1. Corolla of all flowers strap-shaped (ligulate). Juice milky. [TribeCICHORIEAE.]2Corolla of the hermaphrodite and male flowers not strap-shaped. Juice not milky.312. Scales on the receptacle enclosing the fruits. Thistle-like herbs.—Species3. North Africa and northern East Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. [SubtribeSCOLYMINAE.]ScolymusL.Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits or wanting. Not thistle-like plants.33. Pappus of all or of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles which are sometimes broadened at the base or surrounded by simple bristles or by a small crown. [SubtribeLEONTODONTINAE.]4Pappus consisting of simple, smooth or rough, in some cases shortly ciliate bristles, or of such bristles and scales, or only of scales sometimes ending in a not feathery, in some cases shortly ciliate awn, or of scales united into a small crown, or wanting altogether.104. Pappus-bristles, at least on the inner fruits, with interwoven pinnae.Receptacle without scales.5Pappus-bristles with not interwoven pinnae, in 1 or 2 rows. Flowers yellow.75. Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in one row. Flower-heads terminal, solitary, large or rather large. Leaves linear.—Species 3. NorthAfrica; one of the species also naturalized in St. Helena. Used as vegetables or in medicine. “Salsify.” (IncludingGeropogonL.)TragopogonL.Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in several rows.66. Fruits obliquely truncate at the top; hence pappus lateral. Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. Leaves radical.—Species 1.North-west Africa (Algeria)TourneuxiaCoss.Fruits straight at the top.—Species 7. North and Central Africa; one species only cultivated. They yield edible roots, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (IncludingPodospermumDC.)ScorzoneraL.7. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Involucral bracts in several rows.—Species 6. North Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa, St. Helena, and the Mascarenes. Used in medicine.(IncludingSeriolaL.)HypochoerisL.Receptacle without scales.88. Involucral bracts in one row. Fruits with a hollow beak. Pappus-bristles in two rows. Flower-heads solitary.—Species 2. North Africa andCape Verde Islands; naturalized in South Africa.UrospermumScop.Involucral bracts in several rows.99. Leaves all radical. Stem simple or scantily branched. Pappus persistent.—Species20. North Africa. (IncludingAsterothrixCoss.,FideliaSchultz,KalbfussiaSchultz,MicroderisDC.,MillinaCass., andThrinciaRoth).LeontodonL.Leaves cauline or cauline and radical. Stem branched, hairy.—Species20. North and Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables.(IncludingDeckeraSchultz,HelminthiaJuss.,SpitzeliaSchultz,ViraeaVahl, andVigineixiaPomel).PicrisL.10. (3.) Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, consisting of bristles. [SubtribeCREPIDINAE.]11Pappus consisting of scales and bristles, or of scales sometimes prolonged into an awn or united in a small crown, or wanting. [SubtribeCICHORINAE.]2411. Receptacle beset with bristles. Fruits not beaked.12Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate.1312. Receptacle bristly throughout. Fruits linear.—Species 1. North-eastAfrica (Egypt). (LagoserisM. Bieb.)PterothecaCass.Receptacle pitted; only the edges of the pits beset with bristles. Fruits oblong.—Species 10. North Africa.AndryalaL.13. Fruits ending in a beak.14Fruits without a beak, but sometimes narrowed at the apex.1814. Fruits tubercled at the base of the beak.15Fruits not tubercled at the base of the beak.1715. Outer fruits not beaked, with a rudimentary pappus or without a pappus.Flower-heads subequal, in corymbs.—Species 1. North-east Africa(Egypt).HeteroderisBoiss.Outer fruits similar to the inner.1616. Heads rather small, 7-15-flowered. Leaves radical and cauline.—Species1. North Africa. Used as a salad and in medicine.ChondrillaL.Heads rather large, many-flowered. Leaves all radical.—Species 8.Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Dandelion.”TaraxacumHall.17. Fruits compressed.—Species 40, one of them (L. sativaL.) only cultivated.They are used as salad and fodder and in medicine; some are poisonous.“Lettuce.” (IncludingCicerbitaWallr.)LactucaL.Fruits, at least the inner, terete or angular, many-ribbed.—Species 35.(IncludingAnisorhamphusDC. andBarkhousiaMoench).CrepisL.18. Fruits much narrowed at the top.19Fruits, at least the inner, not or slightly narrowed and truncate at the top.2019. Stem reduced to a rootstock sometimes prolonged into a short scape.Flowers yellow.—Species 2. East Africa.DianthoserisSchultzStem well developed, not scape-like. (See 17.)CrepisL.20. Fruits of two kinds, the inner differing from the outer. Involucral bracts in many rows, with scarious margins.21Fruits all alike.2221. Outer fruits transversely wrinkled or hairy, inner smooth and glabrous.—Species20. Some of them are used medicinally. (IncludingHeterachaenaFres.,MicrorhynchusLess.,RhabdothecaCass., andZollikoferiaDC.)LaunaeaCass.Outer and inner fruits 3-5-furrowed, with crenate ribs, the inner less deeply furrowed. Pappus-bristles falling away together.—Species 5.North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (PicridiumDesf.)ReichardiaRoth22. Fruits obscurely ribbed, not or slightly compressed, angular. Flowers red, violet, or white. Heads in racemes or panicles.—Species 2.Canary Islands and Socotra.PrenanthesL.Fruits distinctly ribbed. Flowers usually yellow.2323. Fruits compressed.—Species 40. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. “Sowthistle.”SonchusL.Fruits terete or angular.—Species 7. North and South Africa andMadagascar. Some are used in medicine. “Hawkweed.”HieraciumL.24. (10.) Pappus present.25Pappus absent. Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. Flowers yellow.2925. Receptacle entirely beset with long bristles. Pappus consisting of toothed or awned scales. Involucral bracts with a scarious appendage.—Species5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.CatanancheL.Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate, sometimes with some long bristles in the centre.2626. Involucral bracts hardened at the time of maturity. Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow.27Involucral bracts not hardened at maturity.2827. Fruits compressed, some of them winged.—Species 3. North Africa.HyoserisL.Fruits terete, not winged.—Species 2. North Africa. (UnderLeontodonL.)HedypnoisSchreb.28. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts subequal in length. Fruits 6-8-ribbed.Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles.—Species12. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.TolpisBivonaFlowers blue, red, or white. Involucral bracts unequal in length. Fruits5-angled. Pappus consisting of short scales.—Species 6. North andCentral Africa; one of the species also naturalized elsewhere, two of them only cultivated. The latter yield vegetables, salad, fodder for cattle, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee. “Chicory.”CichoriumL.29. Involucral bracts hardened later on and enclosing the outer fruits. Fruits linear, the outer spreading.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as salad.RhagadiolusJuss.Involucral bracts neither hardened nor enclosing the fruits.3030. Fruits linear, incurved at the top, spreading, the ribs beset with short prickles.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).KoelpiniaPall.Fruits oblong-ovate, rounded at the top, compressed, many-streaked, glabrous.—Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in the MascareneIslands. Yields salad and is used in medicine. (LampsanaJuss.)LapsanaL.31. (1.) Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers, at or somewhat below the point of division, thickened or provided with a ring of rather long hairs.Involucral bracts in several rows. [Tribes CYNAREAE and ARCTOTIDEAE.]32Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers neither thickened nor provided with a ring of long hairs at or below the point of division.6732. Outer (ray-) flowers strap-shaped. Anthers not tailed.33Outer flowers not strap-shaped. Anthers usually more or less distinctly tailed.4133. Involucral bracts free, the inner scarious at the apex. Flower-heads solitary.34Involucral bracts united below. [SubtribeGORTERINAE.]3534. Pappus formed of feathery bristles. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like and usually prickly. Leaves prickly.—Species 12. North Africa. One of the species yields gum and is used in medicine.AtractylisL.Pappus formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown, or wanting.—Species85. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (IncludingArctothecaWendl.,CryptostemmaR. Br.,DamatrisCass.,HaplocarphaLess.,LandtiaLess.,MicrostephiumLess., andVenidiumLess.)ArctotisL.35. Involucral bracts united at the base only. Receptacle with deep pits enclosing the fruits.36Involucral bracts united to the middle or beyond. Receptacle with more or less shallow pits not enclosing the fruits.3836. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer leaf-like and longer than the inner.Pappus of feathery-fringed scales. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves entire or prickly-toothed, often ciliate.—Species 5. South Africa.DideltaL’Hér.Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly.3737. Pappus formed of scales.—Species 80. South and Central Africa. Some are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds. (CrocodiloidesAdans.,includingStephanocomaLess. andStobaeaThunb.)BerkheyaEhrh.Pappus wanting. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves undivided.—Species15. South Africa.CullumiaR. Br.38. Involucral bracts united at the base or up to halfway. Fruits clothed with long hairs.39Involucral bracts united high up. Receptacle with shallow pits. Herbs.4039. Receptacle with deep pits. Pappus of two unequally long rows of scales.Herbs.—Species 7. South and Central Africa.BerkheyopsisO. Hoffm.Receptacle with shallow pits. Pappus a small crown of bristles or wanting.Shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa.HirpiciumCass.40. Involucral bracts hardened and prickly at the time of maturity. Pappus formed of one-ranked scales or wanting. Fruits nearly glabrous.—Species4. South Africa.GorteriaL.Involucral bracts unchanged at maturity. Pappus formed of usually two-ranked scales. Fruits clothed with long hairs.—Species 35.South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (MeridianaHill).GazaniaGaertn.41. (32.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flower-heads collected in clusters. Flowers red or violet. Corolla-tube short. Leaves pinnately divided. [SubtribeGUNDELINAE.]42Receptacle rarely with scales between the flowers, and then flower-heads not in clusters.4342. Involucral bracts united below. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves cauline, prickly.—Species 1. North Africa.GundeliaL.Involucral bracts free. Pappus of unequal scales. Leaves radical.—Species3. South and Central Africa.PlatycarphaLess.43. Heads 1-flowered, collected in globose secondary heads. Partial involucres of many bracts and bristles. Flowers blue or white. Anthers tailed. Pappus present. Leaves toothed or divided.—Species 20.Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Globe-thistle.”(SphaerocephalusL.)EchinopsL.Heads several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered but not arranged in heads.4444. Fruits with a lateral or at least distinctly oblique point of attachment.[SubtribeCENTAUREINAE.]45Fruits with a basal, straight or nearly straight point of attachment.5145. Heads surrounded outside the calyx-like involucre by an involucre of leaves. Leaves prickly.46Heads without an outer involucre of leaves, rarely (Centaurea) surrounded by some unarmed leaves.4846. Pappus double, of two unequally long rows of bristles. Fruits ribbed.Heads containing hermaphrodite and male flowers. Flowers yellow.—Species1. North Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Used medicinally. (CarbeniaAdans.)CnicusGaertn.Pappus simple or wanting.4747. Pappus of feathery bristles. Flowers blue, all hermaphrodite.—Species13. North Africa and northern East Africa.CarduncellusJuss.Pappus of not feathery bristles or scales, or wanting.—Species 15. NorthAfrica and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Some species (chiefly the safflower,C. tinctoriusL.) yield dyes, oil, and medicaments. (IncludingKentrophyllumNeck.)CarthamusL.48. Fruits with a threefold border towards the top. Pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers white or yellow. Involucral bracts appendaged. Leaves undivided.—Species1. North-east Africa (Egypt).ZoegeaL.Fruits with a simple border at the top.4949. Fruits with a crenate ring within the pappus, hairy; pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers red. Involucral bracts unappendaged. Leaves pinnately divided into narrow segments.—Species 1. North Africa.CrupinaCass.Fruits without a crenate ring within the pappus, or without any pappus.5050. Involucral bracts with a scarious or prickly appendage, rarely without an appendage, and then pappus consisting of unequally long scales or double.—Species 90. North and Central Africa; two of the species naturalized in South Africa. Several species yield edible roots or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (IncludingAegialophilaBoiss. &Heldr.,AmberboaDC.,LeuzeaDC.,MelanolomaCass.,MicrolonchusCass.,PhaeopappusBoiss.,RhaponticumLam., andVolutarellaCass.)CentaureaL.Involucral bracts without a scarious or prickly appendage, but sometimes with a small point. Pappus of unequally long bristles.—Species 4.North Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments. “Sawwort.”SerratulaL.51. (44.) Fruits, at least the central ones, clothed with silky hairs, not margined at the apex. [SubtribeCARLININAE.]52Fruits glabrous, usually margined at the apex. [SubtribeCARDUINAE.]5652. Pappus formed of feathery scales or bristles. Outer bracts of the involucre leaf-like, usually prickly, inner scarious at the apex. Leaves prickly.53Pappus formed of not feathery scales.5453. Inner involucral bracts spreading horizontally, petal-like. Flower-heads large.—Species 7. North Africa. Some are used medicinally.CarlinaL.Inner involucral bracts not spreading horizontally. Herbs. (See 34.)AtractylisL.54. Heads solitary, containing fertile hermaphrodite disc-flowers with a regular corolla and sterile female ray-flowers with a two-lipped corolla. Inner involucral bracts long, usually petal-like. Leaves entire, not prickly.—Species2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants.XeranthemumL.Heads containing only fertile hermaphrodite flowers. Involucral bracts prickly. Leaves toothed or divided, prickly.5555. Receptacle deeply pitted. Anthers not tailed. (See 37.)BerkheyaEhrh.Receptacle not pitted. Anthers tailed. Heads arranged in cymes.—Species1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (BroteroaWilld.)CardopatiumJuss.56. (51.) Filaments united. Flowers red. Leaves white-stained, prickly.57Filaments free.5857. Heads panicled; the central flowers hermaphrodite, the outer neuter.Pappus-bristles feathery.—Species 3. North Africa. (LupsiaNeck.)GalactitesNeck.Heads solitary; all flowers hermaphrodite. Pappus-bristles not feathery.—Species2. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized inSouth Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine.SilybumGaertn.58. Filaments warty or hairy. Leaves usually prickly.59Filaments glabrous.6259. Receptacle deeply pitted, without bristles.—Species 9. North Africa.OnopordonL.Receptacle slightly or not pitted, bristly.6060. Receptacle fleshy. Flower-heads large, solitary. Leaves divided.—Species6. North Africa; one species (C. ScolymusL., artichoke) only cultivated. They are used as vegetables and in medicine. (IncludingCynaropsisO. Ktze.)CynaraL.Receptacle not fleshy.6161. Pappus-bristles feathery.—Species 17. North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables and in medicine. (CnicusL., includingChamaepeuceDC.,NotobasisCass., andPicnomonDC.)CirsiumScop.Pappus-bristles not feathery.—Species 20. North and East Africa.CarduusL.62. Receptacle deeply pitted, ciliate only at the edges of the pits. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Flowers yellow. Anthers not tailed.63Receptacle not or slightly pitted, bristly. Pappus of bristles.6463. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer the longer. (See 36.)DideltaL’Hér.Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. (See37.)BerkheyaEhrh.64. Involucral bracts ending in hooked awns. Heads in racemes. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Herbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Yields oil and medicaments. “Burdock.” (LappaJuss.)ArctiumL.Involucral bracts without hooked awns.6565. Pappus-bristles in one row, not feathery, united below. Flowers red.Heads narrow, in corymbs. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Undershrubs.—Species1. North-west Africa. Used medicinally.StaehelinaL.Pappus-bristles in several rows, rough or feathery.6666. Pappus-bristles rough. Leaves unarmed. Flowers red.—Species 1.North Africa.JurineaCass.Pappus-bristles feathery. Leaves prickly. (See 61.)CirsiumScop.67. (31.) Anthers tailed, i.e., produced at the base into two acuminate, awned, or ciliate appendages.68Anthers not tailed: entire, auricled, or sagittate, rarely shortly mucronate at the base.20068. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers irregular, more or less 2-lipped.69Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers, at least of the inner ones, regular.7169. Style-branches hairy at the top only. Pappus of scales and bristles.Heads containing only hermaphrodite flowers. Herbs.—Species 3.Central and South Africa.PegolettiaCass.Style-branches hairy far down or throughout their whole length. Pappus of bristles. Flower-heads solitary. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribeMUTISINAE.]7070. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar.CloiseliaS. MooreHeads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and the outer female. Herbs.—Species30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (IncludingPerdiciumL.)GerberaGronov.71. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply divided. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribeGOCHNATINAE.]72Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers toothed or cleft, more rarely flowers unisexual. [Tribes INULEAE and CALENDULEAE.]7872. Style hairy in the upper part, unappendaged. Fruits clothed with long silky hairs. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Heads solitary, large; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately cleft.—Species1. North Africa.WarioniaBenth. & Coss.Style appendaged above the hairy part or without hairs.7373. Pappus none. Fruits with 5 ribs thickened above, hairy. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Heads with hermaphrodite and male flowers. Anthers with an appendage at the apex. Herbs.—Species2. East Africa.AchyrothalamusO. Hoffm.Pappus consisting of bristles or scales.7474. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flowers all hermaphrodite, but the corollas sometimes of two kinds. Fruits glabrous. Pappus of 4-5 deciduous scales. Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.—Species10. Central Africa.ErythrocephalumBenth.Receptacle without scales.7575. Receptacle pitted, with toothed edges to the pits. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of scales.Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.—Species 2. Central Africa. (PhyllactiniaBenth.)PasaccardoaO. Ktze.Receptacle without pits toothed at the edges.7676. Involucral bracts blunt. Flowers all hermaphrodite. Pappus of several rows of bristles.—Species 13. Central Africa.PleiotaxisSteetzInvolucral bracts pointed.7777. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, but the marginal flowers witha 2-lipped corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus of feathery bristles. Shrubs with thick branches. Leaves leathery. Heads very large, red-flowered.—Species3. South Africa.OldenburgiaLess.Heads either with all the flowers hermaphrodite and equal-shaped, or with neuter marginal flowers. Leaves herbaceous.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. (IncludingBrachyachaeniumBak. andHochstetteriaDC.)DicomaCass.78. (71.) Receptacle bearing chaffy scales between the flowers, at least towards the margin.79Receptacle without scales between the flowers, glabrous or hairy.11479. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite.80Heads with the central flowers hermaphrodite or male, the marginal female or neuter.8580. Pappus of 3-4 minute teeth or ring-shaped or wanting.81Pappus of bristles or lacerated scales.8281. Fruits slightly flattened. Involucral bracts scarious. Flower-heads collected in compound heads.—Species 3. East Africa.PolyclineOliv.Fruits 4-angled. Involucral bracts united below, hardening after the time of flowering. Flower-heads solitary, terminal.—Species 3. NorthAfrica.AnvilleaDC.82. Pappus of 5 lacerated scales. Heads in corymbs. Leaves mostly 3-lobed.—Species1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland).EeniaHiern & MoorePappus of bristles.8383. Pappus-bristles in two rows, not feathery. Fruits hairy. Involucral bracts pungent. Heath-like shrubs.—Species1. South Africa.LachnospermumWilld.Pappus-bristles in one row. Involucral bracts scarious. Not heath-like plants.8484. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base.—Species 15. South Africa.Some are used as ornamental plants.HelipterumDC.Pappus-bristles feathery only at the tip or not feathery.—Species 300.Some of them are used as medicinal or ornamental plants (“everlastings”).(ElichrysumGaertn., includingAphelexisDon).HelichrysumGaertn.85. (79.) Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped.86Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped.10286. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt or rounded, with the marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the tip. Disc-flowers hermaphrodite, fertile, yellow; ray-flowers yellow or white. [TribeINULEAE, subtribeBUPHTHALMINAE.]87Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the tip.9787. Pappus absent.88Pappus present, at least upon the inner fruits.8988. Involucral bracts united at the base. Scales on the receptacle broad.(See 81.)AnvilleaDC.Involucral bracts free. Scales of the receptacle very narrow.—Species 2.Central Africa.AstephaniaOliv.89. Pappus cup-shaped, minutely toothed.—Species 12.SphacophyllumBoj.Pappus of scales or bristles.9090. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus.Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only.—Species 3. North Africa.RhanteriumDesf.Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of scales or of scales and bristles.9191. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of outer scales and inner bristles.Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only. Fruits 10-ribbed. Shrubs.—Species1. South-west Africa (Kalahari).PhilyrophyllumO. Hoffm.Pappus of all fruits consisting of scales, rarely (Anisopappus) of scales intermingled with some bristles.9292. Involucral bracts with a large scarious appendage. Heads solitary.—Species1. German South-west Africa.OndetiaBenth.Involucral bracts without a scarious appendage.9393. Involucral bracts leathery. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply5-cleft. Heads in cymes.—Species 20. South and Central Africa.GeigeriaGriesselichInvolucral bracts herbaceous or membranous. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed.9494. Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers thickened, broader than the limb, corky. Marginal fruits winged. Flower-heads solitary, with an outer involucre of mucronate leaves.—Species 1. North Africa.PallenisCass.Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers not thickened, narrower than the limb.9595. Outer and inner fruits alike, many-ribbed. Pappus-scales unequal.Heads in leafy corymbs. Herbs.—Species 6. Central Africa.AnisopappusHook. & Arn.Outer and inner fruits dissimilar. Heads solitary, terminal.9696. Inner fruits conspicuously compressed. Pappus of a few very unequal scales. Herbs.—Species 5. South Africa.CallilepisDC.Inner fruits scarcely compressed. Pappus of many subequal scales.—Species13. North and Central Africa.O. pygmaeumO. Hoffm. is one of the hygroscopic plants called “rose of Jericho.” (AsteriscusMoench)OdontospermumNeck.97. (86.) Pappus wanting. Shrubs.98Pappus present.9998. Scales between the flowers bristle-like. Leaves small, pungent, nearly glabrous.—Species 1. South Africa.ArrowsmithiaDC.Scales between the flowers not bristle-like. Leaves glandular-hairy.—Species2. South Africa. Used medicinally.OsmitopsisCass.99. Pappus of the inner fruits formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown.100Pappus of the inner fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles.101100. Involucral bracts in few rows. Style-branches truncate. Undershrubs.—Species8. South Africa. Some are used medicinally.OsmitesL.Involucral bracts in many rows.—Species 20. South Africa.RelhaniaL’Hér.101. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of many scales and two awns. Shrubs.—Species2. South Africa.RoseniaThunb.Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles sometimes intermingled with scales. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 7. South,North, and East Africa. Some are used medicinally.LeysseraL.102. (85.) Heads collected in glomerules, heads, or spikes. Female marginal flowers usually numerous. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribeFILAGININAE.]103Heads solitary or in cymes, corymbs, or panicles. Female marginal flowers few. Involucral bracts scarious or ending in a coloured appendage.Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles.110103. Marginal or all fruits without a pappus. Herbs.104Marginal fruits, at least the inner ones, or all fruits provided with a pappus.106104. Scales on the receptacle tightly enclosing the marginal fruits. Corolla of the female flowers inserted laterally upon the ovary. Herbs.—Species2. North Africa.MicropusL.Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits.105105. Central fruits without a pappus. Heads in compound heads. Herbs.—Species7. North Africa. (IncludingEvacidiumPomel)EvaxGaertn.Central fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules or in spikes. Leaves linear.—Species 10. South and North Africa.(IncludingTrichogyneLess.)IflogaCass.106. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of scales, that of the marginal ones of scales and bristles. Heads in glomerules. Glabrous herbs.—Species1. North Africa.GymnarrhenaDesf.Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles.107107. Stem herbaceous, woolly or cottony.108Stem woody, at least at the base.109108. Stem winged. Pappus of all fruits formed of one or two rows of bristles.—Species1. Madagascar and Mauritius. (MonentelesLabill.)PterocaulonEll.Stem not winged.—Species 13. North Africa, Abyssinia, and CapeVerde Islands. (IncludingLogfiaBoiss. andXerotiumBluff & Fing.)FilagoL.109. Leaves hairy. Heads in glomerules. Female flowers in several rows.Shrubs.—Species 1. Island of Mauritius.CylindroclineCass.Leaves glabrous. Heads in compound heads or in spikes. Female flowers few.—Species 7. Central Africa.BlepharispermumWight110. (102.) Heads containing 3-6 female and 1-2 fertile hermaphrodite flowers and collected in dense cymes arranged in panicles. Undershrubs.—Species9. Tropical and South-east Africa.AchyroclineLess.Heads containing fewer female than hermaphrodite flowers.111111. Hermaphrodite flowers sterile, the inner not subtended by scales. Shrubs.112Hermaphrodite flowers fertile.113112. Female flowers in the axils of the outer involucral bracts and separated from the hermaphrodite flowers by two rows of inner involucral bracts.—Species1. South Africa.PetalactellaN. E. BrownFemale flowers in the axils of the inner involucral bracts. Pappus-bristles thickened or penicillate at the apex.—Species 1. South Africa.PetalacteDon113. Scales between the flowers long, deciduous. Shrubs.—Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. (IncludingRhyneaDC.)CassiniaR. Br.Scales between the flowers short, persistent. (See 84.)HelichrysumGaertn.114. (78.) Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribeTARCHONANTHINAE.]115Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or monoecious, rarely (Anaphalis) subdioecious, but then herbs.117115. Involucral bracts of the male heads in one row, united below, of the female in two rows. Pappus none.—Species 3. South and CentralAfrica. They yield timber and medicaments.TarchonanthusL.Involucral bracts in several rows. Pappus of bristles.116116. Pappus-bristles in one row. Heads in fascicles.—Species 3. Madagascar.SynchodendronBoj.Pappus-bristles in two rows. Heads in racemes or panicles.—Species 10.Southern and Tropical Africa. Some species yield timber.BrachylaenaR. Br.117. Inner flowers hermaphrodite but sterile (male).118Inner flowers hermaphrodite and fertile.134118. Corolla of the outer flowers strap-shaped.119Corolla of the outer flowers thread-shaped.125119. Pappus consisting of bristles. Shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa.MacowaniaOliv.Pappus wanting.120120. Receptacle beset with many long bristles. Outer fruits compressed.Shrubs. Leaves pungent. (See 98.)ArrowsmithiaDC.Receptacle glabrous, rarely bearing some bristles; in this case fruits turgid. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.]121121. Marginal fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs or undershrubs.122Marginal fruits all alike.123122. Fruits curved. Heads medium-sized.—Species 15. North and SouthAfrica and Cape Verde Islands, some also naturalized in St. Helena, and one species naturalized in the extratropical regions. Some are used as ornamental plants (marigold) or yield medicaments and a substitute for saffron.CalendulaL.Fruits straight. Heads small.—Species 3. South Africa. (IncludingXenismaDC.)OligocarpusLess.123. Fruits with 3 wings and a cupular apical appendage. Involucral bracts in one row.—Species 35. South and Central Africa.TripterisLess.Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages.124124. Involucral bracts in one row or nearly so. Fruits 3-angled, usually tubercled.Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 20. SouthAfrica to Angola. Some are used as ornamental plants.DimorphothecaMoenchInvolucral bracts in 2 or more rows. Marginal flowers yellow. Fruits thick and hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed.—Species 60. South and Central Africa. (IncludingGibbariaCass.)OsteospermumL.125. (118.) Heads of two kinds; one kind with nearly all the flowers male, the other with nearly all female. Pappus of free bristles. Woolly or cottony herbs. Heads in corymbs.—Species 1. Madagascar.AnaphalisDC.Heads all alike.126126. Female flowers in one row. Involucral bracts scarious, all or the inner petal-like. Pappus of bristles. Cottony shrubs or undershrubs.127Female flowers in several rows.128127. Heads large, solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.PhaenocomaDonHeads small, in dense cymes.—Species 7. South Africa.AnaxetonCass.128. Pappus consisting of bristles.129Pappus wanting, at least in the marginal fruits.131129. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes.MonarrhenusCass.Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs.130130. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. Species 15. Tropical and SouthAfrica. Some species yield camphor and medicaments. (PlacusLour.)BlumeaDC.Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs.—Species15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (IncludingTecmarsisDC.)PlucheaCass.131. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus.132Inner and outer fruits without a pappus.133132. Heads in glomerules. Involucral bracts scarious. Corolla-limb of the female flowers shortly toothed. Pappus-bristles 2-6.—Species 6.Tropical and South Africa. (IncludingDemidiumDC.)AmphidoxaDC.Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts scarious only at the edges, subequal.Corolla-limb of the female flowers two-cleft. Pappus-bristles 1-2.—Species2. South and Central Africa.DenekiaThunb.133. Heads arranged in cymes.—Species 3. Central and South Africa.(IncludingLitogyneHarv.)EpaltesCass.Heads collected in compound heads.—Species 25. Tropical and SouthAfrica and Egypt. Some species are used medicinally.SphaeranthusL.134. (117.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose within, hairy outside from the tips downwards to below the point of division.135Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the edges, hairy only in their upper part.149135. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite.136Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite or male, the outer female.138136. Pappus wanting; fruits with an indistinctly cupular margin at the apex.Heads small, 1-4-flowered, arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species2. Madagascar.ApodocephalaBak.Pappus present. Heads medium-sized.137137. Fruits hairy. Pappus of scales. Receptacle bristly. Heads sessile.Undershrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (UnderGeigeriaGriesselich).ThysanurusO. Hoffm.Fruits glabrous. Pappus of bristles. Receptacle glabrous. Heads stalked. Shrubs.—Species 5. Madagascar.CentauropsisBoj.138. Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers strap-shaped. Receptacle pitted. Outer involucral bracts mucronate. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Shrubs. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered.—Species1. South-west Africa (Namaland).EremothamnusO. Hoffm.Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers thread-shaped. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribePLUCHEINAE.]139139. Pappus wanting.140Pappus present, at least in the hermaphrodite (central) flowers.141140. Heads arranged in cymes. (See 133.)EpaltesCass.Heads collected in compound heads. (See 133.)SphaeranthusL.141. Inner fruits with a pappus of 1-5 bristles, outer without a pappus.142Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus.143142. Pappus of 1-2 bristles feathery at the tip. Corolla-limb of the female flowers 2-cleft. Heads in corymbs. (See 132.)DenekiaThunb.Pappus of 3-5 simple bristles. Corolla-limb of the female flowers4-5-cleft. Heads solitary.—Species 1. East Africa.DelamereaS. Moore143. Pappus of scales united into a small crown. Heads in compound heads collected in heads of the third order.—Species 1. East Africa.TriplocephalumO. Hoffm.Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles.144144. Pappus of scales and bristles. Fruits hairy. Heads in leafy panicles, red-flowered.—Species 2. Central Africa.PorphyrostemmaGrantPappus of bristles.145145. Female flowers in one row. Inner involucral bracts membranous. Heads in leafy panicles. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa(Damaraland). (UnderPlucheaCass.)Pechuel-LoescheaO. Hoffm.Female flowers in several rows.146146. Fruits compressed. Pappus of 3 bristles. Heads solitary or few together.Undershrubs.—Species 4. Central Africa.NicolasiaS. MooreFruits terete or angular.147147. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs. (See 129.)MonarrhenusCass.Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs.148148. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. (See 130.)BlumeaDC.Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs. (See130.)PlucheaCass.149. (134.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt, or rounded; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the apex. Female(marginal) flowers with a strap-shaped corolla, rarely with a tubular one or wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribeINULINAE.]150Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex.166150. Pappus ring-shaped. Heads solitary. Herbs.—Species 3. WestAfrica.MolleraO. Hoffm.Pappus of scales or bristles or of both.151151. Pappus of scales.152Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles.153152. Pappus-scales 3-5. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in panicles. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa.AnisochaetaDC.Pappus-scales 10. Heads in leafy panicles. Herbs.—Species 4. Central and South-west Africa.CalostephaneBenth.153. Pappus of sometimes feathery bristles.154Pappus of scales and bristles.161154. Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. Pappus-bristles in several rows. Shrubs.—Species7. South Africa. Some are used medicinally.PrintziaCass.Ray-flowers yellow or wanting.155155. Ray-flowers sterile. Receptacle pitted. Pappus-bristles in several rows.Undershrubs.—Species 1. South Africa.CypselodontiaDC.