Abbey at Shrewsbury,11,31,60Aberystwith,26Adventurers, Merchant, of Exeter,84,87Aliens not to be taken as apprentices,64,82Almshouses,73,109,137Altrincham,26Amalgamation natural in Middle Ages,31and at all times,140Anager,83Andover,25,35,147Anglo-Saxons, gilds of,12municipal organisation of,13Apothecary,28Apprentices,39,40,46,47,52,64,66,81Arthur, son of Henry VII.,79Arundel, Earl of,27Ashton, Thomas,79,119Assistants,5,41Assize of Arms,11Axbridge,27,85Bailiffs, assist gilds,37assisted by gilds,36supervise gilds,37,40Bakers,28,59Bala,27Bamborough,27Barbers,28,45,58-9,62,83-4,87,89,100,102,130Bargains, common,14,15Barnstaple,27Bath,25Beadle, duties of,42Beaumaris,27Bedesmen,63Bedford,25Benefit Clubs,106,110Berwick on Tweed,26Beverley,24,115Birmingham,111,129Bishops’ Castle,147Black Death,56Board of Trade,141Bodmin,25Borough, distinction between Merchant Gild and,18,19rise and development of,10incorporation of,14position of Merchant Gild in,14,16select body in,19,105classes of inhabitants,147Boroughs, list of, possessing Merchant Gilds,24-28Boston,26Brasier,53Brecknock,147Brentano, Dr,7,9,104,105Bricks, revival of use of,80Bricklayers,118Bridgenorth,26Bridgewater,26Bristol,25,87,111Bromhall, John,153,155Builder,29Builth,26Burford,24Burgesses,3charters granted to,14small share in work of Parliament,49Burgess-ship, qualifications of,18,106not identical with gildship,18villains, women, and ecclesiastics excluded from,18Burnet,67Bury S. Edmund’s,25,147Butchers,28,57,59Byt-fylling,13Caerswys,26Cambridge,25,56,60,74Camden,79Canterbury,12,24,147,148,150Cappers,53Cardiff,27Cardigan,26,69Carlisle,25Carnarvon,26Carpenters,28,59Carrier,28Castle at Shrewsbury,12Censers or Tensers, seeShrewsburyChantries,32,63,67,74,86,92Charity Commissioners,141Charles II.,87Charters did not necessarily create the gilds,55to burgesses,14Chelmicke, Mr,89Chepgauel,18n.Chester,25,92,119,146,147,151Earl of,25,146Chesterfield,27Chichester,24Cirencester,27Civil Services,141Clerk,28,43Cloth Trade,78-9cloth-workers,29,117cloth-merchant,57Clun,147Collier,28Commissioners for plundering gilds,73Commonwealth,122Communa,14,16Companies, commercial,6,47,86,88,98et seq.,140Compositions,37-8,55n.Conflicts between Merchant Gild and Craft Gilds,5,9,20,21Congleton,26Conquest, Norman,10Continent, commerce with,10merchant gilds of,5,9,20,21Conviviality,13,44,111Conway,26Cooks,28,59Coopers,28Cordwainers,35Corn-dealer,28Cornwall,149Earl of,26,27Corporations, municipal,14,16,105,109,127Corps-de-métier,8Corpus Christi, gilds and Feast,33,43,59,63,115,118Cottoners,90County Towns, their former importance,3,122-3Coventry,26,115Craft Gilds, earliest mention of,34become numerous,35favoured by Merchant Gild,20,22,34,36take over work of Merchant Gild,20,35motives for forming, religious,31-2social,33commercial,34police,36incorporated,38,55at Shrewsbury,10favoured by municipal authorities,36,38,43composition of,39officers, election unrestricted,40wardens,41assistants,41stewards,42beadle,42searcher,43,46,87clerk,43treasurer,43key-keeper,44take oath before bailiffs,37,40meetings,43importance of, commercial,45social,33,34,47-50constitutional,48-9as benefit clubs,50specially interesting at present time,49-51development of trade introduces abuses,56-7policy of reform,58demoralisation,65-7robbed by government,67et seq.effects of this,75et seq.reorganisation,81,84-97its effects on gilds,82intimate connection of later companies with corporation,85-6,99,105,120-22they retain many of old gild characteristics,87-8,108-9though altered conditions make their work difficult,88,98and companies themselves are unsatisfactory,98-102,105they change to capitalist companies,103-5from which journeymen are excluded,106difficulties of reform,107-8contemporaneous opinion of, at end of 18th century,109-12destruction of,136-137return to organisation partly on gild principles,141-144Craftsman of middle ages,49degraded by Reformation,75Cranmer,68Criccieth,26Crispin and Crispianus,118,125Custumarii,147Cyveiliog, Earl of,26Davies, Thomas,92Denbigh,27Derby,25Despenser, le,27Devizes,26Devon,150Dixon, Canon,71Domesday Book,11,148Doncaster,28Dover,12Drapers,29,32-3,59,73,83-4,90-7,99,101,108-9,126,131Dugdale,116Dunheved or Launceston,26Dunwich,25Durham,25Bp of,26Dutch,82Dyer,38Ecclesiastical Commissioners,141Edward the Confessor,12Edward I.,16,26,27,35,58his conquest of Wales,2,146,154Edward II.,27Edward III.,27,35,59Edward IV.,28,38,42,58,59,62,65,79,82,117,154Edward VI.’s confiscation of gild property,33,62,67,118Elizabeth,35,76-79,81,84,86,117,118Enclosures,78“England the birthplace of Gilds”,9English Gilds differ from continental,5,9,20,21Ethelred,13Exchequer,11Exeter,84Fairs, freedom of trading at,15,146Family sometimes considered the germ of the Gild,7Farquhar,123Faversham,81n.Feasts of Gilds,13,44,111Fee Farm or firma burgi,17,18,19,22Fellmongers,39Feltmakers,99Fire-engine supported by gilds,106,137Fishmongers,29,59Flemings,82Fletchers,59Flint,26Fordwich,25“Foreigners,” Forinseci,19,20,98,110,147Foresters,68Four Men,41-2,104France,corps-de-métierin,8French,82French company,94Freemen of companies,39,53,106Friendly Societies,68,116,139,142Frith bot,13Frith gilds,8,13,46,140Frizers,90Fullers,35Funerals attended by brethren,43Fusion of races shown in Shrewsbury gild records,16Gainsborough,27Garnisher,28George IV.,126German Merchants,82Gildhall, at Dover,12becomes town hall,17-18Gild Merchant, seeMerchant GildGilds, seeCompanies,Craft Gilds,Frith Gilds,Merchant Gilds,Monks’ Gilds,Religious Gilds,Yeoman Gildsdifferences between English and foreign,5,9,20,21universality of gild feeling,7earliest gild statutes,9Glanvill,17Gloucester,25Earl of,24Glovers,28,39,59,83,87,101,118Godiva,116Goldsmith,28,53,109Grammar Schools,74Grampound,27Grantham,28Great Yarmouth, seeYarmouthGreeks, gilds among,7Griffith, Earl of Cyveiliog,26Grimsby,151Grocers,109,131Groom,28Guildford,26Haberdashers,100Halls of Gilds, seeGild Hall,42,44Hansarii,147Harlech,26Harper,29Harrison,78,80Hart, Mr,134Hartlepool,26Haverfordwest,25Hawkers,29repressed by companies,130Hedon,27Helston,25Henley-on-Thames,27,147Henry I.,10,