308308. Female marginal flowers in 2 or more rows. Fruits 5-angled or 10-ribbed.Herbs. Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs, narrow.—Species 1.Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.ErechthitesRaf.Female marginal flowers in 1 row.309309. Stem herbaceous. Leaves nearly all radical, orbicular-cordate. Outer fruits without a pappus.—Species 1. South Africa.StilpnogyneDC.Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves mostly cauline.310310. Leaves densely crowded, small. Heads solitary, terminating the branches.Involucral bracts leaf-like.—Species 1. Island of Réunion.EriothrixCass.Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs.—Species 4. Madagascar andMascarenes.FaujasiaCass.311. Receptacle hemispherical. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows, subequal.Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits 10-ribbed. Herbs. Heads solitary or several together, on long stalks.—Species 7. North Africa.DoronicumL.Receptacle flat or slightly convex.312312. Involucral bracts with a leaf-like appendage along the median nerve,1-nerved. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers none. Style-branches witha crown of longer hairs in the middle of the hairy part. Fruits many-nerved.Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.—Species 8. SouthAfrica.LopholaenaDC.Involucral bracts without an appendage.313313. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Ray-flowers present. Style-branches rounded, almost uniformly clothed with hairs. Herbs. (See286.)AlciopeDC.Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, rarely (Senecio) indistinctly arranged in3 or more rows, but then style-branches with a crown of longer hairs.314314. Style-branches with an awl-shaped hairy appendage, without a distinct crown of longer hairs. Ray-flowers wanting. Herbs. (See 279.)GynuraCass.Style-branches truncate with a terminal tuft of hairs or with a hairy appendage overtopping a crown of longer hairs.315315. Fruits, at least the outer, distinctly compressed. Style-branches truncate, ending in a tuft of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs.(See 227.)CinerariaL.Fruits not distinctly compressed, 5-10-ribbed.—Species 500. Some of them are used as vegetables, as food for birds, or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (IncludingBrachyrhynchosLess.,CacaliaL. partly,EmiliaCass.,KleiniaDC.,LachanodesDC.,MesogrammaDC.,NotoniaDC., andPladaroxylonHook. fil.)SenecioL.316. (301.) Involucral bracts, at least the inner, scarious at the tip and the edges. Pappus of minute scales, crown- or ear-shaped or wanting.Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, with a terminal crown of hairs.317Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges, and then pappus of rather large scales or bristles, or style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers ending in a hairy appendage.356317. Anthers arrow-shaped; halves pointed at the base. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. Receptacle glabrous. Female marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped corolla. Inner fruits flattened, outer 3-edged.Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads long-stalked. (See 124.)DimorphothecaMoenchAnthers not arrow-shaped; halves blunt or rounded at the base. [TribeANTHEMIDEAE.]318318. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. [SubtribeANTHEMIDINAE.]319Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. [SubtribeCHRYSANTHEMINAE.]331319. Receptacle-scales hairy in the middle, glabrous at the base and apex.Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits cylindrical, without a pappus. Herbs.Leaves pinnately divided. Heads seated between 2-6 (usually 5) branches of the much-branched cyme.—Species 1. North-west Africa.Used as an ornamental plant.CladanthusCass.Receptacle-scales hairy throughout their whole length or at the top only, or glabrous. Heads solitary or in glomerules, corymbs, or panicles.320320. Corolla-tube with a basal appendage adnate to the ovary. Corolla persistent.Ray-flowers none. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves entire.Heads in corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally.DiotisDesf.Corolla-tube with appendages which are free from the ovary, or without any appendages.321321. Fruits clothed with long wool, 8-10-ribbed. Ray-flowers white or violet. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary, terminating the branches.—Species 3. South Africa.LasiospermumLag.Fruits not woolly.322322. Fruits much compressed. Herbs or undershrubs.323Fruits not or scarcely compressed.325323. Fruits, at least the outer, broadly winged. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally.AnacyclusL.Fruits not or indistinctly winged, without a pappus.324324. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnately divided.—Species 7. NorthAfrica; one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.AchilleaL.Leaves opposite, at least the lower, entire. Ray-flowers neuter, white.—Species2. North-west Africa. (FradiniaPomel, underCladanthusCass.)MecomischusBenth. & Hook.325. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Shrubs. Ray-flowers present.326Leaves alternate.327326. Heads collected in compound heads. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales sometimes united into a small crown.—Species 4. SouthAfrica.OederaL.Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Pappus wanting.—Species4. South Africa.EumorphiaDC.327. Stem herbaceous. Leaves toothed or pinnately divided.328Stem woody, at least at the base.329328. Heads without ray-flowers. Corolla-tube regular. Pappus crown-shaped.Leaves toothed. Heads in dense corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa.LonasAdans.Heads with ray-flowers, more rarely without, but then pappus auricle-shaped or wanting. Corolla-tube compressed, often with appendages.Heads stalked, terminating the branches.—Species 30. North andCentral Africa; one species naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as medicinal plants (camomile). (IncludingChamaemelumCass.,OrmenisCass.,PerideraeaWebb, andRhetinolepisCass.)AnthemisL.329. Ribs of the fruits produced into unequal scales or strong awns. Shrubs.Leaves pinnatifid. Heads in corymbs.—Species 4. Canary Islands.(IncludingHymenolepisSchultz andLugoaDC.)GonospermumLess.Ribs of the fruits not produced into scales or awns. Heads without ray-flowers.330330. Corolla-tube with a more or less distinct appendage at the base, usuallycompressed. Pappus wanting. Heads long-stalked. Under-shrubs.Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species 6. Central and North-west Africa.Some of the species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.SantolinaL.Corolla-tube without an appendage, not compressed. Fruits 5-angled.Heads in usually dense corymbs.—Species 55. Southern and tropicalAfrica. (IncludingBembycodiumKunze andOligodoraDC.)AthanasiaL.331. (318.) Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite.332Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter.343332. Flowers 4-merous.333Flowers 5-merous.336333. Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer shorter. Fruits 4-angled, glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves dissected. Heads rather small.—Species 6. South and East Africa. (UnderTanacetumL.)SchistostephiumLess.Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal.334334. Pappus ring- or crown-shaped. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species20. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants(camomile). (IncludingChamaemelumVis.,ChlamydophoraEhrenb.,CourrantiaSchultz, andOtospermumWillk.)MatricariaL.Pappus wanting.335335. Stem herbaceous. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. (See216.)CotulaL.Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves entire. Heads in corymbs. Fruits compressed, glabrous.—Species 1. South Africa.PeyrouseaDC.336. Heads in leafy racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not corymb-like) panicles. Pappus wanting. (See 222.)ArtemisiaL.Heads solitary or in corymbs.337337. Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 334.)MatricariaL.Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer ones shorter.338338. Stem herbaceous. Leaves alternate. (See 219.)ChrysanthemumL.Stem woody, shrubby.339339. Leaves opposite. Pappus wanting.340Leaves alternate.341340. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in few rows. Fruits with 12-15 ribs. Leaves usually forked.—Species 2. South Africa.GymnopentziaBenth.Heads solitary, seated between lateral tufts of leaves. Involucral bracts in many rows. Fruits 3-4-ribbed. Leaves entire, connate in pairs at the base.—Species 1. South Africa.AsaemiaHarv.341. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Fruits 5-ribbed.—Species 20.South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.PentziaThunb.Leaves entire.342342. Heads in corymbs. Central flowers sterile. Pappus none.—Species3. South Africa.StilpnophytumLess.Heads few together at the ends of the branches. Flowers all fertile.—Species3. South Africa. (IncludingAdenosolenDC. andBrachymerisDC.)MarasmodesDC.343. (331.) Female or neutral marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or without a corolla.344Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla.350344. Hermaphrodite flowers 4-merous. Herbs or undershrubs.345Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Marginal flowers with a corolla.349345. Involucral bracts of two kinds, the outer four broad and membranous, the inner numerous, longer and narrower, scarious. Marginal flowers in one row, without a corolla. Corolla of the central flowers with a large appendage enclosing the fruit. Pappus none. Leaves opposite.Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches.—Species 2. SouthAfrica.OtochlamysDC.Involucral bracts equal or nearly so.346346. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows, the outer shorter. Marginal flowers witha corolla. Outer fruits compressed and hairy, the inner 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves fan-shaped or pinnately divided. (See 333.)SchistostephiumLess.Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, about equal.347347. Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches. (See 216.)CotulaL.Heads sessile or arranged in racemes or corymbs. Marginal flowers witha corolla. Leaves undivided.348348. Female flowers in one row.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues.AbrotanellaCass.Female flowers in several rows. Pappus wanting.—Species 1. Tropics.(MyriogyneLess.)CentipedaLour.349. Heads in racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not corymb-like) panicles. Involucral bracts in few rows. Marginal flowers in one row. Fruits without ribs and without a pappus. (See 222.)ArtemisiaL.Heads solitary or in corymbs. (See 219.)ChrysanthemumL.350. (343.) Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, the outer much shorter.351Involucral bracts in few rows, about equal in length.352351. Leaves decurrent, undivided. Herbs. Heads in corymbs. Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Fruits glandular-hairy. Pappus of scales.—Species1. South Africa.LepidostephiumOliv.Leaves not decurrent. (See 219.)ChrysanthemumL.352. Involucral bracts broad. Herbs. Leaves dissected.353Involucral bracts narrow. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire, toothed, lobed, or cleft. Corolla-limb of the ray-flowers elongate,entire.354353. Corolla of the ray-flowers yellow, very shortly strap-shaped. Fruits compressed, 1-2-ribbed, without a pappus. Heads solitary on long stalks thickened above. (See 216.).CotulaL.Corolla of the ray-flowers white, usually long strap-shaped. Fruits usually several-ribbed and provided with a pappus. (See 334.)MatricariaL.354. Ray-flowers fertile. Disc-flowers 5-merous. Fruits 8-10-ribbed, glandular-warted.Leaves linear or divided into 3 linear segments.—Species7. South Africa. (IncludingAdenachaenaDC. andIocasteE. Mey.)PhymaspermumLess.Ray-flowers sterile. Disc-flowers 4-merous.355355. Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers acuminate. Involucre campanulate.Heads short-stalked. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.—Species 2.South Africa.ThaminophyllumHarv.Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers not acuminate. Involucre hemispherical.Heads long-stalked. Leaves lobed or cleft. Undershrubs.—Species 3.South Africa.LidbeckiaBerg356. (316.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers.357Receptacle glabrous, rarely hairy, without scales between the flowers.383357. Pappus of 5-6 large scales sometimes intermixed with bristles. Fruits10-ribbed, not compressed. Involucral bracts in several rows, scarious at the edges. Ray-flowers in one row, neuter, with a yellow, strap-shaped corolla. Style-branches truncate, with a terminal crown of hairs.Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually toothed or pinnately divided. Heads solitary or in lax panicles.—Species 65. South Africa and Abyssinia. (IncludingSphenogyneR. Br.)UrsiniaGaertn.Pappus wanting or crown-shaped or consisting of bristles or minute scales, rarely of 1-2 or 8-16 larger scales. Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges. Leaves usually opposite. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE.]358358. Pappus of feathery bristles. Fruits hairy, angular. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2-3 rows. Ray-flowers yellow, with a strap-shaped corolla.Prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, broad, toothed. Heads on long stalks.—Species 1. Naturalized in South Africa, Madagascar, and the neighbouring islands.TridaxL.Pappus of simple (not feathery) bristles or of scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting.359359. Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, formed of 8-16 rather large, fringed scales. Fruits angular. Receptacle conical. Marginal flowers in one row, white, fertile, rarely wanting. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, embracing the outer fruits. Heads small, hemispherical.—Species 1.Naturalized in East Africa.GalinsogaRuiz & Pav.Pappus formed of minute scales or of 1-2 larger scales or of bristles, orcrown-shaped, or wanting.360360. Female or neuter marginal flowers persisting in the fruit, with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle conical. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads on long stalks.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. Ornamental plants.ZinniaL.Female or neuter marginal flowers falling off before maturity or wanting.361361. Inner fruits compressed from front to back. Scales on the receptacle between the flowers flat or convex, not keeled. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. [SubtribeCOREOPSIDINAE.]362Inner fruits not or laterally compressed. [SubtribeVERBESININAE.]368362. Pappus formed of 2-6 barbed bristles (which are armed with minute reflexed prickles). Herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed or divided.363Pappus formed of bristles which are not barbed, at least on the inner fruits, or ring-shaped, or wanting.364363. Fruits beaked. Ray-flowers red.—Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands.CosmosCav.Fruits not beaked. Ray-flowers, if present, yellow or white.—Species20. Some of them are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds.(IncludingKerneriaMoench)BidensL.364. Involucral bracts 3-6. Marginal flowers female. Corolla glabrous at the base. Pappus of the inner fruits of 2-3 awns. Herbs. Leaves opposite.365Involucral bracts numerous, in two rows.366365. Involucral bracts partly herbaceous, partly membranous. Outer fruits winged. Heads several together in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa.SynedrellaGaertn.Involucral bracts herbaceous. Fruits all similar, not winged. Heads solitary.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo).CalyptrocarpusLess.366. Involucral bracts free, the outer herbaceous, the inner membranous.Ray-flowers female. Corolla hairy at the base. Pappus none. Herbs.Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Heads solitary or in cymes, stalked.—Species 8. Central Africa. One of the species yields oil from the seeds (ramtil-oil).GuizotiaCass.Involucral bracts more or less united. Corolla glabrous at the base.367367. Ray-flowers female. Fruits oblong, many-ribbed, hairy. Pappus a minutely toothed crown. Herbs. Leaves opposite, divided. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. Abyssinia.MicrolecaneSchultzRay-flowers neuter or wanting. Pappus of two teeth or awns, or ring-shaped, or wanting.—Species 50. Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.CoreopsisL.368. (361.) Inner fruits much compressed laterally. Pappus of two awns or wanting. Receptacle convex, conical, or cylindrical. Herbs.369Inner fruits slightly or not compressed.370369. Fruits winged. Receptacle convex. Involucre as long as the disc.Heads in lax corymbs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.—Species1. Naturalized in the tropics and in Egypt. Used medicinally.(XimenesiaCass.)VerbesinaL.Fruits not winged. Receptacle elongated. Involucre much shorter than the disc. Heads solitary. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Yields condiments and medicaments.SpilanthesL.370. Inner involucral bracts embracing the outer fruits. Pappus wanting.Herbs. Leaves opposite.371Inner involucral bracts not embracing the outer fruits.372371. Female marginal flowers in one row. Heads in panicles.—Species 5.Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used medicinally.SiegesbeckiaL.Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a strap-shaped corolla.Heads solitary, sessile. Marsh plants.—Species 1. Central Africa.EnydraLour.372. Receptacle-scales wholly enclosing the fruits. Pappus ring-shaped or wanting. Flowers all hermaphrodite with a tubular corolla or the marginal neuter with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle convex or conical. Herbs.—Species 2. Central Africa.SclerocarpusJacq.Receptacle-scales partly or not enclosing the fruits.373373. Receptacle-scales very narrow, nearly bristle-like. Pappus wanting.Marginal flowers in two rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. Herbs.Leaves opposite. Heads solitary or in pairs.—Species 2. They yield dye-stuffs, salad, and medicaments.EcliptaL.Receptacle-scales broad or rather broad, convex or keeled.374374. Pappus wanting. Heads containing hermaphrodite and female flowers.Herbs. Leaves opposite.375Pappus present.376375. Inner flowers 4-merous, outer with a very shortly strap-shaped corolla-limb.Fruits 4-angled. Leaves oblong. Heads in groups of three.—Species1. Madagascar.MicractisDC.Inner flowers 5-merous, outer with a rather long strap-shaped corolla-limb.Fruits 2-3-angled. Leaves ovate.—Species 15. Tropical andSouth Africa.WedeliaJacq.376. Pappus ring-shaped. Fruits 4-angled. Receptacle flat. Receptacle-scales slit. Heads in corymbs; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs.Leaves alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar.TemnolepisBak.Pappus cup-shaped or formed of scales and bristles. Herbs or undershrubs377377. Pappus of free, caducous bristles or scales.378Pappus of bristles united at the base, or cup-shaped with or without freebristles.379378. Pappus-bristles 1-4, more or less broadened below. Heads large.Ray-flowers neuter.—Species 3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized.Used as ornamental plants (sunflower) and yielding edible tubers, dye-stuffs, and oily seeds from which bread may be prepared.HelianthusL.Pappus-bristles thin, usually numerous. Heads middle-sized. Receptacle convex. Receptacle-scales acuminate. Leaves opposite.—Species 17.Tropical and South-east Africa. (IncludingLipotricheR. Br.)MelantheraRohr379. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in corymbs. Receptacle convex. Receptacle-scales with a coloured appendage. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits 5-ribbed. Pappus a toothed cup. Leaves alternate, linear. (See 246.)OmphalopappusO. Hoffm.Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter.380380. Marginal flowers neuter, with a strap-shaped corolla. Leaves opposite.—Species40. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.AspiliaThouarsMarginal flowers female.381381. Marginal flowers with a tubular or shortly strap-shaped corolla. Pappus of 2-5 unequal bristles united at the base. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite.—Species 4. Central Africa.BlainvilleaCass.Marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla. Pappus cup-shaped, with or without awns. Heads stalked.382382. Leaves alternate. Fruits 4-5-angled, many-ribbed.—Species 6.Madagascar.EpallageDC.Leaves opposite. Fruits 2-3-angled, with indistinct angles. (See 375.)WedeliaJacq.383. (356.) Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a yellow, thread-shaped,2-3-toothed corolla. Involucral bracts in several rows, imbricate, with scarious edges. Fruits without ribs. Pappus of one row of bristles. Leaves alternate, undivided. Heads solitary or in glomerules.(See 183.)PhagnalonCass.Female or neuter marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped, rarelya tubular but 4-toothed corolla, or wanting. [Tribe HELENIEAE.]384384. Female marginal flowers with a tubular, 4-toothed corolla. Involucral bracts in 4-5 rows. Receptacle pitted. Pappus of scales. Herbs.Leaves alternate. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. Southern WestAfrica (Angola).WelwitschiellaO. Hoffm.Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting.Heads solitary or in glomerules.385385. Receptacle bristly. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Anthers arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the base. Pappus of scales. Herbs.Leaves alternate or radical. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa. An ornamental plant.GaillardiaFoug.Receptacle glabrous, rarely (Tagetes) ciliate at the edges of the pits.386386. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Heads solitary.—Species 9. Central Africa. (IncludingHypericophyllumSteetz).JaumeaPers.Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows.387387. Involucral bracts free.388Involucral bracts united below. Heads solitary. Anthers entire at the base or with blunt halves.390388. Involucral bracts numerous. Heads many-flowered. Female marginal flowers numerous. Anthers arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the base. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or all radical. Heads solitary. (See 124.)DimorphothecaMoenchInvolucral bracts 2-6. Heads few-flowered. Female marginal flowers solitary or wanting. Anthers entire at the base or with blunt halves.Heads in glomerules.389389. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. Naturalized in Egypt and Eritrea. They yield dyes and medicaments.FlaveriaJuss.Pappus of slit scales. Small shrubs. Leaves alternate.—Species 1.South Africa.PhaeocephalusS. Moore390. Pappus wanting. Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Leaves alternate.—Species 15.South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.GamolepisLess.Pappus of scales or bristles. Herbs.391391. Pappus of 3-6 scales. Fruits scarcely ribbed. Leaves opposite, pinnately divided.—Species 3. Naturalized. Ornamental plants, also yielding dyes and medicaments.TagetesL.Pappus of numerous bristles or slit scales. Fruit 10-12-ribbed. Leaves alternate, undivided.—Species 1. South Africa.CadiseusE. Mey.