Battles and Campaigns
The main articleAmerican Civil War(Vol. 1, p. 818), by Capt. Charles F. Atkinson, author ofThe Wilderness and Cold Harbour, is richly supplemented with detailed accounts of the principal campaigns and battles, and biographies of military leaders on both the Federal and Confederate sides. For battles and campaigns see:Charleston(Vol. 5, p. 944);Bull Run(Vol. 4, p. 791), with map and description of both famous battles;Lexington, Mo. (Vol. 16, p. 527);Shenandoah Valley Campaigns(Vol. 24, p. 834);Yorktown(Vol. 28, p. 936);Seven Days’ Battle(Vol. 24, p. 707), both with fine maps, and written by Major George W. Redway, author ofThe War of Secession;Fair Oaks(Vol. 10, p. 133);Hampton Roads(Vol. 12, p. 906);Donelson, Fort(Vol. 8, p. 414);Shiloh, Battle of(Vol. 24, p. 859);Corinth(Vol. 7, p. 150);New Madrid(Vol. 19, p. 516);Perryville(Vol. 21, p. 185);Iuka(Vol. 15, p. 87);Memphis(Vol. 18, p. 107);New Orleans(Vol. 19, p. 531);Harper’s Ferry(Vol. 13, p. 14);Antietam(Vol. 2, p. 124);Fredericksburg(Vol. 11, p. 68);Stone River, Battle of(Vol. 25, p. 966);Chancellorsville(Vol. 5, p. 835), see alsoWilderness(Vol. 28, p. 633);Gettysburg(Vol. 11, p. 911), with map;Vicksburg(Vol. 28, p. 21), with maps;Port Hudson(Vol. 22, p. 117);Baton Rouge(Vol. 3, p. 521);Helena, Ark.(Vol. 13, p. 219);Chickamauga Creek(Vol. 6, p. 130), with map;Chattanooga(Vol. 6, p. 7);Knoxville(Vol. 15, p. 883);Red River(Vol. 22, p. 969);Wilderness(Vol. 28, p. 633), with 4 maps, by C. F. Atkinson, author ofThe Wilderness and Cold Harbour;Washington(Vol. 28, p. 352);Marietta, Ga. (Vol. 17, p. 715);Atlanta(Vol. 2, p. 854);Savannah(Vol. 24, p. 241);Mobile(Vol. 18, p. 636);Galveston(Vol. 11, p. 431);Franklin, Tenn. (Vol. 11, p. 34);Nashville(Vol. 19, p. 247);Petersburg(Vol. 21, p. 301), with two maps, by Major G. W. Redway;Columbia, S. C. (Vol. 6, p. 738);Appomattox Court House(Vol. 2, p. 226);Richmond, Va. (Vol. 23, p. 311).
Union Generals
On the leaders on both sides see the biographical articles:McClellan,George Brinton(Vol. 17, p. 201);Halleck, Henry Wager(Vol. 12, p. 854);Grant, Ulysses Simpson(Vol. 12, p. 355), by John Fiske and Capt. C. F. Atkinson;Dix, John Adams(Vol. 8, p. 346);McDowell, Irvin(Vol. 17, p. 214);Burnside, Ambrose Everett(Vol. 4, p. 861);Hooker, Joseph(Vol. 13, p. 671);Meade, George Gordon(Vol. 17, p. 945);Pope, John(Vol. 22, p. 87);Buell, Don Carlos(Vol. 4, p. 751);Rosecrans, William Starke(Vol. 23, p. 734);Sherman, William Tecumseh(Vol. 24, p. 851);Thomas, George Henry(Vol. 26, p. 866);MacPherson, James Birdseye(Vol. 17, p. 268);Sheridan, Philip Henry(Vol. 24, p. 847);Slocum, Henry Warner(Vol. 25, p. 243);Butler, Benjamin Franklin(Vol. 4, p. 881);Hancock, Winfield Scott(Vol. 12, p. 909);Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson(Vol. 13, p. 891);Sedgwick, John(Vol. 24, p. 578);Reynolds, John Fulton(Vol. 23, p. 226);Warren, Gouverneur Kemble(Vol. 28, p. 329);Howard, Oliver Otis(Vol. 13, p. 833);Doubleday, Abner(Vol. 8, p. 441);Sickles, Daniel Edgar(Vol. 25, p. 36);Schurz, Carl(Vol. 24, p. 386);Devens, Charles(Vol. 8, p. 120);Butterfield, Daniel(Vol. 4, p. 890);Porter, Horace(Vol. 22, p. 116);Franklin, William Buel(Vol. 11, p. 33);Porter, Fitz-John(Vol. 22, p. 115);Shields, James(Vol. 24, p. 856);Hunt, Henry Jackson(Vol. 13, p. 934);Couch, Darius Nash(Vol. 7, p. 307);Cox, Jacob Dolson(Vol. 7, p. 352);Meagher, Thomas Francis(Vol. 17, p. 946);Sumner, Edwin Vose(Vol. 26, p. 83);Sigel, Franz(Vol. 25, p. 60);Kearny, Philip(Vol. 15, p. 707);Smith, Charles Ferguson(Vol. 25, p. 259);Smith, William Farrar(Vol. 25, p. 271);Crittenden, Thomas Leonidas(Vol. 7, p. 471);McClernand, John Alexander(Vol. 17, p. 202);Smith, Andrew Jackson(Vol. 25, p. 259);Garfield, James Abram(Vol. 11, p. 464);Wallace, Lewis(Vol. 28, p. 276);Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss(Vol. 3, p. 333);Washburn, Cadwalader Colden(Vol. 28, p. 344);Logan, John Alexander(Vol. 16, p. 866);Palmer, John McAuley(Vol. 20, p. 645);McCook, Alexander McDowell,McCook, Daniel, andMcCook, John James(Vol. 17, p. 205);Smith, Morgan Lewis, andSmith, Giles Alexander(Vol. 25, p. 267);Blair, Francis Preston(Vol. 4, p. 34);Schofield, John McAllister(Vol. 24, p. 345);Newton, John(Vol. 19, p. 592);Miles, Nelson A.(Vol. 18, p. 442);Merritt, Wesley(Vol. 18, p. 173);Custer, George Armstrong(Vol. 7, p. 668);Stoneman, George(Vol. 25, p. 962);Wilson, James Harrison(Vol. 28, p. 695);Tracy, Benjamin Franklin(Vol. 27, p. 127);Lyon, Nathaniel(Vol. 17, p. 173);Farragut, David Glasgow(Vol. 10, p. 187);Porter, David Dixon(Vol. 22, p. 113);Foote, Andrew Hull(Vol. 10, p. 625);Cushing, William Barker(Vol. 7, p. 667).
Confederate Generals
And, for Confederate leaders:Lee, Robert Edward(Vol. 16, p. 362);Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, “Stonewall”(Vol. 15, p. 110);Longstreet, James(Vol. 16, p. 985);Johnston, Albert Sidney(Vol. 15, p. 472);Johnston, Joseph Eggleston(Vol. 15, p. 474);Beauregard, Pierre G. T.(Vol. 3, p. 599);Bragg, Braxton(Vol. 4, p. 376);Hood, John Bell(Vol. 13, p. 665);Polk, Leonidas(Vol. 21, p. 984);Hardee, William Joseph(Vol. 12, p. 941);Hill, Ambrose Powell(Vol. 13, p. 463);Hill, Daniel Harvey(Vol. 13, p. 464);Ewell, Richard Stoddert(Vol. 10, p. 40);Early, Jubal Anderson(Vol. 8, p. 797);Anderson, Richard Henry(Vol. 1, p. 960);Floyd, John Buchanan(Vol. 10, p. 573);Buckner, Simon Bolivar(Vol. 4, p. 732);Crittenden, George Bibb(Vol. 7, p. 471);Breckinridge, John Cabell(Vol. 4, p. 483);Smith, Edmund Kirby(Vol. 25, p. 260);Lee,Stephen Dill(Vol. 16, p. 364);Van Dorn, Earl(Vol. 27, p. 887);Ashby, Turner(Vol. 2, p. 730);Stuart, James Ewell Brown(Vol. 25, p. 1047);Hampton, Wade(Vol. 12, p. 905);Lee, Fitzhugh(Vol. 16, p. 360);Wheeler, Joseph(Vol. 28, p. 586);Forrest, Nathan Bedford(Vol. 10, p. 673);Morgan, John Hunt(Vol. 18, p. 834);Mosby, John Singleton(Vol. 18, p. 890);Wise, Henry Alexander(Vol. 28, p. 751).
This sketch of American History closes with the inauguration of President Roosevelt, for the questions that have arisen since that date are questions into which current politics enter, and these are treated in the chapter of this Guide onQuestions of the Day. Here we need only say that throughout his study of American history the reader will constantly—and easily—find many more articles bearing on the subject than are mentioned in the outline given above. In particular let him note:
—that there are many biographies of figures prominent in nation and state not mentioned above;
—that in each article devoted to a state there is a section on history, which has a double value, as giving the outline of the state’s history and as showing its part in the history of the nation;
—and that there is in articles on cities and towns a great deal of important information of historical value, sometimes merely local, but oftener bearing on the history of state or nation, or both.
“Young” Rivers and Lakes
All the world thinks of Canada as the youngest of countries, for the extraordinary rapidity with which her western territory has been developed within recent years surpasses every other record of agricultural expansion. But in order to realize how young Canada is, in another sense, one must examine the less familiar facts of her geological history. “The innumerable lakes and waterfalls,” says the Britannica (Vol. 5, p. 143), prove “that the rivers have not been long at work,” and that the country owes its contours to comparatively recent geological action. “In many cases the lakes of Canada simply spill over, at the lowest point, from one basin into the next below, since in so young a country there has not yet been time for the rivers to have carved wide valleys.... Thousands of these lakes have been mapped; and every new survey brings to light small lakes hitherto unknown to the white man.... For the great extent of lake-filled country there is no comparison” in any part of the world. And because the rivers have not yet worn their beds to an even slope, there are waterfalls enough to provide unlimited horse power; so that the natural advantages of Canada invite manufacturing just as the fertility of her soil invites agriculture.
The geographical and geological portions of the articleCanada(Vol. 5, p. 142) must be carefully read in order that the significance of the historical account of the country may be fully grasped; and the same is true of those parts of the article which deal with agriculture and with the commerce of which the first developments were associated with early exploration. There is ample and authoritative information on all these subjects in the article, which is equivalent in length to 85 pages of this Guide. The sections and their contributors are:Geography, by Prof. A. P. Coleman, Toronto University;Population,Commerce, etc., by Prof. W. L. Grant, Queens University, Kingston;Agriculture, by E. H. Godfrey, editor of Census and Statistics Office, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa;History—to theFederation by G. M. Wrong, University of Toronto, and after the Federation by G. R. Parkin, author ofImperial FederationandLife of Sir John Macdonald, etc., andLiterature—English-Canadian, by L. J. Burpee, author ofThe Search for the Western Sea, and French-Canadian by William Wood, author ofThe Fight for Canada.
Exploration and Settlement
On the early history of Canada the student should compare what is given in this Guide on the early history of America in general and especially the following articles:Leif Ericsson(Vol. 16, p. 396);Vinland(Vol. 28, p. 98), by Prof. Julius Emil Olson, University of Wisconsin;John Cabot(Vol. 4, p. 921); andJacques Cartier(Vol. 5, p. 433), both by H. P. Biggar, author ofThe Voyages of the Cabots to Greenland;Samuel de Champlain(Vol. 5, p. 830), by N. E. Dionne, librarian of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec and biographer of Champlain;Jacques Marquette(Vol. 17, p. 752);Sieur de la Salle(Vol. 16, p. 230), by Charles C. Whinery, assistant-editor Encyclopaedia Britannica;Frontenac(Vol. 11, p. 249), by A. G. Doughty, Dominion archivist of Canada;Louisburg;Detroit;Sault Ste. Marie;Mackinac Island;Pittsburg;Nova Scotia,History;Seven Years’ War(Vol. 24, especially page 722);Quebec;MontcalmandWolfe.
The War Periods
The close of the Seven Years’ War saw New France ceded to Great Britain. On English rule down to Canadian Federation, the student should consult the following articles:Quebec Act;James Murray;American War of Independence—and particularly the articles onMontgomeryandArnold, leaders in the nearly successful attempt of the Americans to capture Canada, and that on the 1st BaronDorchester, the British defender of Quebec;John Graves Simcoe;Loyalists—and the articlesNew BrunswickandOntario, both regions largely influenced by the settlement there of these Loyalists;American War of 1812—and especially the articlesIsaac Brock, by Prof. W. L. Grant, Queens University, Kingston;Erie,Oliver H. Perry,Sackett’s Harbor,Tecumseh,Lake Champlain(Vol. 5, p. 830);Fort Niagara(Vol. 19, p. 634);John Strachan;PapineauandW. L. Mackenziefor the two revolts of 1837;Lord Durham;Lord Sydenham;Robert BaldwinandSir Louis Lafontaine, heads of the first Liberal administrations;Earl Elgin(Vol. 9, p. 268);Sir A. A. Dorion;John Sandfield Macdonald, “the Ishmael of Parliament”;Sir John Beverley Robinson, head of the Tory “Family Compact”; and, for Irish-American outrages on the Canadian border, the articleFenians.
Federation and Since
On the period since federation (1867), see the articleFederal Government(Vol. 10, p. 233) for a general description of this form of administration; the articlesNova Scotia,Alfred Gilpin JonesandJoseph Howe, for local opposition to federation;Sir Charles Tupper, who alone in the delegation from Nova Scotia favoured federation;Thomas D’Arcy McGee(by A. G. Doughty), a prominent opponent of Fenianism who was assassinated by a Fenian; the articlesHudson’s Bay CompanyandSir G. E. Cartier, by Prof. W. L. Grant, Queens University, Kingston, for the extinction of the Hudson’s Bay Company claims and the transfer of its territories to the government;Louis Rielfor the Red River Rebellion;Prince Edward Islandfor its entrance into the Dominion;George Brown, a prominent advocate of federation, by Prof. Grant;George Monro Grant, author ofOcean to Ocean;Sir John Macdonald, by G. R. Parkin, author ofImperial Federation, and biographer of Macdonald;Sir FrancisHincksandSir Alexander Galt, financiers;Sir Hugh AllanandSir David Macpherson, for the Canadian Pacific Railway question;Lord Dufferin;Alexander Mackenzie, head of a Liberal government from 1873 to 1878 whenSir John Macdonaldreturned to power on a platform calling for protection of Canadian industries;George Taylor Denison, founder of the “Canada First” party;Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley, Macdonald’s minister of finance, who was principally responsible for the tariff of 1879;Sir Louis Henry Davies, Liberal politician and jurist;Lord Strathcona, by Prof. W. L. Grant,Baron Mountstephen,Sir William C. Van HorneandSir Sandford Flemingfor the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway;Louis Rielfor the Second Riel Rebellion;Sir John Thompson;George Eulas Foster;Sir H. G. Joly de Lotbinière;Honoré Mercier, the French leader of Quebec;S. N. Parent;Sir Mackenzie Bowell, premier in 1894–1896; his successor,Sir Charles Tupper;Edward Blake, a Liberal leader who in 1892 left Canadian politics to take a seat in the British House of Commons;Sir Oliver Mowat, Blake’s successor as premier of Ontario;George William Ross;Sir Daniel Wilson, educational reformer, by Professor Grant;Sir Wilfrid Laurier(by J. S. Willison, author ofSir W. Laurier and the Liberal Party: A Political History), the great Liberal leader of the last decade, and Laurier’s ministers of finance,Sir Richard John CartwrightandW. S. Fielding, and his minister of militiaSir Frederick William Borden;Sir William Mulock; andRobert L. Borden, long leader of the Conservative opposition and premier in 1911.
The British Empire
The student of English history in the Britannica may well begin with the summary view in the articleBritish Empire(Vol. 4, p. 606), equivalent to 30 pages of this Guide, by Lady Lugard, wife of the British explorer and colonial administrator, Sir Frederick Lugard, herself an authority on colonial subjects and well-known as colonial editor of theTimesof London. On pp. 608–610 there is a chronological list of the acquisitions of the Empire, and nothing will surprise the reader more than the comparative recentness of the movement by which two small islands have expanded into an empire covering nearly one-fourth of the earth’s land surface. Except for the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, and “the nominal possession of Newfoundland by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583, all the territorial acquisitions of the Empire have been made in the 17th and subsequent centuries.” On each of the localities mentioned in this imposing list the reader will find a separate article in its proper alphabetical place in the Encyclopaedia Britannica dealing with geography, government and history. Here it will be possible only to call attention to articles on the more important branches of the subject.
Early Britain
On the early inhabitants of the islands and on British archaeology, read the elaborate articleCelt(Vol. 5, p. 611; equivalent to 135 pages of this Guide),by Prof. William Ridgeway, Cambridge, author ofThe Oldest Irish Epic, and E. C. Quiggin, lecturer in Celtic, Cambridge,—with particularly full treatment of Celtic languages and literatures,—Gaulish, Irish, Scottish, Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Breton and Cornish; and the articleBritain(Vol. 4, p. 583; equivalent to 40 pages of this Guide), which is illustrated by a map of Roman Britain and plans of Roman remains. The treatment of pre-Roman and Roman Britain is by Professor F. J. Haverfield of Oxford; and later Britain is described by Hector Munro Chadwick, librarian of Clare College, Cambridge, and author ofStudies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions.
Then read:
Wales,History(Vol. 28, pp. 261–268), by Herbert Murray Vaughan, Keble College, Oxford.
Scottish History
Scotland,Political History(Vol. 24, pp. 429–457), by Andrew Lang, author ofHistory of Scotland from the Roman Occupation; and, among many other articles,Scotland, Church of, (Vol. 24, 460), by the Rev. Dr. Allan Menzies, St. Mary’s College, St. Andrews, and such biographies as:Malcolm III.(Canmore);Alexander I, II and III(Vol. 1, p. 563);William The Lion(Vol. 28, p. 665);Wallace, Sir William(Vol. 28, p. 277), by A. F. Hutchinson, late rector of the High School, Stirling;Robert I, the Bruce(Vol. 23, p. 395);David I and II(Vol. 8, p. 859);James I, II, III, IV and V(Vol. 15, p. 139);Mary, Queen of Scots(Vol. 17, p. 817), a striking biography by the poet and essayist Algernon Charles Swinburne, author of the tragediesChastelard,BothwellandMary Stuart;Bothwell(Vol. 4, p. 303), by P. C. Yorke;Rizzio(Vol. 23, p. 388);Darnley(Vol. 7, p. 836), and see also the articleCasket Letters(Vol. 5, p. 449), an examination of the evidence in this mystery by Andrew Lang;Mar(Vol. 17, p. 666);Knox, John(Vol. 15, p. 878), by Dr. Alexander Taylor Innes, author ofJohn KnoxandStudies in Scottish History;Gowrie(Vol. 12, p. 301), by R. J. McNeill, late editorSt. James’s Gazette; andJames Iof England—VI of Scotland (Vol. 15, p. 136); and for the later period seeEnglish Historyto supplement Andrew Lang’s account of the period since the Union underScotland,History.
Irish History
Ireland,History(Vol. 14, p. 756), by Prof. E. C. Quiggin, of Cambridge, on the early period, and Richard Bagwell, commissioner of national education for Ireland and author ofIreland under the Tudors,Ireland under the Stuarts, etc.; and to supplement this general treatment such separate articles asSt. Patrick(Vol. 20, p. 933) andSt. Columba(Vol. 6, p. 737), both by Dr. E. C. Quiggin;St. Brendan(Vol. 4, p. 495);Brian(Vol. 4, p. 515);Brehon Laws(Vol. 4, p. 488), by Laurence Ginnell, M. P. for North Westmeath and author ofLand and Liberty, etc.;O’Neillfamily (Vol. 20, p. 107) andO’Donnellfamily (Vol. 20, p. 6), by R. J. McNeill;Fitzgeraldfamily (Vol. 10, p. 441), by J. H. Round, author ofFeudal England, etc.;Tyrone, earls of (Vol. 27, p. 549);Tyrconnell(Vol. 27, p. 548);St. Leger, Sir Anthony(Vol. 24, p. 23), by R. J. McNeill;Desmond(Vol. 8, p. 98);Butlerfamily (Vol. 4, p. 879), by Oswald Barron, editor ofThe Ancestor;Drogheda(Vol. 8, p. 587);Peep-of-day Boys(Vol. 21, p. 45);Orangemen(Vol. 20, p. 160);Flood, Henry(Vol. 10, p. 525);Grattan, Henry(Vol. 12, p. 379);Tone, T. Wolfe(Vol. 27, p. 2) andEmmet, RobertandThomas A.(Vol. 9, pp. 342–343), all by R. J. McNeill;O’Connell, Daniel(Vol. 19, p. 990), by the late William O’Connor Morris, author ofIrish History, etc.;Fenians(Vol. 10, p. 254), by R. J. McNeill;Butt, Isaac(Vol. 4, p. 889);Parnell, C. S.(Vol. 20, p. 854), byJames R. Thursfield, author ofPeel, etc.;Davitt, Michael(Vol. 7, p. 870);Boycott(Vol. 4, p. 353);Dillon, John(Vol. 8, p. 273);Plunkett, Sir Horace Curzon(Vol. 21, p. 857);Redmond, John E.(Vol. 22, p. 968); and many articles on Irish towns and counties, and, on Home Rule and recent political questions, the biographies of English viceroys, premiers and chief secretaries, and the latter part of the articleEnglish History.
On English history the student will find the Britannica particularly valuable. The articleEnglish History(Vol. 9, pp. 466–587), is itself equivalent to about 380 pages of this Guide, and carries the story through 13 centuries. This great article—a text-book of the subject in scope and power—is written by: Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford, author ofEngland before the Norman Conquest, etc., dealing with the period down to the time of Elizabeth; Prof. A. F. Pollard, University of London, assistant editorDictionary of National Biography, for the Reformation and the reign of Elizabeth, 1528–1603; Samuel Rawson Gardiner, best known as the historian of the Puritan Revolution, who deals with the period from 1603 to 1793; W. Alison Phillips, author ofModern Europe, on the years 1793 to 1837; and Hugh Chisholm, editor-in-chief of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, for the period since the accession of Queen Victoria. And the article closes with a critical estimate ofSources and Writers of English History, by Prof. Albert Frederick Pollard, University of London.
For the period from 600 to 1066 read: Part 1 ofEnglish History(Vol. 8, pp. 466–474); and the separate articles:
Anglo-Saxon Period
For the introduction of Christianity and the “Kingdoms”—Augustine(Vol. 2, p. 910);Aethelberht(Vol. 1, p. 289);Edwin(Vol. 9, p. 7), by F. G. M. Beck, of Clare College, Cambridge;Anglo-Saxons(Vol. 2, p. 38), by H. M. Chadwick;Britain,Anglo-Saxon(Vol. 4, pp. 589–595) andAngli(Vol. 2, p. 18) andJutes(Vol. 15, p. 609), by the same author;Saxons(Vol. 24, p. 264);Northumbria(Vol. 19, p. 793);Bernicia(Vol. 3, p. 802);Deira(Vol. 7, p. 933);East Anglia(Vol. 8, p. 827);Wessex(Vol. 28, p. 534);Mercia(Vol. 18, p. 151);Sussex, Kingdomof (Vol. 26, p. 168), andKent(Vol. 15, p. 735),Ecgbert(Vol. 8, p. 869);Aethelwulf(Vol. 1, p. 292).
On the Danish invasions and the Anglo-Saxon period,Viking(Vol. 28, pp. 62–66), by C. F. Keary, author ofThe Vikings in Western Europe;Æthelbald(Vol. 1, p. 289),Æthelberht(Vol. 1, p. 289) andÆthelred I(Vol. 1, p. 290);Alfred the Great(Vol. 1, p. 582), by Charles Plummer, biographer of Alfred;Danelagh(Vol. 7, p. 803), by Prof, Allen Mawer of Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne;Edward “the Elder”(Vol. 8, p. 989),Æthelstan(Vol. 1, p. 291),Edmund I(Vol. 8, p. 948),Edgar(Vol. 8, p. 933), all by Prof. Mawer;St. Dunstan(Vol. 8, p. 684),Æthelred II“the Unready” (Vol. 1, p. 290), by Rev. C. Stanley Phillips, King’s College, Cambridge;Sweyn I(Vol. 26, p. 224), by R. Nisbet Bain of the British Museum;Danegeld(Vol. 7, p. 803);Canute(Vol. 5, p. 221), by R. Nisbet Bain;Edmund“Ironside” (Vol. 8, p. 948), by Rev. C. Stanley Phillips;Harold I(Vol. 13, p. 11);Hardicanute(Vol. 12, p. 942);Edward“the Confessor” (Vol. 8, p. 990), by Rev. C. Stanley Phillips;Harold II(Vol. 13, p. 11).
For the Norman Conquest and the Norman and Angevin kings the student should read the second section of the articleEnglish History(Vol. 9, pp. 474–486) and, at least, the following important articles: