ovules numerous in each cell of the ovary. Corolla red; tube not or slightly saccate at the base. Fruit with several rows of recurved spines.—Species3. South and Central Africa. Noxious weeds. “Grapple plant.” (UncariaBurch.)HarpagophytumDC.10. Ovules 2-3 in each chamber of the ovary, ascending, or one ascending, the other descending. Fruit a nut.11Ovules numerous in each chamber, at least in the larger ones, descending or horizontal. Fruit a capsule.1211. Ovules 2 in each of the 4 chambers of the ovary. Fruit with 2 spines in the middle. Corolla red. Trailing herbs. Leaves lobed.—Species 1.Tropical and South Africa.PretreaJ. GayOvules 3 in each chamber. Shrubs.—Species 1. Northern East Africa(Somaliland).PretreothamnusEngl.12. Cells of the ovary and fruit unequal in size and containing an unequal number of ovules or seeds. Corolla violet or white. Fruit with 2-8 spines or tubercles at the base; only the larger cell dehiscent. Erect herbs. Leaves toothed or lobed. Flowers usually in cymes.—Species3. Central Africa to Namaland.RogeriaJ. GayCells of the ovary and fruit equal. Flowers solitary.1313. Fruit with two horns or spines at the apex. Corolla red, violet, or yellow.—Species5. Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.CeratothecaEndl.Fruit without horns nor spines. Corolla red or white.—Species 20.Central and South Africa; one species (S. indicumL.) also cultivated inEgypt and Madagascar. The seeds of this and a second species are used as food or as a condiment and for preparing meal and oil; some species yield dyes or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 138.)SesamumL.
FAMILY 211.MARTYNIACEAE
Erect, hairy herbs. Leaves broad, undivided. Flowers in racemes, with large bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx unequally 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla obliquely campanulate, two-lipped, 5-lobed, red. Fertile stamens 2, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, included; staminodes 3. Disc regular. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 two-cleft parietal placentas. Ovules 4-16, descending, inverted. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigma-lobes. Fruit ending in two horns, 8-ribbed, 4-chambered and 4-seeded, opening loculicidally at the apex; exocarp leathery, endocarp hard. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen. (UnderPEDALINEAE.)
Genus 1, species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and Mauritius. An ornamental and medicinal plant.MartyniaL.
FAMILY 212.OROBANCHACEAE
Parasitic herbs destitute of green colour. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-5-toothed or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or sepals. Corolla 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 4 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a pitted testa, a copious albumen, and an undivided embryo.—Genera 2, species 30. North and Central Africa. (Plate 139.)
Calyx 5-lobed, with blunt or rounded, nearly equal lobes. Corolla almost equally 5-lobed. Bracteoles adnate to the calyx.—Species 6. North and Central Africa. (UnderPhelipaeaE. Mey.) (Plate 139.)CistancheHoffm. & LinkCalyx 2-5-toothed with pointed teeth, or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or sepals.—Species 25. North and East Africa; two species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds.“Broomrape.” (IncludingPhelipaeaE. Mey.)Orobanche(Tournef.) G. Beck
FAMILY 213.GESNERACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 2. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with parietal placentas, sometimes incompletely 2-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 6, species 65. Tropical and South Africa. (CRYTANDREAE.) (Plate 140.)
OROBANCHACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 139.J. Fleischmann del.Cistanche lutea Link & Hoffmsg.AStem.BInflorescence.CFlower laid open.DAnther.EStigma.FOvary cut lengthwise.GOvary cut across.
OROBANCHACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 139.J. Fleischmann del.Cistanche lutea Link & Hoffmsg.AStem.BInflorescence.CFlower laid open.DAnther.EStigma.FOvary cut lengthwise.GOvary cut across.
OROBANCHACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 139.
J. Fleischmann del.
Cistanche lutea Link & Hoffmsg.
AStem.BInflorescence.CFlower laid open.DAnther.EStigma.FOvary cut lengthwise.GOvary cut across.
GESNERACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 140.J. Fleischmann del.Streptocarpus Cooperi ClarkeAWhole plant.BFlower laid open.CAnther (from front and back).DCross-section of ovary.EFruit.
GESNERACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 140.J. Fleischmann del.Streptocarpus Cooperi ClarkeAWhole plant.BFlower laid open.CAnther (from front and back).DCross-section of ovary.EFruit.
GESNERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 140.
J. Fleischmann del.
Streptocarpus Cooperi Clarke
AWhole plant.BFlower laid open.CAnther (from front and back).DCross-section of ovary.EFruit.
1. Fruit linear, loculicidal or follicular. Disc equal-sided, sometimes indistinct.2Fruit oblong, ovate, or globose. Disc one-sided, rarely (Saintpaulia) equal-sided.32. Fruit twisted.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 140.) (Tribe STREPTOCARPEAE.)StreptocarpusLindl.Fruit not twisted.—Species 5. West Africa and Madagascar. (RoettleraVahl, includingTrachystigmaC. B. Clarke). [Tribe DIDYMOCARPEAE.]DidymocarpusWall.3. Fruit globose, opening transversely. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue or white. Posterior stamens fertile. Inflorescence capitate.Leaves few.—Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe BESLERIEAE.]EpithemaBlumeFruit ovate or oblong, opening lengthwise.44. Fruit loculicidal or follicular. Leaf single.—Species 2. West Africa.(IncludingCarolofritschiaEngl.) [Tribe KLUGIEAE.]AcanthonemaHook. fil.Fruit septicidal. Leaves several. [Tribe RAMONDIEAE.]55. Corolla white, lobed. Disc one-sided. Anthers oblong. Ovary completely1-celled, glandular-hairy. Stigma entire. Stem creeping. Leaves alternate.—Species 1. East Africa.LinnaeopsisEngl.Corolla blue or violet, cleft. Disc equal-sided. Anthers ovoid or subglobose.Ovary incompletely 2-4-celled, hairy. Stigma 2-lobed.Stem erect or ascending. Leaves opposite or all radical.—Species 4.East Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.SaintpauliaWendl.
FAMILY 214.LENTIBULARIACEAE
Rootless herbs with pitcher-leaves. Flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Corolla of united petals, 2-lipped, spurred or saccate. Stamens 2, attached to the base of the corolla. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted. Stigma sessile, entire or unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a 3-many-seeded capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 2, species 65. (Plate 141.)
Calyx subequally 5-partite. Land- or marsh-plants. Pitcher-leaves tubular with two spirally twisted arms. Flowers in few-flowered racemes, with2 bracteoles each.—Species 3. South Africa and southern CentralAfrica.GenliseaSt. Hil.Calyx 2-partite or of 2 free sepals. Pitcher-leaves bladder-like, ovoid or globose.—Species 60. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bladderwort.” (Plate 141.)UtriculariaL.
FAMILY 215.GLOBULARIACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in heads or spikes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed, usually blue. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, attached to the corolla. Staminodes none. Anthers turned inwards, 2-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Disc present, usually gland-like. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo straight, the radicle turned upwards.—Genera 3, species 6. North Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and Socotra. (UnderSELAGINEAE.)
1. Flowers in spikes. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; lobes of the upper lip similar to those of the lower.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.CockburniaBalf.Flowers in heads. Corolla distinctly exceeding the calyx; lobes of the upper lip much shorter than those of the lower.22. Heads axillary. Corolla-tube slit open between the lobes of the upper lip.—Species2. Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands. (UnderGlobulariaL.)LytanthusWettst.Heads terminal. Corolla-tube not slit.—Species 3. North Africa.Used medicinally.GlobulariaL.
SUBORDER ACANTHINEAE
FAMILY 216.ACANTHACEAE
Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, without stipules, usually dotted with cystoliths. Flowers more or less irregular, 4-5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Disc usually present. Style simple. Stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely 4-lobed. Ovary superior, 2-celled, rarely (Afromendoncia) 1-celled. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiments, more rarely a drupe. Seeds 2 or more, mostly exalbuminous; funicle usually with a hook-like outgrowth.—Genera 106, species 1100. (Plate 142.)
1. Fruit a 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded drupe. Funicles small, without an outgrowth.Ovary 1-2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens 4, with 2-celled anthers. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Calyx minute, enveloped by two large bracteoles. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils, rarely in terminal racemes. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Climbing shrubs. [SubfamilyMENDONCIOIDEAE.]2Fruit a 2-celled, 2- or more-seeded capsule. Funicles with a tubercle- or hook-shaped outgrowth, or thickened throughout their length.Ovary 2-celled.42. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit oblong or ovate. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species6. Tropics. (IncludingLirayaPierre, underMendonciaVell.)AfromendonciaGilgOvary 2-celled, at least when young.3
LENTIBULARIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 141.J. Fleischmann del.Utricularia livida E. Mey.APlant in flower.BFlower.CPistil and calyx cut lengthwise.
LENTIBULARIACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 141.J. Fleischmann del.Utricularia livida E. Mey.APlant in flower.BFlower.CPistil and calyx cut lengthwise.
LENTIBULARIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 141.
J. Fleischmann del.
Utricularia livida E. Mey.
APlant in flower.BFlower.CPistil and calyx cut lengthwise.
ACANTHACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 142.J. Fleischmann del.Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) LindauAPlant in flower (most of the corollas having fallen off).BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DStamen.EFruit cut lengthwise (without the seeds).
ACANTHACEAE.FLOW. PL. AFR.Pl. 142.J. Fleischmann del.Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) LindauAPlant in flower (most of the corollas having fallen off).BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DStamen.EFruit cut lengthwise (without the seeds).
ACANTHACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 142.
J. Fleischmann del.
Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Lindau
APlant in flower (most of the corollas having fallen off).BFlower.CFlower cut lengthwise.DStamen.EFruit cut lengthwise (without the seeds).
3. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves ovate. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous below. Fruit globose.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo).GilletiellaDe Wild. & Dur.Flowers in axillary clusters or in terminal racemes. Leaves oblong.—Species2. Madagascar.MonachochlamysBak.4. Funicles short and thick, without a distinct outgrowth. Seeds and ovules2 in each cell. Seeds globular, with a lateral hilum. Fruit beaked at the apex. Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled. Corolla nearly regular, with contorted aestivation. Calyx enclosed by two large bracteoles.Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Shrubs or climbing herbs. [SubfamilyTHUNBERGIOIDEAE.]5Funicles with a large hook-shaped or a small tubercle-shaped outgrowth; in the latter case seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell.65. Anthers opening by pores. Stigma two-lobed. Calyx truncate. Corolla slightly two-lipped. Flowers in racemes. Climbing shrubs.—Species2. Madagascar and southern East Africa. (Under Thunbergia L. f.)PseudocalyxRadlk.Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.—Species 100. Tropical andSouth Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (IncludingHexacentrisNees).ThunbergiaL. f.6. Funicles small, with a minute wart-like outgrowth. Seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. Seeds globose, with a lateral hilum, albuminous.Fruit beaked, rarely only pointed at the apex. Calyx unequally 4-5-parted.Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Disc indistinct. Herbs. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Flowers in spikes. [SubfamilyNELSONIOIDEAE.]7Funicles with a distinct hook-shaped outgrowth, rarely (Synnema) thickened with an obscure outgrowth, but then corolla with contorted aestivation and leaves dotted with cystoliths. Seeds with a basal or subbasal hilum, exalbuminous, usually flat. Fruit usually prolonged into a stalk at the base, rarely beaked at the top. [SubfamilyACANTHOIDEAE.]97. Sepals 5, unequal, almost free. Stamens 4. Ovules in each cell numerous, in 3-4 rows. Fruit not distinctly beaked.—Species 1. CentralAfrica. (EbermaieraNees,ZenkerinaEngl.)StaurogyneWall.Sepals 5, two of them united nearly to the top. Stamens 2. Ovules in each cell 6-10, in two rows. Fruit beaked.88. Flowers with bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence covered with imbricate bracts. Leaves radical or alternate. Stem erect, usually very short.—Species 1. Central Africa. (TubifloraGmel.)ElytrariaVahlFlowers without bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence without bracts or wanting. Leaves opposite. Stem procumbent or ascending.—Species1. Tropics.NelsoniaR. Br.9. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds usually hairy.10Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds usually glabrous.4010. Corolla distinctly 1-or 2-lipped.11Corolla nearly regular.1711. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and thin. Fruit contracted into a stalk. Seeds 2 in each cell. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. EquatorialEast Africa (Uganda).EranthemumL.Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then, as usually, seeds more than 2 in each cell of the fruit. Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. [TribeHYGROPHILEAE.]1212. Corolla 1-lipped, 5-lobed; tube cylindrical. Calyx equally 5-toothed.Stamens 4. Anthers not spurred. Ovules 4-8 in each cell of the ovary.Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. Central Africa. Some of them yield fish-poison or serve as ornamental plants. (IncludingEremomastaxLindau)PaulowilhelmiaHochst.Corolla 2-lipped.1313. Fertile stamens 2; the anterior stamens sterile. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla red or violet; tube short, with a transverse fold. Ovules numerous.Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or spikes.—Species20. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants.BrillantaisiaBeauv.Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then the posterior stamens sterile or wanting.1414. Funicles of the seeds with an indistinct, cushion-shaped outgrowth. Ovules numerous. Stamens 2-4. Calyx 5-partite. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes. Herbs.—Species 6. Central Africa. (CardantheraHam.)SynnemaBenth.Funicles of the seeds with a distinct, hook-shaped outgrowth. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs, each decurrent upon a common fold.1515. Stem woody. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx equally 5-partite.Anthers spurred, rarely only pointed at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each cell of the ovary.—Species 4. East Africa.MelleraS. MooreStem herbaceous. Anthers not spurred.1616. Flowers in axillary clusters, intermixed with spines. Calyx 4-partite.Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell.—Species 2. Central Africa. Used for making salt. (UnderHygrophilaR. Br.)AsteracanthaNeesFlowers solitary or in spineless clusters or panicles.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including NomaphilaBlume)HygrophilaR. Br.17. (10) Fruit distinctly compressed from front to back, contracted into a short stalk, 2-4-seeded. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens 4,united in pairs and decurrent at the base. [Tribe PETALIDIEAE.]18Fruit more or less terete or 4-angled. [Tribes RUELLIEAE and STROBILANTHEAE.]2218. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Stigmas 2. Calyx 5-cleft or 4-parted. Flowers in axillary clusters. Bracts oblong, about as long as the calyx; bracteoles smaller.—Species 8. Central Africa.DispermaC. B. ClarkeOvary-cells 2-ovuled. Bracts or bracteoles large.1919. Calyx-segments 4 owing to the complete or nearly complete union of the two anticous segments. Flowers solitary or in short lateral inflorescences.—Species18. Tropics. (UnderPetalidiumNees).PseudobarleriaT. Anders.Calyx-segments 5, almost free.2020. Calyx-segments very unequal, the posticous much larger, bract-like.Inflorescences spike-like, composed of cymes.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (AetheilemaR. Br.,MicranthusWendl.,PhaylopsisWilld.)PhaulopsisWilld.Calyx-segments nearly equal.2121. Stigma entire, capitate. Anther-halves blunt. Flowers in terminal false umbels.—Species 1. Madagascar.ZygoruelliaBaill.Stigma unequally 2-lobed, filiform. Anther-halves pointed or tailed below.Flowers solitary or in cymes.—Species 5. West and South Africa.PetalidiumNees22. (17.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit contracted into a stalk, 2-4-seeded.23Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell.3023. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and narrow throughout its length.24Fertile stamens 4.2524. Calyx divided nearly to the base. Corolla orange. Stigma capitate or oblong, more or less 2-lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, contracted into a short stalk, usually 2-seeded. Flowers in heads, spikes, or panicles.Bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx.—Species 5. Central Africa.Used as ornamental plants.LankesteriaLindl.Calyx divided to the middle or somewhat beyond. Corolla white. Stigma entire, oblong-linear. Fruit linear, contracted into a long stalk, usually4-seeded. Flowers solitary or few together in the leaf-axils. Bracteoles much shorter than the calyx.—Species 4. South and East Africa.(UnderCalophanesDon).ChaetacanthusNees25. Filaments free from the base.26Filaments united in pairs at the base and decurrent in the form of two ridges.2726. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Disc very small.Flowers solitary, axillary. Bracteoles very small and narrow.—Species2. Northern East Africa.SatanocraterSchweinf.Calyx deeply divided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Bracteoles large, membranous.—Species 15. Central Africa. (IncludingStylarthropusBaill.)WhitfieldiaHook.27. Staminal ridges confluent, hence all stamens inserted upon a common fold. Anther-halves blunt. Fruit oblong ovoid or globose, 3-4-seeded.Flowers solitary or in spikes.—Species 4. Madagascar.StrobilanthesBlumeStaminal ridges separate. Flowers solitary or in cymes.2828. Calyx 5-cleft. Anther-halves usually tailed. Fruit linear, 4-seeded.—Species30. Tropical and South Africa. (CalophanesDon, includingPhillipsiaRolfe).DyschoristeNeesCalyx 5-parted. Anthers blunt. Fruit oblong or elliptical.2929. Fruit 2-seeded. Pollen-grains ovoid, with longitudinal ribs. Undershrubs.—Species1. Southern East Africa.StrobilanthopsisS. MooreFruit 4-seeded. Pollen-grains globular, prickly.—Species 8. Tropics.(UnderDischistocalyxT. Anders.)AcanthopaleC. B. Clarke30. (22.) Fertile stamens 2.31Fertile stamens 4.3231. Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Staminodes present. Corolla nearly2-lipped; tube short, wide, funnel-shaped. Flowers several together in the leaf-axils. Shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar. (UnderRuttyaHarv.)ForsythiopsisBak.Ovules 10 in each ovary-cell. Flowers solitary. Herbs.—Species 1.Madagascar.RuelliolaBaill.32. Filaments free from the base. Anthers with a fertile and a rudimentary half. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla white. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell.Flowers in spikes or heads.—Species 3. West Africa. (PhysacanthusBenth.)HaselhoffiaLindauFilaments united in pairs at the base, decurrent in the form of two ridges.Anthers with both halves fertile. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted.3333. Staminal ridges confluent. Anthers not tailed.34Staminal ridges separate.3534. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Flowers in loose panicles.—Species 1.Island of St. Thomas. (UnderPaulowilhelmiaHochst.)HeteradelphiaLindauCorolla tubular. Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences.—Species5. Central Africa.HemigraphisNees35. Anther-halves of the anterior stamens, at least one of them, tailed at the base. Calyx-segments subequal. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short and wide tube. Flowers in panicles.—Species 15. Tropics. (IncludingEpiclastopelmaLindau)MimulopsisSchweinf.Anther-halves without an appendage at the base, rarely (Ruelliopsis) all tailed, and then calyx-segments unequal and flowers solitary.3636. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc cup-shaped, toothed. Anthers exserted. Corolla red. Flowers solitary. Leaves crowded at the end of the branches. Glabrous shrubs.—Species 1.Madagascar.CamaroteaElliotStigma entire or provided with a small tooth.3737. Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Calyx-segments usually very unequal. Bracteoles very small.—Species 9. Central Africa.(DischistocalyxT. Anders.)DistichocalyxT. Anders.Flowers solitary or in neither spike- nor head-like cymes or panicles.3838. Leaves one-sided (with unequal halves) and usually very unequal in size, entire. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles very small. Calyx-segments subequal, very long. Corolla red or blue, with a long cylindrical tube.Anthers included.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa.EndosiphonT. Anders.Leaves equal-sided or nearly so, about equal in size.3939. Pollen-grains with many longitudinal ribs. Anthers usually tailed. Calyx-segments unequal. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles small. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.—Species 3. East andSouth Africa.RuelliopsisC. B. ClarkePollen-grains netted or pitted. Anthers not tailed.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.(IncludingDipteracanthusNees).RuelliaL.40. (9.) Corolla with imbricate, not ascending aestivation, 2-lipped or nearly regular. Filaments free. Anthers, at least those of the anterior stamens, 2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, rarely (Crabbea) 3-4.Fruit not distinctly contracted into a stalk. [Tribe BARLERIEAE.]41Corolla with imbricate, ascending aestivation.4841. Calyx 4-parted, one of the segments sometimes shortly toothed. Stamens2, more rarely 4, exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma-lobes 2, subequal, sometimes nearly confluent. Flowers in cymes, spikes, racemes, or heads.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (IncludingSomaliaOliv.)BarleriaL.Calyx 2- or 5-parted. Stamens 4, included. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct.4242. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. Corolla folded in the bud, nearly regular, with short triangular lobes. Anthers of the posterior stamens 1-celled.Disc indistinct. Stigma entire. Inflorescence spike- or head-like.—Species12. Tropics. (IncludingLeucobarleriaLindau).NeuracanthusNeesCalyx 5-parted. Corolla not folded. Anthers 2-celled, rarely those of the posterior stamens 1-celled, but then corolla 2-lipped. Disc ring-shaped.4343. Flowers surrounded by 4 united bracts, solitary, with narrow bracteoles.Corolla-lobes spreading, pink. Anthers 2-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar.(PeriblemaDC.)BoutoniaDC.Flowers not surrounded by united bracts, solitary but without bracteoles, or in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Corolla two-lipped.4444. Bracteoles surrounding the flowers 4, large, exceeding the calyx. Flowersin head-like cymes, very small, stalked, intermixed with bracts. Corolla white. Anthers with equal halves. Ovary hairy above. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigma unequally 2-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.WarpuriaStapfBracteoles minute or absent.4545. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anthers all2-celled. Stigma with two almost equal lobes.—Species 2. SouthAfrica.GlossochilusNeesFlowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Stigma entire or very unequally 2-lobed, rarely almost equally 2-lobed, but then anthers partly 1-celled.4646. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anther-halves unappendaged, inserted nearly at the same level. Calyx-teeth pointed. Ovary and style glabrous. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Fruit narrow-oblong,4-8-seeded. Inflorescence capitate.—Species 10. South and CentralAfrica.CrabbeaHarv.Stamens not approximate in pairs. Anthers all with one half inserted lower than the other, or the posterior with one half only developed.Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit 2-4-seeded.4747. Anterior calyx-segments united halfway up. Corolla violet. Anthers of the anterior stamens with unappendaged halves inserted at the same level; those of the posterior stamens with one half only developed.Stigma with 2 minute, subequal lobes. Flowers in few-flowered spikes.—Species1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).LindaueaRendleAnterior calyx-segments nearly free. Anthers of all or only the anterior stamens with one half inserted lower than the other. Stigma entire.—Species30. Central Africa. (IncludingVolkensiophytonLindau).LepidagathisWilld.48. (40.) Corolla 1-lipped, 3-5-lobed; in place of the upper lip a slit.Stamens 4. Anthers 1-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes. [Tribe ACANTHEAE.]49Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular.5549. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white or blue, rarely yellow; tube short. Leaves usually prickly.50Calyx 5-parted. Leaves undivided.5350. Corolla-tube of moderate length. Sepals free. Filaments very short.Bracts small; bracteoles much larger. Leaves undivided.—Species 1.Equatorial East Africa (Uganda).CrossandrellaC. B. ClarkeCorolla-tube very short. Bracts large, imbricate, usually prickly; bracteoles small and narrow or wanting.5151. Anterior filaments with a process near the top. Ovary with two glandular pits at the apex. Stigma-lobes 2, equal. Corolla-tube nearly globular.Fruit more or less contracted at the base. Seeds hairy.—Species 60.Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables orin medicine; others are noxious weeds.BlepharisJuss.Anterior filaments without an apical process. Ovary without glandular pits at the top. Corolla-tube short-cylindrical. Fruit not or scarcely contracted at the base.5252. Stigma with 2 almost equal lobes. Disc oblique. Seeds 3-4, glabrous.Spikes stalked.—Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.AcanthusL.Stigma with very unequal lobes or entire. Disc indistinct. Seeds bristly, usually 2. Spikes sessile. Bracts ending in 3-5 spines.—Species 7.South Africa.AcanthopsisHarv.53. Calyx-segments unequal, the posterior much broader than the anterior,2-nerved, often toothed. Corolla red or yellow; tube very long.Anthers included. Seeds hairy. Bracteoles usually as long as the calyx.—Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.CrossandraSalisb.Calyx-segments subequal, the posterior as broad as or a little broader than the anterior, one-nerved, rarely many-nerved and then sometimes toothed. Anthers more or less exserted. Seeds not hairy. Bracteoles shorter than the calyx.5454. Corolla-tube long. Anthers blunt. Disc thick. Fruit not contracted at the base.—Species 8. Tropics. (IncludingButayeaDe Wild, andPleuroblepharisBaill., underSclerochitonHarv.)PseudoblepharisBaill.Corolla-tube short. Anthers pointed. Disc small. Fruit slightly contracted at the base.—Species 4. Central and South Africa.SclerochitonHarv.55. (48.) Corolla nearly regular, often obscurely two-lipped. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles.56Corolla distinctly 2-lipped.6456. Fertile stamens 2. Staminodes usually present. Calyx 5-parted. [TribePSEUDERANTHEMEAE.]57Fertile stamens 4.5957. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx-segments subulate. Corolla-tube cylindrical, not widened above. Seeds 1-2, nearly smooth. Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).RuspoliaLindauAnthers 2-celled. Seeds 4, rarely fewer.5858. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, much widened above. Seeds nearly smooth.Flowers in racemes, white. Shrubs.—Species 1. Natal. Used as an ornamental plant. (UnderAsystasiaBlume).MackayaHarv.Corolla-tube cylindrical, scarcely widened above. Seeds wrinkled.—Species12. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. (UnderEranthemumL.)PseuderanthemumRadlk.59. Anthers 1-celled, cohering. Fruit not contracted into a stalk. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. Madagascar.StenandriopsisS. MooreAnthers 2-celled. Fruit contracted at the base into a long stalk. [TribeASYSTASIEAE.]6060. Calyx 5-lobed, with broad segments. Sterile stamen present. Stigma-lobes unequal. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.—Species4. West Africa. (ScytanthusT. Anders.)ThomandersiaBaill.Calyx 5-parted, with narrow segments. Sterile stamen absent. Stigma-lobes subequal. Seeds 4. Bracteoles present.6161. Anther-halves of the longer stamens elliptical, one inserted much lower than the other; those of the shorter stamens suborbicular and divergent.Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.FiletiaMiq.Anther-halves oblong, nearly parallel and inserted at about the same level.6262. Disc laterally 2-lobed. Bracts long. Flowers in spikes.—Species 2.East Africa. (UnderAsystasiaBlume)ParasystasiaBaill.Disc not 2-lobed. Bracts short.6363. Pollen-grains prickly, not striped. Anther-halves shortly spurred at the base. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. East Africa.AsystasiellaLindauPollen-grain striped, not prickly.—Species 20. Tropical and SouthAfrica. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants.AsystasiaBlume64. (55.) Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Fertile stamens 2, staminodes none.Anthers 2-celled. Herbs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. [Tribe ANDROGRAPHIDEAE.]AndrographisNeesOvules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. [Tribes GRAPTOPHYLLEAE, ODONTONEMEAE,ISOGLOSSEAE, and JUSTICIEAE.]6565. Fertile stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled.66Fertile stamens 2.7066. Corolla-tube long, cylindrical. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Leaves ovate or elliptical. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles.67Corolla-tube rather short and wide. Leaves oblong or lanceolate.6867. Stigma entire. Stamens inserted a little below the throat of the corolla.Bracteoles small.—Species 1. Central Africa. (StyasasiaS. Moore, underAsystasiaBlume)IsochoristeMiq.Stigma 2-lobed. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube.Bracteoles large.—Species 2. Madagascar.ForcipellaBaill.68. Anther-halves blunt at the base. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Posterior stigma-lobe tubercle-shaped. Calyx-segments unequal.Seeds oblong. Flowers crowded in the axils of the leaves.Bracts and bracteoles narrow, clothed with red hairs.—Species 1.Madagascar.SynchoristeBaill.Anther-halves pointed at the base. Bracts and bracteoles broad.6969. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, borne on a long stalk. Bracts incised.—Species1. Madagascar.PodorungiaBaill.Inflorescences terminal, racemose, the lower flowers solitary in the leaf-axils.Pedicels 4-winged. Seeds 2, roundish.—Species 1. Madagascar.ChlamydacanthusLindau70. (65.) Staminodes 2. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Bracts and bracteoles small.71Staminodes none, rarely (Duvernoya) solitary.7371. Anthers projecting far beyond the corolla-tube; halves at equal heights, pointed at the base. Calyx short. Corolla red; tube long, funnel-shaped.Shrubs. Flowers panicled.—Species 1. Naturalized inWest Africa. An ornamental and medicinal plant.GraptophyllumNeesAnthers slightly projecting, with one half only developed.7272. Anthers pointed. Corolla red; tube short and wide. Flowers in cymes or panicles.—Species 5. East and South Africa and Madagascar.RuttyaHarv.Anthers blunt. Corolla yellow; tube long, ventricose. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Shrubs.—Species 4. Island of Socotra.BallochiaBalf. fil.73. Anthers 1-celled, blunt.74Anthers 2-celled.8074. Stigma entire.75Stigma 2-lobed.7675. Flowers in cymes surrounded by united bracts and collected in heads or fascicles. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Woolly shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar.LasiocladusBoj.Flowers in spikes or panicles, with free bracts. Corolla-tube very long and narrow.—Species 9. Tropics.BrachystephanusNees76. Corolla-tube very short, bell-shaped. Stamens inserted in the lower part of it. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Flowers in panicles.—Species1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).OreacanthusBenth.Corolla-tube not very short, cylindrical or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in its upper part or at the throat.7777. Flowers in spikes. Bracteoles equalling the calyx. Corolla funnel-shaped.Fruit contracted into a long stalk.—Species 2. Central Africa.MonotheciumHochst.Flowers in cymes, heads, or panicles. Bracts usually united. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Fruit contracted into a short stalk or not contracted.7878. Calyx deeply two-lipped, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped.Fruit without a stalk. Flowers panicled.—Species 1. Madagascar.AmphiestesS. MooreCalyx regular or nearly so, 4-5-lobed or -parted.7979. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers in umbellately arranged cymes.—Species 2.Madagascar and Comoro Islands.PeriestesBaill.Calyx 5-lobed to 5-parted.—Species 70. Tropical and South Africa.Some are used in medicine.HypoëstesR. Br.80. (73.) Anther-halves inserted at unequal heights.81Anther-halves inserted at the same level, unappendaged at the base.10181. Anther-halves, both or the lower one, prolonged at the base into a spur- or tail-like appendage.82Anther-halves blunt or pointed, sometimes bearing a short mucro, but neither spurred nor tailed.9282. Corolla-tube barrel-shaped, widened from the base; lips short. Calyx-segments very long and narrow. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Upper anther-half without a spur. Disc cup-shaped.Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Shrubs. Flowers panicled, red.Bracts and bracteoles small.—Species 2. Island of Socotra.TrichocalyxBalf. fil.Corolla-tube cylindrical or narrowly funnel-shaped.8383. Corolla-tube very long, much longer than the limb. Herbs or undershrubs.Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.Bracts narrow.84Corolla-tube short or rather short.8584. Corolla very large, red. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube.Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. South-east Africa. (UnderSiphonoglossaOerst.)AulojusticiaLindauCorolla medium-sized. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube.Leaves elliptical to orbicular.—Species 3. South and EastAfrica. (UnderJusticiaL.)SiphonoglossaOerst.85. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Pollen-grains with several longitudinal rows of tubercles sometimes replaced by patches. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves at maturity.—Species 160. Tropical and South Africa and CanaryIslands. Some of the species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (IncludingAdhatodaNees,DiantheraL.,GendarussaNees,MonechmaHochst., andRhytiglossaNees). (Plate 142.)JusticiaL.Disc ring-shaped. Pollen-grains usually without tubercles.8686. Calyx-segments 4.87Calyx-segments 5.8887. Flowers in spikes arranged in false umbels at the ends of the branches.Fruit contracted into a short stalk. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.CorymbostachysLindauFlowers in axillary spikes. Fruit contracted into a rather long stalk.Herbs.—Species 5. Madagascar and West Africa. (UnderJusticiaL.)AnisostachyaNees88. Flowers in panicles.89Flowers in spikes.9089. Stem woody, shrubby. Inflorescences scantily branched. Bracts very narrow. Corolla blue. Anther-halves both spurred. Fruit contracted into a short stalk.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).(UnderJusticiaL.)SalviacanthusLindauStem herbaceous. Inflorescences abundantly branched. Bracts broad.Lower anther-half spurred, the upper not. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (UnderJusticiaL.)RhaphidosporaNees90. Stem woody, shrubby. Calyx 5-cleft, scarious. Corolla large, red.—Species4. East Africa and Madagascar. (UnderMacrorungiaC. B.Clarke)SymplectochilusLindauStem herbaceous.9191. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Calyx membranous. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity. Flowers small.Bracts broad, in 4 ranks, whereof two enclose no flowers. Bracteoles large.—Species 9. Tropics.RungiaNeesStamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves.—Species 10. Central Africa.Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Justicia L.)NicotebaLindau92. (81.) Corolla-tube bell- or funnel-shaped, wide throughout or much widened above.93Corolla-tube cylindrical, narrow and not or slightly widened above.9593. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Corolla-tube somewhat shorter than the limb. Pollen-grains ovoid, with several rows of patches. Disc lobed. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Flowers in spikes or panicles.—Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. (UnderAdhatodaNees orJusticiaL.)DuvernoyaE. Mey.Anther-halves inserted at very unequal heights, more rarely at slightly unequal ones, but then corolla-tube as long as or longer than the limb.Pollen-grains more or less globose, nearly smooth. Herbs or undershrubs.9494. Flowers in cymes. Corolla-tube long. Stamens inserted at its middle.Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Stigma 2-lobed.Fruit oblong, without a distinct stalk. Seeds 2 fertile and 2 sterile.Leaves sessile, lanceolate.—Species 1. Madagascar.MelittacanthusS. MooreFlowers in racemes or panicles. Fruit contracted into a stalk.—Species40. Tropical and South Africa.IsoglossaOerst.95. Corolla-tube short, much shorter than the lips. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Shrubs.96Corolla-tube long or rather long; upper lip entire or shortly toothed.Disc cup-shaped.9896. Upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft. Anther-halves pointed. Disc cup-shaped.Leaves broad, unequal-sided. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1.Madagascar.PopulinaBaill.Upper lip of the corolla entire or shortly toothed. Disc ring-shaped.Flowers in spikes or fascicles.9797. Bracts very small, shorter than the calyx. Calyx-segments nearly free,3-nerved. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves. Species 5. CentralAfrica.AnisotesNeesBracts large, as long as or longer than the calyx. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity.—Species 5. Tropical Africa to Transvaal. (MacrorungiaC. B. Clarke).HimantochilusT. Anders.98. Bracts small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Fruit oblong, narrowed into a long stalk. Shrubs, usually climbing. Flowers in panicles.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.RhinacanthusNeesBracts large. Fruit narrowed into a short stalk. Herbs.9999. Bracts not opposite in pairs. Corolla small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Pollen-grains globose, with 6 pores and several longitudinal rows of raised dots. Species 3. EquatorialWest Africa.ChlamydocardiaLindauBracts opposite in pairs and usually united at the base, enclosing 1-2 flowers. Pollen-grains ovoid, smooth, with 3 pores and 3 bands.100100. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit oblong; partition not separating from the valves.—Species 10. Tropical and SouthAfrica. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.PeristropheNeesStamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit ovate; partition separating from the valves at maturity.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa.(DiapediumKoenig).DiclipteraJuss.101. (80.) Corolla-tube much widened above, long, curved; lower lip rolled in. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Shrubs. Flowers in long terminal spikes or racemes, reddish-yellow. Bracts and bracteoles very small.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. (AncalanthusBalf. fil.)AngkalanthusBalf. fil.Corolla-tube not or slightly widened above. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Bracts not very small.102102. Corolla-tube rather short, about equalling the limb. Seeds usually 2.Inflorescence spike-like. Bracts large. Bracteoles small or wanting.103Corolla-tube long. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.104103. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles linear. Fruit subglobose, contracted into a short stalk.—Species 5. Central Africa.(UnderEcboliumKurz)SchwabeaEndl.Flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles bristle-like or wanting.Shrubs.—Species 3. Central Africa. (UnderDiclipteraJuss.)MegalochlamysLindau104. Bracts broad. Bracteoles long. Fruit flat. Seeds 2. Shrubs. Flowersin spikes.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.EcboliumKurzBracts narrow. Seeds 4.105105. Flowers in one-sided spikes. Bracts small. Shrubs.—Species 1.Naturalized in the Canary Islands.AnisacanthusNeesFlowers in panicles. Bracts long. Herbs.—Species 1. EquatorialWest Africa.SchaueriaNees
SUBORDER MYOPORINEAE
FAMILY 217.MYOPORACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, without bracteoles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united at the base, imbricate or open in the bud. Petals 5, united below, white, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla tube, in two pairs of slightly unequal length. Anthers 2-celled, the cells confluent at the top, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled. Ovules 1-6 in each cell, pendulous from the apex of the partition, inverted, with a thick funicle. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; radicle of the embryo superior.—Genera 3, species 4. Southern and tropical Africa.
1. Corolla salver-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in each cell 4-6, in pairs placed one above the other. Stigma oblong, oblique. Fruit with a 1-2-celled stone.—Species 2. South Africa.OftiaAdans.Corolla bell-shaped. Ovules in each ovary-cell solitary or two side by side.22. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla slightly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma capitate. Fruit with 4 stones.—Species 1. West Africa.ZombianaBaill.Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla regular. Fruit with a 2-4-celled stone.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands.MyoporumBanks & Sol.
ORDER PLANTAGINALES
FAMILY 218.PLANTAGINACEAE
Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs; in the latter case leaves opposite. Leaves sessile, entire toothed lobed or pinnately cleft, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes or heads, with broad bracts, without bracteoles, small, regular, 4-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Corolla scarious, of united petals, with imbricate aestivation, sometimes 2-toothed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternating with its lobes. Filaments long, bent inwards in the bud. Anthers large, versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, sometimes one cell only fertile. Ovules axile, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, filiform. Fruit dry, opening by a lid or remaining closed. Seeds with a fleshy albumen; embryo straight or nearly so.—Genera 2, species 40. (Plate 143.)
Flowers monoecious, the male solitary, the female at their base, solitary or several together; the latter with a bag-shaped, 2-4-toothed corolla.Ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.—Species 1. Azores.LitorellaL.Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in 2- or more-flowered spikes or heads, all with a 4-lobed corolla. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscent,2- or more-seeded.—Species 40. Some of them yield food for cattle and birds, vegetables, medicaments, soda, and a mucilage. “Plantain.”(Plate 143.)PlantagoL.
ORDER RUBIALES
FAMILY 219.RUBIACEAE
Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, provided with sometimes leaf-like stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so, but sometimes with a curved corolla-tube. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (Argostema) by 1-2 apical pores. Ovary inferior, rarely (Gaertnera) superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style 1, or several styles united at the base.—Genera 150, species 1900. (Plate 144.)
1. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. [SubfamilyCOFFEOIDEAE.]2Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. [SubfamilyCINCHONOIDEAE.]812. Ovules pendulous or descending; micropyle superior. Radicle of the embryo superior.3Ovules ascending; micropyle inferior. Radicle of the embryo inferior.303. Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or trees.4Corolla with valvate aestivation.184. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds with copious albumen. Flowers in fascicles or panicles, rarely solitary. [TribeALBERTEAE.]5Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation.165. Corolla curved, tubular, hairy within. Calyx 5-partite; 1-4 of the segments much enlarged after flowering. Anthers hairy. Style much exserted. Flowers in terminal panicles.6Corolla straight. Calyx-segments not enlarged, rarely all enlarged after flowering.76. Calyx with 1 enlarged segment. Corolla hairy at the base and at the throat. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers bearded at the base. Style-apex 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar.NematostylisHook. fil.Calyx with 2-4 enlarged segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.Style-apex entire.—Species 5. Madagascar and Natal. (ErnestimeyeraO. Ktze.)AlbertaE. Mey.