[157]The Tychonic system has supporters to this day. Seechap. v.
[157]The Tychonic system has supporters to this day. Seechap. v.
[158]Dreyer: 181.
[158]Dreyer: 181.
[159]The authoritative biography is theVitaby Frisch in vol. VIII, pp. 668-1028 ofOp. Om. Kep.
[159]The authoritative biography is theVitaby Frisch in vol. VIII, pp. 668-1028 ofOp. Om. Kep.
[160]Frisch: VIII, 718.
[160]Frisch: VIII, 718.
[161]Delambre:Astr. Mod.314-315.
[161]Delambre:Astr. Mod.314-315.
[162]Frisch: VIII, 999.
[162]Frisch: VIII, 999.
[163]Ibid: VIII, 696.
[163]Ibid: VIII, 696.
[164]Ibid: VIII, 699-715.
[164]Ibid: VIII, 699-715.
[165]Dreyer: 290-309.
[165]Dreyer: 290-309.
[166]Frisch: VIII, 715.
[166]Frisch: VIII, 715.
[167]Bertrand: p. 870-1.
[167]Bertrand: p. 870-1.
[168]The two laws first appeared in 1609 in hisPhysica Cœlestis tradita commentarius de motu stellæ martis. (Frisch: VIII, 964.) The third he enunciated in hisHarmonia Mundi, 1619. (Ibid: VIII, 1013-1017.)
[168]The two laws first appeared in 1609 in hisPhysica Cœlestis tradita commentarius de motu stellæ martis. (Frisch: VIII, 964.) The third he enunciated in hisHarmonia Mundi, 1619. (Ibid: VIII, 1013-1017.)
[169]"Cor et animam meam": Kepler's expression in regard to the Copernician theory. Ibid: VIII, 957.
[169]"Cor et animam meam": Kepler's expression in regard to the Copernician theory. Ibid: VIII, 957.
[170]Ibid: VIII, 838.
[170]Ibid: VIII, 838.
[171]Ibid: VIII, 742.
[171]Ibid: VIII, 742.
[172]Kepler:Op. Om., I, 106:Præfatio ad Lectorem.
[172]Kepler:Op. Om., I, 106:Præfatio ad Lectorem.
[173]Berry: 210.
[173]Berry: 210.
[174]Berry: 265.
[174]Berry: 265.
[175]Ibid: 359.
[175]Ibid: 359.
[176]Jacoby: 89.
[176]Jacoby: 89.
[177]See before,p. 30.
[177]See before,p. 30.
[178]Luther:Tischreden, IV, 575; "Der Narr will die ganze Kunst Astronomiæ umkehren. Aber wie die heilige Schrift anzeigt, so heiss Josua die Sonne still stehen, und nicht das Erdreich."
[178]Luther:Tischreden, IV, 575; "Der Narr will die ganze Kunst Astronomiæ umkehren. Aber wie die heilige Schrift anzeigt, so heiss Josua die Sonne still stehen, und nicht das Erdreich."
[179]"Non est autem hominis bene instituti dissentire a consensu tot sæculorum." Præfatio Philippi Melanthonis, 1531, in Sacro-Busto:Libellus de Sphæra(no date).
[179]"Non est autem hominis bene instituti dissentire a consensu tot sæculorum." Præfatio Philippi Melanthonis, 1531, in Sacro-Busto:Libellus de Sphæra(no date).
[180]"Vidi dialogum et fui dissuassor editionis. Fabula per sese paulatim consilescet; sed quidam putant esse egregiamkatorthomarem tam absurdam ornare, sicut ille Sarmaticus Astronomis qui movet terram et figet solem. Profecto sapientes gubernatores deberent ingeniorum petulantia cohercere."Epistola B. Mithobio, 16 Oct. 1541. P. Melancthon:Opera: IV, 679.
[180]"Vidi dialogum et fui dissuassor editionis. Fabula per sese paulatim consilescet; sed quidam putant esse egregiamkatorthomarem tam absurdam ornare, sicut ille Sarmaticus Astronomis qui movet terram et figet solem. Profecto sapientes gubernatores deberent ingeniorum petulantia cohercere."Epistola B. Mithobio, 16 Oct. 1541. P. Melancthon:Opera: IV, 679.
[181]"Quamquam autem rident aliqui Physicum testimonia divina citantem, tamen nos honestum esse censemus, Philosophiam conferre ad cœlestia dicta, et in tanta caligine humanæ mentis autoritatem divinam consulere ubicunque possumus." Melancthon:Initia Doctrinæ Physicæ: Bk. I, 63.
[181]"Quamquam autem rident aliqui Physicum testimonia divina citantem, tamen nos honestum esse censemus, Philosophiam conferre ad cœlestia dicta, et in tanta caligine humanæ mentis autoritatem divinam consulere ubicunque possumus." Melancthon:Initia Doctrinæ Physicæ: Bk. I, 63.
[182]Ibid: 60.
[182]Ibid: 60.
[183]Ibid: 59-67.
[183]Ibid: 59-67.
[184]Farrar:Hist. of Interpretation: Preface, xviii: "Who," asks Calvin, "will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit?"
[184]Farrar:Hist. of Interpretation: Preface, xviii: "Who," asks Calvin, "will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit?"
[185]Calvin:Oeuvres François:Traité ... contre l'Astrologie, 110-112.
[185]Calvin:Oeuvres François:Traité ... contre l'Astrologie, 110-112.
[186]Calvin:Op. Om.inCorpus Reformatorum: vol. 25, 499-500; vol. 59, 195-196.
[186]Calvin:Op. Om.inCorpus Reformatorum: vol. 25, 499-500; vol. 59, 195-196.
[187]P. 78-79: "Ce planétaire ... represente le système du monde tel qu'il a été expliqué par Copernic."
[187]P. 78-79: "Ce planétaire ... represente le système du monde tel qu'il a été expliqué par Copernic."
[188]Schwilgué: p. 15.
[188]Schwilgué: p. 15.
[189]Ibid: p. 48.
[189]Ibid: p. 48.
[190]Dict. of Nat. Biog.: "Recorde."
[190]Dict. of Nat. Biog.: "Recorde."
[191]Quoted (p. 135), from the edition of 1596 in the library of Mr. George A. Plimpton. See also Recorde'sWhetstone of Witte(1557) as cited by Berry, 127.
[191]Quoted (p. 135), from the edition of 1596 in the library of Mr. George A. Plimpton. See also Recorde'sWhetstone of Witte(1557) as cited by Berry, 127.
[192]DuBartas:The Divine Weeks(Sylvester's trans. edited by Haight): Preface, pp. xx-xxiii and note.
[192]DuBartas:The Divine Weeks(Sylvester's trans. edited by Haight): Preface, pp. xx-xxiii and note.
[193]Op. cit.: 72.
[193]Op. cit.: 72.
[194]La Fuente:Historia de la Universidades ... de España: II, 314.
[194]La Fuente:Historia de la Universidades ... de España: II, 314.
[195]Doc. 86in Favaro: 130.
[195]Doc. 86in Favaro: 130.
[196]Diccionario Enciclopédico Hispano-Americano de literatura, ciencias y artes(Barcelona, 1898).
[196]Diccionario Enciclopédico Hispano-Americano de literatura, ciencias y artes(Barcelona, 1898).
[197]Quoted in Salusbury:Math. Coll.: I, 468-470 (1661), as a work inaccessible to most readers at that time because of its extreme rarity. It remained on the Index until the edition of 1835.
[197]Quoted in Salusbury:Math. Coll.: I, 468-470 (1661), as a work inaccessible to most readers at that time because of its extreme rarity. It remained on the Index until the edition of 1835.
[198]Montaigne:Essays: Bk. II, c. 2:An Apologie of Raymonde Sebonde(II, 352).
[198]Montaigne:Essays: Bk. II, c. 2:An Apologie of Raymonde Sebonde(II, 352).
[199]This book, published at Frankfort in 1597, was translated into French by M. Fougerolles and printed in Lyons that same year. It has become extremely rare since its "atheistic atmosphere" (Peignot:Dictionnaire) caused the Roman Church to place it upon the Index by decree of 1628, where it has remained to this day.
[199]This book, published at Frankfort in 1597, was translated into French by M. Fougerolles and printed in Lyons that same year. It has become extremely rare since its "atheistic atmosphere" (Peignot:Dictionnaire) caused the Roman Church to place it upon the Index by decree of 1628, where it has remained to this day.
[200]Cromer in History of Poland.
[200]Cromer in History of Poland.
[201]Cromer in History of Poland.[A]
[201]Cromer in History of Poland.[A]
[A]I could not find this reference in either of Martin Kromer's books;De Origine et Rebus Gestis Polonorum, ad 1511, or in hisRes Publicæ sive Status Regni Poloniæ.
[A]I could not find this reference in either of Martin Kromer's books;De Origine et Rebus Gestis Polonorum, ad 1511, or in hisRes Publicæ sive Status Regni Poloniæ.
[A]I could not find this reference in either of Martin Kromer's books;De Origine et Rebus Gestis Polonorum, ad 1511, or in hisRes Publicæ sive Status Regni Poloniæ.
[202]Bodin:Univ. Nat. Theatrum: Bk. V, sec. 2 (end).
[202]Bodin:Univ. Nat. Theatrum: Bk. V, sec. 2 (end).
[203]Delambre:Astr. Mod.: I, 663.
[203]Delambre:Astr. Mod.: I, 663.
[204]Justus-Lipsius:Physiologiæ Stoicorum: Bk. II, dissert. 19 (Dedication 1604, Louvain), (IV, 947); "Vides deliria, quomodo aliter appellent?"
[204]Justus-Lipsius:Physiologiæ Stoicorum: Bk. II, dissert. 19 (Dedication 1604, Louvain), (IV, 947); "Vides deliria, quomodo aliter appellent?"
[205]Berti: 285.
[205]Berti: 285.
[206]McIntyre: 3-15.
[206]McIntyre: 3-15.
[207]Four lives of Bruno have been written within the last seventy-five years. The first isJordano Brunoby Christian Bartholmèss (2 vol., Paris 1846). The next,Vita di Giordano Bruno da Nolaby Domenico Berti (1868, Turin), quotes in full the official documents of his trial. Frith'sLife of Giordano Bruno(London, 1887), has been rendered out of date by J.L. McIntyre'sGiordano Bruno(London, 1903), which includes a critical bibliography. In addition, W.R. Thayer'sThrone Makers(New York, 1899), gives translations of Bruno's confessions to the Venetian Inquisition. Bruno's Latin works (Opera Latina Conscripta), have been republished by Fiorentino (3 vol., Naples, 1879), and theOpere Italianeby Gentile (3 vol., Naples, 1907).
[207]Four lives of Bruno have been written within the last seventy-five years. The first isJordano Brunoby Christian Bartholmèss (2 vol., Paris 1846). The next,Vita di Giordano Bruno da Nolaby Domenico Berti (1868, Turin), quotes in full the official documents of his trial. Frith'sLife of Giordano Bruno(London, 1887), has been rendered out of date by J.L. McIntyre'sGiordano Bruno(London, 1903), which includes a critical bibliography. In addition, W.R. Thayer'sThrone Makers(New York, 1899), gives translations of Bruno's confessions to the Venetian Inquisition. Bruno's Latin works (Opera Latina Conscripta), have been republished by Fiorentino (3 vol., Naples, 1879), and theOpere Italianeby Gentile (3 vol., Naples, 1907).
[208]Bartholmèss: I, 134.
[208]Bartholmèss: I, 134.
[209]Libri: IV, 144.
[209]Libri: IV, 144.
[210]McIntyre: 16-40.
[210]McIntyre: 16-40.
[211]Bartholmèss: I, 134.
[211]Bartholmèss: I, 134.
[212]Gilbert:De Magnete(London, 1600).
[212]Gilbert:De Magnete(London, 1600).
[213]Berti: 369, Doc. XIII.
[213]Berti: 369, Doc. XIII.
[214]McIntyre: 16-40.
[214]McIntyre: 16-40.
[215]Bartholmèss: I, 134.
[215]Bartholmèss: I, 134.
[216]Beyersdorf:Giordano Bruno und Shakespear, 8-36.
[216]Beyersdorf:Giordano Bruno und Shakespear, 8-36.
[217]Such passages asTroilus and Cressida: Act I, sc. 3;King John, Act III, sc. 1; andMerry Wives, Act III, sc. 2, indicate that Shakespeare accepted fully the Ptolemaic conception of a central, immovable earth. See also Beyersdorf:op. cit.
[217]Such passages asTroilus and Cressida: Act I, sc. 3;King John, Act III, sc. 1; andMerry Wives, Act III, sc. 2, indicate that Shakespeare accepted fully the Ptolemaic conception of a central, immovable earth. See also Beyersdorf:op. cit.
[218]McIntyre: 68.
[218]McIntyre: 68.
[219]Ibid: 47-72.
[219]Ibid: 47-72.
[220]See official documents in Berti: 327-395.
[220]See official documents in Berti: 327-395.
[221]Bruno:De Immenso et Innumerabilis: Lib. III, cap. 9 (vol. 1, pt. 1, 380-386).
[221]Bruno:De Immenso et Innumerabilis: Lib. III, cap. 9 (vol. 1, pt. 1, 380-386).
[222]Thayer: 268.
[222]Thayer: 268.
[223]Berti: 285.
[223]Berti: 285.
[224]Ibid: 282.
[224]Ibid: 282.
[225]Fahie: 82-89.
[225]Fahie: 82-89.
[226]Thayer: 299.
[226]Thayer: 299.
[227]The publication of A. Favaro'sGalileo e l'Inquisizione: Documenti del Processo Galileiano ... per la prima volta integralmente pubblicati, (Firenze, 1907), together with that of the National Edition (in 20 vols.) of Galileo's works, edited by Favaro (Firenze, completed 1909), renders somewhat obsolete all earlier lives of Galileo. The more valuable, however, of these books are: Martin'sGalilée(Paris, 1868), a scholarly Catholic study containing valuable bibliographical notes; Anon. (Mrs. Olney):Private Life of Galileo, based largely on his correspondence with his daughter from which many extracts are given; and von Gebler'sGalileo Galilei and the Roman Curia(trans. by Mrs. Sturge, London, 1879), which includes in the appendix the various decrees in the original. Fahie'sLife of Galileo(London, 1903), is based on Favaro's researches and is reliable. The documents of the trial have been published in part by de l'Epinois, von Gebler and Berti, but Favaro's is the complete and authoritative edition.
[227]The publication of A. Favaro'sGalileo e l'Inquisizione: Documenti del Processo Galileiano ... per la prima volta integralmente pubblicati, (Firenze, 1907), together with that of the National Edition (in 20 vols.) of Galileo's works, edited by Favaro (Firenze, completed 1909), renders somewhat obsolete all earlier lives of Galileo. The more valuable, however, of these books are: Martin'sGalilée(Paris, 1868), a scholarly Catholic study containing valuable bibliographical notes; Anon. (Mrs. Olney):Private Life of Galileo, based largely on his correspondence with his daughter from which many extracts are given; and von Gebler'sGalileo Galilei and the Roman Curia(trans. by Mrs. Sturge, London, 1879), which includes in the appendix the various decrees in the original. Fahie'sLife of Galileo(London, 1903), is based on Favaro's researches and is reliable. The documents of the trial have been published in part by de l'Epinois, von Gebler and Berti, but Favaro's is the complete and authoritative edition.
[228]Fahie: 20-40.
[228]Fahie: 20-40.
[229]Ibid: 121.
[229]Ibid: 121.
[230]Galileo:Opere, X, 68.
[230]Galileo:Opere, X, 68.
[231]'The Second Day' in Salusbury:Math. Coll.I, 110-111.
[231]'The Second Day' in Salusbury:Math. Coll.I, 110-111.
[232]Fahie: 265.
[232]Fahie: 265.
[233]Conway: 46-47.
[233]Conway: 46-47.
[234]Conway: 46-47.
[234]Conway: 46-47.
[235]Fahie: 77-126.
[235]Fahie: 77-126.
[236]Doc. in Favaro: 13.
[236]Doc. in Favaro: 13.
[237]Fahie: 149.
[237]Fahie: 149.
[238]Galileo:Opere, V, 281-288.
[238]Galileo:Opere, V, 281-288.
[239]Doc. in Favaro: 48-49.
[239]Doc. in Favaro: 48-49.
[240]Doc. in Favaro: 49.
[240]Doc. in Favaro: 49.
[241]Ibid: 38: "amorevole avviso."
[241]Ibid: 38: "amorevole avviso."
[242]Ibid: 46, 47, 51.
[242]Ibid: 46, 47, 51.
[243]Ibid: 47.
[243]Ibid: 47.
[244]Ibid: 49.
[244]Ibid: 49.
[245]Ibid: 43-45, see original in Galileo:Opere, V, 281-285.
[245]Ibid: 43-45, see original in Galileo:Opere, V, 281-285.
[246]Doc. in Favaro: 78.
[246]Doc. in Favaro: 78.
[247]Ibid: 61.
[247]Ibid: 61.
[248]Ibid: 61.
[248]Ibid: 61.
[249]Doc. in Favaro: 61-62.
[249]Doc. in Favaro: 61-62.
[250]Ibid: 88.
[250]Ibid: 88.
[251]Ibid: 80-86.
[251]Ibid: 80-86.
[252]Ibid: 145.
[252]Ibid: 145.
[253]Ibid: 16.
[253]Ibid: 16.
[254]Doc. in Favaro: 16.
[254]Doc. in Favaro: 16.
[255]Monchamp: 46.
[255]Monchamp: 46.
[256]Fromundus:De Cometa Anni1618: chap. VII, p. 68. (From the private library of Dr. E.E. Slosson. A rare book which Lecky could not find.History of Rationalism in Europe, I, 280, note.)
[256]Fromundus:De Cometa Anni1618: chap. VII, p. 68. (From the private library of Dr. E.E. Slosson. A rare book which Lecky could not find.History of Rationalism in Europe, I, 280, note.)
[257]In 1620 the Congregation issued the changes it required to have made in theDe Revolutionibus. They are nine in all, and consist mainly in changing assertion of the earth's movement to hypothetical statement and in striking out a reference to the earth as a planet. Doc. in Favaro: 140-141. Seeillustration, p. 61.
[257]In 1620 the Congregation issued the changes it required to have made in theDe Revolutionibus. They are nine in all, and consist mainly in changing assertion of the earth's movement to hypothetical statement and in striking out a reference to the earth as a planet. Doc. in Favaro: 140-141. Seeillustration, p. 61.
[258]Doc. in Favaro: 149.
[258]Doc. in Favaro: 149.
[259]Galileo:Dialogo: To the Reader.
[259]Galileo:Dialogo: To the Reader.
[260]Doc. in Favaro: 70.
[260]Doc. in Favaro: 70.
[261]Fahie: 230.
[261]Fahie: 230.
[262]Ibid: 240.
[262]Ibid: 240.
[263]Doc. in Favaro: 88-89.
[263]Doc. in Favaro: 88-89.
[264]Ibid: 66.
[264]Ibid: 66.
[265]Ibid: 17-18.
[265]Ibid: 17-18.
[266]Galileo:Opere, XV, 26.
[266]Galileo:Opere, XV, 26.
[267]Doc. in Favaro: 74.
[267]Doc. in Favaro: 74.
[268]Ibid: 75.
[268]Ibid: 75.
[269]Ibid: 76.
[269]Ibid: 76.
[270]Ibid: 80-81.
[270]Ibid: 80-81.
[271]Ibid: 80-81.
[271]Ibid: 80-81.
[272]Doc. in Favaro: 83.
[272]Doc. in Favaro: 83.
[273]Ibid: 84.
[273]Ibid: 84.
[274]Ibid: 85-87.
[274]Ibid: 85-87.
[275]Ibid: 101.
[275]Ibid: 101.
[276]Doc. in Favaro: 101.
[276]Doc. in Favaro: 101.
[277]Doc. in Favaro: 146.
[277]Doc. in Favaro: 146.
[278]Ibid: 145.
[278]Ibid: 145.
[279]Ibid: 103, 129.
[279]Ibid: 103, 129.
[280]Ibid: 134.
[280]Ibid: 134.
[281]Milton:Areopagitica: 35.
[281]Milton:Areopagitica: 35.
[282]Doc. in Favaro: 135.
[282]Doc. in Favaro: 135.
[283]Ibid: 137.
[283]Ibid: 137.
[284]Fahie: 402.
[284]Fahie: 402.
[285]Doc. in Favaro: 138; and Fahie: 402.
[285]Doc. in Favaro: 138; and Fahie: 402.
[286]Doc. in Favaro: 101, 103.
[286]Doc. in Favaro: 101, 103.
[287]Ibid: 104-132.
[287]Ibid: 104-132.
[288]Fahie: 325, note.
[288]Fahie: 325, note.
[289]For full statement, see Martin: 133-207.
[289]For full statement, see Martin: 133-207.
[290]Gebler: 263.
[290]Gebler: 263.
[291]See Gebler: 244-247; White: I, 159-167; also Martin.
[291]See Gebler: 244-247; White: I, 159-167; also Martin.
[292]Martin: 136; and Salusbury:Math. Coll."To the reader."
[292]Martin: 136; and Salusbury:Math. Coll."To the reader."
[293]Galileo:Opere, XV, 25.
[293]Galileo:Opere, XV, 25.
[294]Putnam: I, 310.
[294]Putnam: I, 310.
[295]De Morgan: I, 98.
[295]De Morgan: I, 98.
[296]Martin: 140.
[296]Martin: 140.
[297]Cath. Ency.: "Boscovich."
[297]Cath. Ency.: "Boscovich."
[298]Doc. in Favaro: 159.
[298]Doc. in Favaro: 159.
[299]Ibid: 30, 31.
[299]Ibid: 30, 31.
[300]In Salusbury:Math. Coll.: I, 471-503.
[300]In Salusbury:Math. Coll.: I, 471-503.
[301]Bk. II: sec. 8, §1.
[301]Bk. II: sec. 8, §1.
[302]Bk. II, ch. 46.
[302]Bk. II, ch. 46.
[303]Phil. Works: 705.
[303]Phil. Works: 705.
[304]Bk. III.
[304]Bk. III.
[305]Phil. Works: 684-685.
[305]Phil. Works: 684-685.
[306]Translated inAppendix C. For criticism, see Monchamp: 58-64.
[306]Translated inAppendix C. For criticism, see Monchamp: 58-64.
[307]Fromundus:Vesta: Ad Lectorem.
[307]Fromundus:Vesta: Ad Lectorem.
[308]Monchamp: 41.
[308]Monchamp: 41.
[309]Justus-Lipsius: IV, 947.
[309]Justus-Lipsius: IV, 947.
[310]Monchamp: 48.
[310]Monchamp: 48.
[311]Ibid: 94.
[311]Ibid: 94.
[312]Galileo:Opere: XV, 25.
[312]Galileo:Opere: XV, 25.
[313]Ibid: XIV, 340-341.
[313]Ibid: XIV, 340-341.
[314]Monchamp: 107-108.
[314]Monchamp: 107-108.
[315]Doc. in Favaro: 120-121, 132, 133.
[315]Doc. in Favaro: 120-121, 132, 133.
[316]Monchamp: 125, 143.
[316]Monchamp: 125, 143.
[317]Ibid: 148-149.
[317]Ibid: 148-149.
[318]Ibid: 152-153.
[318]Ibid: 152-153.
[319]Ibid: 182-234.
[319]Ibid: 182-234.
[320]Monchamp: 321.
[320]Monchamp: 321.
[321]Agricola:Disputatio.
[321]Agricola:Disputatio.