Ray-flowers fertile.156156. Pappus of two or more rows of bristles, the outer of which are shorter.157Pappus of subequal bristles sometimes intermingled with a few shorter ones.159157. Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Heads without ray-flowers.—Species10. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.IphionaCass.Pappus-bristles in 2 rows.158158. Pappus of 5 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads without ray-flowers.Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa.AnisothrixO. Hoffm.Pappus of 10 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads with ray-flowers. Undershrubs.—Species1. South Africa.MinurothamnusDC.159. Heads few-flowered, without ray-flowers, arranged in panicles or corymbs.Involucre of few bracts.—Species 2. Egypt. (UnderIphionaCass.)VarthemiaDC.Heads many-flowered. Involucre of many bracts.160160. Involucral bracts leathery, the outer sticky at the tip. Heads with ray-flowers, solitary. Pappus-bristles in one row. Glandular-hairy shrubs.—Species1. South Africa.HomochaeteBenth.Involucral bracts herbaceous or the inner scarious.—Species 30. Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (IncludingBojeriaDC.,PentatrichiaKlatt,SchizogyneCass., andVicoaCass.)InulaL.161. Pappus-scales united below.162Pappus-scales free.163162. Pappus-bristles about 5. Female marginal flowers wanting. Heads in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 2. Canary Islands.AllagopappusCass.Pappus-bristles 7 or more. Female marginal flowers present. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Herbs.—Species 30. Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (IncludingFrancoeuriaCass.)PulicariaGaertn.163. Pappus-scales rather broad, fringed. Fruits 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers. Herbs. (See 69.)PegolettiaCass.Pappus-scales very narrow.164164. Fruits constricted into a short neck, 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers.Shrubs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 3. NorthAfrica. (UnderGrantiaBoiss.)PerralderiaCoss.Fruits not constricted above. Heads with ray-flowers.165165. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles 5-10. Shrubs.—Species 1. CanaryIslands.ViraeaWebbFruits many-ribbed. Pappus-bristles numerous. Undershrubs.—Species1. North-west Africa.JasoniaCass.166. (149.) Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla.167Female or neuter marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or wanting.[Tribe INULEAE, subtribesGNAPHALINAEandRELHANINAE.]176167. Leaves grooved or rolled inwards on the upper side, small. Heath-like plants. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribeRELHANINAE.]168Leaves flat or rolled back from the margins. Not heath-like plants.172168. Heads one-flowered, some hermaphrodite, the others female, or 2-flowered with a hermaphrodite and a female or neuter flower. Pappus of feathery bristles united at the base. Shrubs.—Species 8. South Africa.DisparagoGaertn.Heads many-flowered.169169. Pappus wanting. Shrubs.—Species 2. South Africa.AnaglyphaDC.Pappus present.170170. Pappus of numerous scales sometimes united below.—Species 13. SouthAfrica.NestleraSpreng.Pappus of bristles.171171. Pappus-bristles feathery. Shrubs.—Species 5. South Africa.AmphiglossaDC.Pappus-bristles simple. Herbs. Flowers red.—Species 1. SouthAfrica.BryomorpheHarv.172. Pappus wanting. Inner fruits compressed. Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 124.)DimorphothecaMoenchPappus present. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribeATHRIXINAE.]173173. Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of scales, of the inner of bristles or of scales and bristles. Fruits glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs.(See 101.)LeysseraL.Pappus consisting of bristles.174174. Involucral bracts narrow, acuminate. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species15. Southern and tropical Africa.AthrixiaKerInvolucral bracts blunt, scarious at the apex. Pappus-bristles in two rows. Shrubs.175175. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles thick and stiff. Involucre hemispherical.—Species3. South Africa.HeterolepisCass.Fruits glabrous, but with a hairy swelling at the base. Pappus-bristles thin. Involucre narrow-campanulate.—Species 3. Central andSouth Africa.AntithrixiaDC.176. (166.) Hermaphrodite flowers fewer than the female.177Hermaphrodite flowers as many as or more than the female, or all flowers hermaphrodite.184177. Fruits without a pappus. Heads small, in dense cymes. Tall herbs.—Species1. East Africa.ChiliocephalumBenth.Fruits, at least the inner, crowned by a pappus.178178. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus.Heads small, in glomerules. Low herbs. (See 132.)AmphidoxaDC.Inner and outer fruits crowned by a pappus.179179. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles and united scales, that of the outer only of scales united below. Heads solitary. Herbs.—Species 1.East Africa.ArtemisiopsisS. MoorePappus of all fruits formed of bristles.180180. Pappus-bristles feathery. Heads in glomerules. Herbs.—Species2. South and North Africa.LasiopogonCass.Pappus-bristles not feathery.181181. Fruits with a long beak. Herbs. Leaves radical or opposite. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha.ChevreuliaCass.Fruits without a beak.182182. Heads 4-8-flowered, cylindrical, in dense cymes arranged in panicles.Undershrubs. (See 110.)AchyroclineLess.Heads many-flowered, hemispherical ovoid or campanulate.183183. Anthers very shortly tailed. Shrubs or undershrubs. Heads solitary or in long-stalked glomerules.—Species 15. North and Central Africa.PhagnalonCass.Anthers distinctly tailed. Herbs.—Species 50. “Cudweed.”GnaphaliumL.184. (176.) Heads 1-flowered.185Heads 2- or more-flowered.188185. Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly female. Pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs. (See 168.)DisparagoGaertn.Flowers all hermaphrodite.186186. Pappus wanting. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs.—Species 2. SouthAfrica.PerotricheCass.Pappus formed of bristles.187187. Pappus-bristles feathery. Inner involucral bracts scarious. Heath-like shrubs.—Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa.StoebeL.Pappus-bristles feathery only at the apex or not feathery. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Heads in panicled cymes. Herbs.—Species12. Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa to Damaraland.Some are used medicinally.StenoclineDC.188. Pappus wanting. Heads 2-3-flowered, in leafy corymbs.189Pappus formed of bristles.190189. Leaves small. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.SyncephalumDC.Leaves rather large. Shrubs. Involucre woolly at the base.—Species 1.Madagascar.AstephanocarpaBak.190. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base.191Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip only or not feathery.192191. Heads 2-10-flowered. Heath-like shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa.PterothrixDC.Heads many-flowered. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Not heath-like plants. (See 84.)HelipterumDC.192. Pappus-bristles in 1 row.193Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows.197193. Pappus-bristles with bladdery inflated cells at the tip. Heads small, in glomerules. Prostrate herbs.—Species 1. South Africa.EriosphaeraLess.Pappus-bristles without bladdery inflated cells.194194. Habit heath-like. Shrubs. Leaves small, grooved or rolled inwards on the upper face. Flowers all hermaphrodite.195Habit not heath-like.196195. Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip, united at the base and surrounded bya ring- or cup-shaped rim. Heads few-flowered.—Species 7. SouthAfrica. Some are used medicinally.ElytropappusCass.Pappus-bristles simple or thickened at the tip. Inner involucral bracts coloured above.—Species 25. South Africa.MetalasiaR. Br.196. Fruits large, with 8-10 prominent ribs, glabrous or short-haired. Heads2-6-flowered, in panicled cymes. Herbs. (See 187.)StenoclineDC.Fruits small, not prominently 8-10-ribbed. (See 84.)HelichrysumGaertn.197. Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. Heath-like shrubs.198Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Not heath-like herbs or undershrubs.199198. Heads few-flowered. Involucre oblong, of oblong bracts. Receptacle glabrous. Fruits ribbed. Leaves oblong.—Species 1. Madagascar.CullumiopsisDrakeHeads many-flowered. Involucre top-shaped, of linear bracts. Receptacle bristly at the margin. Fruits angular, hairy. Leaves linear.(See 83.)LachnospermumWilld.199. Fruits beaked, hairy. Heads few-flowered. Inner involucral bracts yellow.—Species 1. South Africa.PachyrhynchusDC.Fruits not beaked, glabrous. Heads in cymes.—Species 8. SouthAfrica.LeontonyxCass.200. (67.) Hermaphrodite disc-flowers sterile, their style without a stigma and usually entire or shortly toothed.201Hermaphrodite flowers, at least some of them, fertile.238201. Anthers arrow-shaped, with acuminate halves. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits glabrous, usually large. Pappus wanting, rarely cup-shaped. Receptacle glabrous, rarely bristly. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.]202Anthers entire or shortly auricled at the base, rarely (Adelostigma) distinctly arrow-shaped, but then corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped, fruits hairy, and pappus bristly.207202. Outer fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs or undershrubs.203Outer fruits all alike.204203. Fruits curved. Heads middle-sized. (See 122.)CalendulaL.Fruits straight. Heads small. (See 122.)OligocarpusLess.204. Fruits with 3 wings and a cup-shaped apical appendage. Involucral bracts in one row. (See 123.)TripterisLess.Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages.205205. Fruits very hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed. Involucral bracts in twoor more rows. Ray-flowers yellow. (See 124.)OsteospermumL.Fruits not very hard, 3-angled, usually tubercled. Herbs or undershrubs.Heads solitary.206206. Involucral bracts in one row or in two indistinct rows. (See 124.)DimorphothecaMoenchInvolucral bracts in several rows. Ray-flowers blue or white. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 6. South Africa. Some are used medicinally.GaruleumCass.207. (201.) Receptacle covered with chaffy scales.208Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers.213208. Heads with the inner flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the outer female and provided with a more or less strap-shaped, rarely a thread-shaped corolla.209Heads unisexual, some with all the flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the others with all the flowers female and provided with a tubular corolla or without a corolla.211209. Involucral bracts in one row, united below when young. Outer fruits hairy, without a pappus, the inner with a pappus of numerous one-ranked bearded bristles. Heads solitary. Shrubs.—Species 1.South Africa. (UnderEriocephalusL.)LasiocomaBolusInvolucral bracts in two or more rows. Pappus of 2-3 bristles or wanting.210210. Involucral bracts all alike. Corolla of the female flowers 2-toothed.Pappus of the outer fruits of 2-3 bristles. Heads in panicles.—Species1. Naturalized in tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally.PartheniumL.Involucral bracts of two kinds, the inner united below. Corolla of the female flowers entire or 3-toothed. Pappus none. Heads in racemes or umbels, or solitary.—Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland.Some are used medicinally.EriocephalusL.211. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucral bracts in 3 rows. Corolla4-toothed, yellow. Anthers cohering, auricled at the base. Style cleft.Fruits hairy. Pappus of 2-3 bristles. Trees. Leaves opposite.Heads in leafy panicles.—Species 2. Island of St. Helena.PetrobiumR. Br.Heads monoecious, the male many-flowered with a 5-toothed corolla, the female 1-2-flowered with an involucre of partly united bracts, and without a corolla. Anthers free or slightly cohering, entire at the base.Style of the male flowers undivided. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs.[Tribe HELIANTHEAE, subtribeAMBROSINAE.]212212. Involucral bracts of the male heads free. Filaments united. Female heads2-flowered. Heads solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves.—Species4. North and Central Africa and Mascarene Islands; naturalized in South Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments and are noxiousto pasturing cattle.XanthiumL.Involucral bracts of the male heads united below. Filaments free or nearly so. Female heads 1-flowered. Male heads in spikes or racemes.—Species2. Northern and tropical Africa; naturalized in South Africa.Used medicinally.AmbrosiaL.213. (207.) Pappus of the outer fruits ring-, crown-, or ear-shaped, sometimes produced into two small points, or wanting.214Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of bristles.223214. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles, of the outer of 1-2 small points or wanting. Involucral bracts in few rows. Receptacle pitted. Corolla of the female flowers strap-shaped. Style cleft, with lanceolate appendages.Fruits flattened. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.—Species8. South Africa. (HeteractisDC.)GymnostephiumLess.Pappus of all fruits alike or wanting.215215. Outer flowers with a strap-shaped corolla.216Outer flowers with a tubular corolla or without a corolla.220216. Corolla of the outer flowers very shortly strap-shaped, of the inner 4-toothed, yellow in all flowers. Involucral bracts in two rows.—Species40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (IncludingBrocchiaVis. andCeniaJuss.)CotulaL.Corolla of the outer flowers distinctly strap-shaped. Involucral bracts rarely in two rows, and then corolla of the inner flowers 5-toothed.217217. Involucral bracts in one row and united at the base. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite (male) central flowers bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Style-branches of the same ending in a blunt appendage. Fruits flattened, without ribs. Branching herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.—Species 4. South Africa.SteirodiscusLess.Involucral bracts in two or more rows.218218. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers red, of the central yellow, the latter 5-toothed. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite(male) flowers pointed. Fruits beaked, without ribs. Herbs.Leaves undivided, radical. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Island ofTristan da Cunha.LagenophoraCass.Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or blue, more rarely red, but then style-branches of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers truncate and fruits ribbed.219219. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with pointed branches or undivided. Corolla of the marginal flowers blue, rarely white. Fruits wrinkled or smooth. Branching herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 206.)GaruleumCass.Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with truncate branches. Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or red. Fruits 5-10-ribbed.—Species50. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa.Some species yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison, or serveas ornamental plants. (IncludingArgyranthemumWebb,IsmeliaCass.,LeucanthemumDC.,MonopteraSchultz,MyconiaNeck.,PinardiaCass.,PlagiusL’Hér.,PreauxiaSchultz,ProlongoaBoiss.,PyrethrumGaertn., andTanacetumL.)ChrysanthemumL.220. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 2-4-toothed, of the female2-3-toothed, entire, or wanting. Involucral bracts in two rows.Herbs. Flowers yellow.221Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 5-toothed, of the female 2-4-toothed.222221. Heads sessile between the leaves. Female flowers in several rows, withouta corolla. Outer fruits winged, with a persistent style. Leaves divided.—Species1. Naturalized in the Island of Madeira.SolivaRuiz & Pav.Heads stalked, at the ends of the branches. (See 216.)CotulaL.222. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits with marginal ribs or wings. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 4. South Africa.Used medicinally.HippiaL.Heads not in corymbs. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits without strong ribs.—Species 20. Some of them (especiallyA. AbsinthiumL., wormwood) are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, as pot-herbs, or for preparing liquors and vinegar.ArtemisiaL.223. (213.) Pappus of 1 or 2 rows of bristles.224Pappus, at least that of the outer fruits, of 3 or more rows of bristles.233224. Pappus-bristles feathery.225Pappus-bristles not feathery.226225. Corolla of all flowers yellow. Small shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa.HomochromaDC.Corolla of the marginal flowers white or red, of the central ones yellow.Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 13. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.MairiaNees226. Involucral bracts in one row, sometimes surrounded by some much shorter ones. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs or panicles.227Involucral bracts in two rows and all nearly of the same size, or in 3 or more rows.228227. Involucral bracts united at the base. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers undivided. Inner fruits without a pappus.—Species 3. SouthAfrica.GymnodiscusLess.Involucral bracts free. Style cleft.—Species 45. Southern and tropicalAfrica.CinerariaL.228. Corolla of the female marginal flowers thread-shaped. Herbs. Heads solitary on the ends of the branches. Style of the central flowers entire or shortly toothed.229Corolla of the female marginal flowers, at least of the outer ones, strap-shaped, rarely (Psiadia) thread-shaped, but then shrubs, heads incorymbs, and style of the central flowers 2-cleft.230229. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 4-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Fruits compressed, glabrous. (See 216.)CotulaL.Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite(male) flowers 5-toothed. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits nearly terete, hairy.—Species 2. Central Africa.AdelostigmaSteetz230. Corolla of the female marginal flowers yellow, thread- or shortly strap-shaped.Fruits scarcely compressed, 3-6-ribbed. Shrubs. Heads in corymbs.—Species 40. Tropics. Some are used as pot-herbs.PsiadiaJacq.Corolla of the female marginal flowers white, red or blue, strap-shaped.Fruits compressed.231231. Stem woody, at least at the base. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.—Species 65. South and Central Africa.Some are used as ornamental plants. (IncludingAsterospermaLess.,DetrisAdans., andDiplopappusDC., underAsterL.)FeliciaCass.Stem herbaceous.232232. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, membranous. Marginal flowers usually in several rows, with a linear corolla. Style-branches with a mostly short triangular appendage. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.—Species13, one of them only naturalized. Several species are used medicinally.ErigeronL.Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a usually oblong corolla. Style-branches with a lanceolate appendage.Pappus-bristles in two rows.—Species 10. South andNorth Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.(IncludingLinosyrisCass.)AsterL.233. (223.) Involucral bracts in several rows. (See 232.)AsterL.Involucral bracts in one row, but sometimes surrounded by some much smaller ones.234234. Heads of two kinds, some with most of the flowers hermaphrodite (male), the others with most of them female. Corolla red or white; limb shortly strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad.Heads in racemes or corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.PetasitesGaertn.Heads all alike.235235. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Corolla yellow; limb long strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad.Heads solitary.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. “Coltsfoot.”TussilagoL.Female marginal flowers in one row.236236. Inner fruits without a pappus, outer with a pappus of interwoven hairs.Style 2-cleft. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.—Species3. South Africa.RuckeriaDC.Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of bristles.237237. Style of the central flowers 2-cleft. Involucral bracts finally free.Undershrubs.—Species 7. South and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (OthonnopsisJaub. et Spach)HertiaLess.Style of the central flowers undivided. Involucral bracts more or less united.—Species 110. South Africa and southern Central Africa.Some are used as ornamental plants. (IncludingDoriaLess.)OthonnaL.238. (200.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical, covered with stigmatic papillae on the inner surface, with hairs on the outer; hairs also clothing the upper part of the style below the point of division. Anthers more or less arrow-shaped.239Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, hairy only in their upper part, more rarely down to the point of division; no hairs on the upper part of the style below that point.262239. Heads with inner hermaphrodite and outer female flowers.240Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, rarely (Vernonia) subdioecious by incomplete development of one sex.242240. Female marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla. Style-branches blunt. Pappus of bristles. Herbs.—Species 17. Tropical andSouth Africa and Egypt.LaggeraSchultz.Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Flowers yellow.Receptacle pitted.241241. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly.(See 37.)BerkheyaEhrh.Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free. Shrubs. Heads solitary.(See 138.).EremothamnusO. Hoffm.242. Flowers yellow.243Flowers white, red, or blue.244243. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly.(See 37.)BerkheyaEhrh.Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free.—Species 7. Central Africa.(IncludingAutunesiaO. Hoffm. andNewtoniaO. Hoffm., underVernoniaSchreb.)GongrothamnusSteetz244. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Leaves linear or lanceolate.245Receptacle glabrous, rarely ciliate, bristly, or with toothed borders to the pits, without scales between the flowers. Style-branches rather long and pointed. [Tribe VERNONIEAE.]247245. Heads solitary. Scales between the flowers membranous. Style-branches rather long and pointed. Pappus of unequally broad scales.—Species1. West Africa (Congo).DewildemaniaO. Hoffm.Heads in corymbs. Scales between the flowers with a coloured appendage.Style-branches short, blunt or somewhat pointed. Pappus of scalesunited into a toothed cup.246246. Outer involucral bracts longer than the inner. Corolla slightly irregular.Leaves linear, sessile, glabrous.—Species 1. Southern West Africa(Angola).OmphalopappusO. Hoffm.Outer involucral bracts shorter than the inner. Corolla regular. Leaves lanceolate, short-stalked, short-haired.—Species 1. Southern WestAfrica (Angola).GossweileraS. Moore247. Heads in dense glomerules or heads, few-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows of two bracts each. Corolla 5-cleft. Fruits 10-ribbed.Pappus of 1-2 rows of bristles or narrow scales. Herbs.—Species 5.Tropics. Used medicinally.ElephantopusL.Heads not in dense glomerules or heads. [SubtribeVERNONINAE.]248248. Pappus wanting.249Pappus present.251249. Heads 1-4-flowered, in corymbs. Involucre oblong. Fruits with an indistinctly cup-shaped border at the top. Shrubs. (See 136.)ApodocephalaBak.Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. Herbs.250250. Fruits truncate at the top, 4-5-ribbed.—Species 5. Tropical andSouth Africa and Egypt.EthuliaL.Fruits rounded at the top.—Species 10. Central Africa.GutenbergiaSchultz251. Pappus ear- or cup-shaped, entire or nearly so. Herbs.252Pappus formed of scales or bristles.253252. Pappus auricle-like. Heads in cymes. Leaves linear.—Species 1.East Africa.HoehneliaSchweinf.Pappus cup-shaped. Heads solitary or in fascicles.—Species 1. Tropics.SparganophorusVaill.253. Pappus of one row of scales and sometimes some bristles within them.254Pappus only of bristles or of several rows of bristles with some small scales outside them.257254. Pappus-scales 5, long and narrow. Fruits 5-ribbed. Corolla white.Involucral bracts in two rows. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.—Species 1.West Africa (Congo).MsuataO. Hoffm.Pappus-scales short. Herbs.255255. Pappus-scales 5. Fruits 4-ribbed, glabrous. Corolla violet. Receptacle pitted; pits with toothed borders. Heads many-flowered, in glomerules.—Species3. Central Africa.AgeratinaO. Hoffm.Pappus-scales more than 5. Receptacle not pitted.256256. Heads one-flowered, in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits cylindrical, hairy. Pappus-scales united below. Leaves linear, with parallel veins.—Species 10. South Africa.CorymbiumL.Heads several-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits3-5-angled, glandular. Pappus-scales free or nearly so.—Species4. Central Africa.HerderiaCass.257. Pappus of caducous, usually one-ranked bristles.258Pappus of persistent, several-ranked bristles or of bristles and scales.260258. Pappus surrounded by a wavy ring. Fruits 5-ribbed. Heads 4-5-flowered, in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa.VolkensiaO. Hoffm.Pappus not surrounded by a wavy ring. Herbs or undershrubs.259259. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like, much larger than the inner. Fruits blunt, 8-10-ribbed.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo).CentratherumCass.Outer involucral bracts, like the inner, scale-like. Fruits 4-5-angled.—Species30. Central and South Africa. (IncludingBothrioclineOliv. andStephanolepisS. Moore)ErlangeaSchultz260. Leaves unarmed.—Species 330. Tropical and South Africa. Some of the species yield wood or medicaments. (IncludingBechiumDC.,CyanopisBlume, andDecaneurumDC.) (Plate 150.)VernoniaSchreb.Leaves prickly.261261. Heads axillary. Stem branched, woody at the base. Fruits hairy.—Species2. South Africa.HoplophyllumDC.Heads terminal. Stem not branched, herbaceous throughout. Fruits many-ribbed.—Species 2. West Africa.AedesiaO. Hoffm.262. (238.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical, usually blunt; the lower part bearing scarcely projecting and not recurved marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, the upper part subequally clothed with hairs on both sides. Flowers all hermaphrodite, red, blue or whitish. [Tribe EUPATORIEAE.]263Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather flat, bearing conspicuous marginal rows of stigmatic papillae sometimes confluent in the middle, and above them either a crown of rather long hairs, with or without shorter ones, or an appendage clothed with dense hairs on the outer face, scantily haired or not hairy on the inner; more rarely style-branches almost uniformly clothed with hairs, but then rows of stigmatic papillae curved outwards or confluent in the middle, or flowers yellow or partly female.266263. Anthers without an apical appendage. Fruits angular, glandular, without prominent ribs. Pappus of 3-5 bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite.Heads in panicles.—Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally.AdenostemmaForst.Anthers with an apical appendage. Pappus of numerous bristles or of scales. [SubtribeAGERATINAE.]264264. Pappus of 5-10 scales. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads in panicles.—Species1. Used as an ornamental or medicinal plant.AgeratumL.Pappus of numerous bristles.265265. Involucral bracts 4-5. Heads few-flowered, in panicles. Leaves opposite.—Species10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.(WillugbaeyaNeck.)MikaniaWilld.Involucral bracts 6 or more.—Species 6. Four species indigenous toNorth and Central Africa, the other two naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.EupatoriumL.266. (262.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers bearing in the lower part marginal, finally reflexed rows of stigmatic papillae, in the upper part on the outer, more rarely also the inner surface, short subequal hairs. [Tribe ASTEREAE.]267Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the margins or on the inner surface, bearing in the upper part or at the top only a crown of rather long hairs sometimes joined above or below or in both directions by shorter ones.301267. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a bell-, tube-, thread-, or very shortly strap-shaped corolla not overtopping the involucre.268Female or neuter marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla overtopping the involucre, or wanting.276268. Pappus of scales or few short bristles, or wanting. Corolla of the marginal flowers bell-, tube-, or thread-shaped. Herbs. [SubtribeGRANGEINAE.]269Pappus of long bristles. Corolla of the marginal flowers thread- or strap-shaped. [SubtribeCONYZINAE.]272269. Pappus wanting, rarely some minute bristles on the central fruits. Fruits compressed.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments.DichrocephalaDC.Pappus present.270270. Pappus formed of bristles. Fruits subterete.—Species 1. CentralAfrica.MicrotrichiaDC.Pappus cup-shaped or consisting of scales.271271. Receptacle with scales between the flowers.—Species 1. Central Africa and Egypt.CeruanaForsk.Receptacle without scales between the flowers.—Species 3. Tropics toEgypt. Used medicinally.GrangeaAdans.272. Fruits turgid. Involucral bracts in many rows, membranous. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.—Species 13. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or salad.MicroglossaDC.Fruits compressed.273273. Female flowers in one row. Pappus-bristles deciduous. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves linear. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches.—Species6. South and North Africa. (LeptothamnusDC.)NolletiaCass.Female flowers in two or more rows.274274. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, but shorter than the style, or thread-shaped, yellowish or whitish.—Species 80. Some of them yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison. (MarseaAdans., includingWebbiaSchultz).ConyzaLess.Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, longer than the style. Involucral bracts in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs.275275. Ray-flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs.—Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa.NidorellaCass.Ray-flowers red or white. (See 232.)ErigeronL.276. (267.) Ray-flowers yellow, sometimes reddish when old, or wanting.Pappus of bristles. [SubtribeSOLIDAGININAE.]277Ray-flowers white, blue, or red.289277. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite; the inner flowers sometimes sterile.278Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and surrounded by one row of female or neuter marginal flowers.286278. Involucral bracts in one row or in two very unequal rows (the outer of much smaller bracts). Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Herbs.279Involucral bracts in two subequal rows or in 3 or more rows.280279. Hairy appendages of the style-branches short. Pappus of bristles.Leaves radical.—Species 1. West Africa.PsednotrichiaHiernHairy appendages of the style-branches long. Pappus of hairs. Leaves alternate.—Species 20. Tropical and South-west Africa. (IncludingCrassocephalumMoench, underSenecioL.)GynuraCass.280. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. Shrubs. Leaves linear. Heads in leafy corymbs.281Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows.282281. Fruits turgid, 5-ribbed.—Species 1. South Africa (Orange River Colony).PentheriellaO. Hoffm. & MuschlerFruits compressed.—Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.ChrysocomaL.282. Pappus-bristles in 2 very unequal rows, the outer of very short, sometimes scale-like bristles. Fruits compressed.283Pappus-bristles in 2 subequal rows or in 3 or more rows.284283. Outer pappus-bristles scale-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches linear, obtuse. Herbs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. SouthernWest Africa. (AdenogonumWelw.)EngleriaO. Hoffm.Outer pappus-bristles hair-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate. Shrubs.—Species 5. South Africa.FreseniaDC.284. Stem woody, shrubby.—Species 55. South Africa to Damaraland.PteroniaL.Stem herbaceous. Fruits compressed. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows.285285. Leaves decurrent. Flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs. Species 2.South Africa. (UnderChrysocomaL.)HeterommaBenth.Leaves not decurrent. (See 232.)AsterL.286. (277.) Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the rounded apex of the style-branches. Flower-heads large. Involucre broad, of many rows of bracts. Pappus-bristles in 2-3 rows. Herbs.—Species 2. SouthAfrica.AlciopeDC.Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex of the style-branches. Heads small or middle-sized. Involucre oblong or campanulate.287287. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2 rows. Pappus-bristles numerous, unequal. Heads in panicles. Shrubs. Leaves marked with pellucid dots.—Species 1. Madagascar.GlyciderasCass.Involucral bracts unequal, in 3 or more rows.288288. Involucre broad-campanulate. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles in one row, intermixed with some shorter ones. Shrubs.—Species 3.Madagascar.RochoniaDC.Involucre narrow-campanulate or oblong. Fruits 8-12-ribbed. Herbs.Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.“Goldenrod.”SolidagoL.289. (276.) Pappus indistinct or wanting. Herbs.290Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles.[SubtribeASTERINAE.]292290. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Appendages of the style-branches linear, hairy all round. Involucral bracts membranous.Leaves dissected.—Species 1. Tropics.ChrysanthellumRich.Receptacle glabrous. Appendages of the style-branches triangular or lanceolate, hairy on the outer face only. [SubtribeBELLIDINAE.]291291. Involucral bracts scarious at the margin.—Species 2. Central Africa.BrachycomeCass.Involucral bracts herbaceous throughout. Leaves undivided.—Species5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.“Daisy.”BellisL.292. Inner fruits with a pappus of one-ranked feathery bristles, outer withouta pappus. Ray-flowers blue. Herbs.—Species 1. South Africa.Used as an ornamental plant.CharieisCass.Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus.293293. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles, that of the outer of scales only. Receptacle usually scaly. Heads solitary, terminating the branches. Herbs.—Species 12. South Africa.AmellusL.Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles or of scales and bristles.294294. Pappus of 3-5 bristles intermixed with as many minute scales. Ray-flowers white. Heads solitary on leafless scapes. Herbs.—Species 1.North Africa.BelliumL.Pappus of many bristles sometimes surrounded by some minute scales.295295. Pappus-bristles feathery. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 225.)MairiaNeesPappus-bristles not feathery.296296. Fruits compressed.297Fruits not compressed. Heads in corymbs.300297. Fruits with 3-4 nerves on each side. Gummiferous shrubs or trees.—Species4. Island of St. Helena.CommidendronDC.Fruits with 1-2 nerves on each side or without nerves. Herbs, undershrubs, or non-gummiferous shrubs.298298. Stem woody, at least at the base, rarely herbaceous throughout and then much branched at the base. Involucral bracts scarious at the edge, usually in several rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate.Pappus-bristles in one row, rarely surrounded by a second of much shorter bristles. (See 231.)FeliciaCass.Stem herbaceous, not much branched at the base.299299. Involucral bracts membranous, in 2 rows. Marginal flowers usually in several rows, the outer with a narrow-linear corolla, the inner sometimes with a tubular one. Hairy appendages of the style-branches usually short, triangular. Pappus-bristles in 1 row, rarely in 2 rows. (See232.)ErigeronL.Involucral bracts herbaceous or scarious at the edges, in 3 or more rows.Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a more or less strap-shaped, usually oblong corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate.Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. (See 232.)AsterL.300. Involucral bracts in 2 rows. Receptacle convex. Marginal flowers in 1 row, with a white, 3-toothed corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles in one row. Downy undershrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.HenriciaCass.Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Receptacle flat. Marginal flowers in 2 rows, with an entire corolla. Fruits glabrous. Pappus-bristles in2 rows. Trees with blackish hairs.—Species 1. Island of St. Helena.MelanodendronDC.301. (266.) Pappus consisting of thin, hair-like, simple or toothed, but not feathery bristles, rarely outer fruits without a pappus. Receptacle without scales between the flowers. [Tribe SENECIONEAE.]302Pappus consisting of strong, awn-like or feathery bristles, or of scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting.316302. Involucral bracts united below, one-ranked. [SubtribeOTHONNINAE.]303Involucral bracts free, at least at and after the time of flowering. [SubtribeSENECIONINAE.]306303. Involucral bracts slightly united at the base. Inner disc-flowers sterile.Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits hairy. Inner disc-fruits without a pappus, the other fruits with a pappus of numerous interwoven hairs. Perennial, nearly stem-less herbs. Leaves pinnately dissected. Heads solitary on a long scape. (See 236.)RuckeriaDC.Involucral bracts obviously united below. Disc-flowers all fertile.Pappus on all fruits. Heads on a short scape or a branched stem.304304. Stem woody, at least at the base. Heads stalked. Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits 10-ribbed. Pappus of several rows of caducous bristles.—Species 40. South and Central Africa.Some species yield a resin.EuryopsCass.Stem herbaceous throughout.305305. Stem annual, branched. Heads small. Corolla-lobes with a strong midnerve. Fruit 5-ribbed. Pappus of few caducous bristles.—Species3. Central and South Africa.OligothrixDC.Stem perennial, short and scape-like or branched; in the latter case pappus-bristles persistent. Heads medium-sized, solitary. Corolla-lobes without a strong midnerve.—Species 2. East Africa.WerneriaH. B. & Kunth306. Female marginal flowers with a tubular or filiform corolla.307Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting.311307. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, imbricate, with scarious borders.Female marginal flowers in several rows. Fruits without ribs. Heads solitary or in glomerules, yellow-flowered. (See 183.)PhagnalonCass.Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows.