Cabaros.
American; aborigines on the R. Tocatins, Brazil. See Castelnau: “Expedition,” vol. v., pp. 273-4.
Cabool,seeCaubul.
Cacharese.
A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in Cachar, a province of Bengal; more generally spelt with a K.SeeKookie.
Cachiquel,underK.
Caddo.
A variety of dialects spoken by the Tachi and other native tribes in N. America, from whom Texas has been named. See Gallatin’s Synopsis in “Archæol. Amer.” vol. ii., and “Tr. Amer. Ethnol.”
Cadiak,underK.
Cadmean.
Name for the earliest form of the archaicGreekalphabet, consisting originally of seventeen letters, derived from theSemitic; eight letters being added by Palamedes and Simonides, as we learn from Pliny.
CaffreorKaffir.
One of a large family of languages spoken by the so-called Kaffirs in Caffraria, S. Africa; remotely derived fromCoptic, and mingled with native African.
Cagataic,underK.
Cagayan.
Malayan: dialect of the Philippine Islands.
Cagliari.
A dialect ofSardinian.
Cag-Mag.
Coarse speech.
Cahita.
American: dialect of Sonora, New Mexico. See Vocaby. in “Nouvelles Annales,” Paris, 1841.
Cahuillo.
American: dialect of U. California. See “Pacific R. Reports,” vol. ii.
Cairnos.
American: see “Catechismo,” by Puente, a Capuchin, 1703.
Cajeli.
A native dialect of Booro, an island lying between Celebes and Papua. See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”
Calabar, New,seeEfik.
Calabar, Old.
A dialect ofKaffir, vernacular on the W. coast of Africa.SeeOtam.
Calabrian.
Romance: sub-dialect ofItalian.
Calchaqui.
American; name for theInca,Quichua,Kechua, orPeruvian, dialects ofTucuman.
Caldani,see underK.
Caledon Bay.
Australian; tribe of natives. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.
Caledonia, New,seeBaladea.
Californian.
American: numerous dialects of Upper and Lower California, the chief being theJumaorYuma,Cochimi,Pericu,KechiorKizh,NetelaandWaikuru. See “Proceedings of the Phil. Socy.,” vol. vi., London, 1850; Schoolcraft: “Indian Tribes,” iv., 406.
Callilehet.
American: mountaineers of Patagonia.
CalmucorKalmuk.
A dialect ofMoghol, spoken by the Kalmuk Tartars, in the steppes of the Caucasus, between the Volga and the Ural, towards Astrakhan, on the shores of the Caspian, S. Russia.
Camacan.
American: a dialect ofBotocudo. Da Silva: “Diccionaria ... Lingoa Geral.”SeeMongoyo. ☞
Camarian.
A dialect of S. Ceram, closely allied toAmboyna. See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”
Camba,seeKambali.
Cambojan.
A monosyllabic tongue, peculiar to Cambodia, in the E. peninsula of S. Asia.
Cambrai.
Apatoisof France; Dept. du Nord.
Cambrian.
A name forWelsh.
Cambridgeshire.
The dialect of Cambridgeshire (England) closely resembles that of Norfolk. See Forby’s “Vocabulary of East Anglia.”W. W. S.
Cameroons.
African: a geographical term for some dialects ofBantu,ex. gr.theBimbra,Dualla, andIsubu.
Cames.
American: Indians of Brazil speaking a dialect ofGuarani.
Campaspee.
Australian: name for theGnurellean.
CanaaniteorCanaanitish.
The language of the ancient inhabitants of the country west of the Jordan, closely allied toHebrew. As the Canaanites were descended from Ham, but the Hebrews from Shem, the similarity of their languages has led to much discussion. Many of the new critics, Ewald, Winer, Bunsen, Renan, have argued that both peoples must have had a common origin. But since the publication of Knobel’s work on the ethnology of Genesis, this view has been generally abandoned, and critics hold with Gesenius and J. G. Müller that the Hebrews adopted the language of Canaan. In Gen. xxxi., 47, Laban uses an Aramaic dialect, while Jacob uses Hebrew.R. P. S.
Canaanitic.
Semitic: a name for the central branch, comprisingHebrew,Punic Phœnician, andSamaritan.
Canamerim.
American: dialect of the R. Purus. See “Trans. R. Geog. Socy.,” London, 1870.
Canarese.
A dialect spoken in the Carnatic, the capital of which is Mysore, a portion of the S. peninsula of British India, belonging to the Presidency of Madras; it is allied toTamilandCingalese, with a cursive alphabet very similar toTelinga, called alsoKarnatikaandKannada. Grammar by Hodson, Bangalore, 1864; Dicty. by Reeve (E. & C.), Madras, 1832; (C. & E.) Bangalore, 1858.
Canary,seeGuanche.
Canaway.
American: name for theKenay.
Canchi,Casnas,see underK.
Canichana.
American: a dialect of theMoxosmissions.
Canistoga.
American: spoken on the R. Susquehanna.
Canoj.
An ancient dialect ofHinduwi, closely allied toBrug, localised at Kanuj, on the Upper Ganges, in Oude, N. India; spoken also in the Doab, a tract of fertile land between the Jumna and the Ganges, and sometimes calledCanyacubya.
Canopus.
Inscription: bilingual Egyptian: known as the decree of Canopus.
Cant.
Slang or vulgar speech, derived from the Latin “canto,” “I sing.” See dicty. in “Life ... of Bamfylde Moore Carew,” London, 1789.
Cantabrian.
A name for a pre-Roman dialect of N. Spain, the ancient Iberia or Hispania.
⁂ Also sometimes used as a synonym forBasque.W. W. S.
Cantonese.
A local dialect ofChinese, calledKong; spoken in the province of Kwang-tung. See Dicty. by Chalmers, 1870.
Caraho,seeCaraja.
CaraiborCarib.
A nativeAmericandialect, vernacular on the E. coast from Honduras in Central, to the Orinoco, S. America; the natives, called Karifs, have peopled many islands in the W. Indies. For Vocaby. See Davies’ “History of the Carriby Is.,” London, 1866. ☞
CarajaorCaraya.
American: dialect of the Province of Goyaz in Brazil.
Caranca.
American: dialect of theQuichua.
Carian.
An ancient dialect of Asia Minor, very nearly allied to Greek, found only in inscriptions, written in a modifiedArchaic Greekcharacter. The language has not yet been explained; see “Révue Archéologique,” March, 1870.
Caribisi.
A sub-dialect ofCarib.
Caripuna.
American: dialect of Brazil.
Cariri,seeKiriri.
Carnataca,seeCanarese.
Carnicobar.
A sub-dialect ofMalay, allied toMon, vernacular in the Nicobar Islands.
Carniolan.
A dialect ofSlovack, vernacular in the E. Alps, extending throughout the Austrian provinces of Carniola, Carinthia, and Styria.
Carolines.
A dialect ofPolynesian, vernacular in the N. Pacific: see dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”
Carpentarian.
A native dialect of Australia, around the Gulf of Carpentaria.
Carpentras.
Egyptian: bilingual inscription in so-calledAramaicand hieroglyphics, called the Carpentras stone.
Carriers.
American: Mackenzie’s name for the Tacullies.
Carshun.
A name forArabic, written in the characters of theSyriacalphabet as adopted in parts of Asiatic Turkey.
⁂ Numerous manuscripts are thus written, the Syrians having seldom consented to write Arabic. For an account of it see Asseman, “Bibl. Med. Laur. Catal.,” p. 51.R. P. S.
Carthaginian,seePunic.
A cartouch
Cartouch.
An ornament representing a scroll of papyrus, with an inscription, device, or cipher; an assemblage of Egyptian hieroglyphics. See cut: Shoopho, Saophis, or Suphis I., (Cheops).
Cashgar,same asKashkari.
CashmerianorCashmeree.
A dialect ofSanskrit, largely influenced byPersian; vernacular in Cashmere or Kashmir, a mountainous district of N.W. India. It is written in theDivanagaricharacters.
Cassia,seeKhassee.
Castelmagno.
A dialect ofItalian, spoken in the Alps.
Castilian.
Romance, a sub-dialect of Spanish; see Dicty. of “Galligo-Castellano,” by Rodriguez, Coruña, 1863.
⁂ In the thirteenth century Castilian (la lengua Castellana) prevailed exclusively in the two Castiles and Leon. It is now the proper name for modern Spanish.W. W. S.
Catalan,Catalonian.
A dialect ofSpanish, vernacular in the province of Catalonia; it consists of a mixture of corruptedLatinandGothic.
⁂ The old Catalonian strongly resembledProvençal, and was spoken in Catalonia, Aragon, part of Valencia, and the Balearic Islands.W. W. S.
See “Diccionario,” by Cerda, Barcelona, 1824.
CatawbasorKutahbas.
American: dialect of theCatawhays, formerly vernacular in N. and S. Carolina. Gallatin’s “Synopsis,” Camb., U. S. 1836.SeeWaccoa.
Cathlascon.
American: a mixed language of L. Columbia, also calledWasco, and sometimes classed asChinuk; sometimes asTschaili-Selish.
Catoquina.
American: a dialect of Brazil.R. G. L.
Caubul,underK.
Caubulee.
Modern dialect of Kabulistan.
Caucasian.
A term forGeorgian.
⁂ Generally used, in a wide sense, of all the tribes inhabiting the Caucasus, and of the various languages spoken by them; but more properly confined to the tribes settled there from time immemorial, and not known to be immigrants, as the Lesghi, the Mitsgeghi, the Circassians, &c. See Max Müller: “Languages of the Seat of War,” p. 113.G. R.
Cauixana.
American: a dialect of Brazil.
Cauke.
American: a dialect of theQuichua.
Caveri.
American: a spelling ofCarib.
Cayagau.
A dialect of the Philippine Islands, allied toBisaya.
Cayapo.
American: a dialect of Goyaz, in Brazil. See Pohl’s “Reise,” Weimar, 1832.
Cayenne.
American: dialects of French Guiana. Those known are theEmerillonsorRocouyenne, theOampi, andOyapok.
Cayowa.
American: a native dialect of Brazil, classed asGuarani. See Castelnau’s “Expedition.”
Cayubaba,orCayuvava.
The dialect of the Caháns or Woodmen of S. America; it is allied toGuana; spoken on the R. Mamoré.
Cayuga.
American: a native dialect of the Iroquois in the State of N. York. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” ii., 482.
Cayus.
The dialect of the Molele, vernacular in California.
CeldalesorTzendales.
American: dialect of theMayaspoken in Guatemala.
Celebese.
The native dialects of Celebes or Macassar, a large island in the Eastern Sea; all are allied toBatta.
⁂ Bugis and Mangkasar divide between them the S. Peninsula of Celebes.P. J. V.☞
Celt-Iberian.
A name for early dialects of Spain, chiefly found on coins of the Roman era, with characters framed on theOld Italic.SeeBasque.
CelticorKeltic.
A branch of theAryanorIndo-Europeanfamily of languages. See Ebel: “Celtic Studies by Sullivan,” London, 1863; Zeuss: “Grammatica Celtica,” Berlin, 1868-71.
⁂ It contains two classes: 1, theCymric, which includesWelsh,Cornish(now extinct), andBas-Breton; 2, theGadhelic, which includesErse, orIrish,Gaelic(spoken in the Highlands of Scotland), andManx(spoken in the Isle of Man).W. W. S.
Celto-British.
A name forWelsh.
Ceram.
A dialect of the Molucca Is., allied toButon.
⁂ Mr. Ekris, a Dutch missionary, gives vocabularies ofCamarios,Hatusua,Kaibolu,Peru,Rumahkai,Tehulate, andWaisamu.P. J. V.
Ceris.
American: dialect of the Is. of Tiburou, California. See Bartlett’s “Personal Narrative.”
Ceylon,seeCingalese.
Chaco.
The most convenient name for a very large class of native dialects of S. America, vernacular in the district of Gran Chaco, Bueynos-Ayres.
Chagos.
American: dialect ofAuraucanian, vernacular in a small archipelago off Chili.
ChaldeeorChaldaic.
An extinct language ofSemiticorigin, generally supposed to beHebrew, modified by intercourse with the Babylonians. It is a name given to a dialect ofAramaicwritten in characters of square Hebrew, as found in the Books of Ezra and Daniel. Lexicons by Buxtorff and Levy.
⁂ Properly the language of the Babylonians during the period of their empire, but the name is given to the dialect current among later Jews.G. R.☞
Chamori.
A dialect of lesser Polynesia, vernacular in the Pacific.
Champenois.
Romance: Frenchpatoisof Champagne.
Chandor.
Tartar tribe of Central Asia.
Chandragupta,seeGupta.
Changlo.
A dialect ofButan, allied toBurmese.
Changos.
American: independent tribe between Chili and Peru, about 24° S.L.; dialect unknown.
Chanta.
A dialect ofYeniseian, spoken by Ostiaks.
Chaouia.
African: French form of theShowiah.
Chapa,underChiapaneca.
Chapacura.
American: dialect of the Moxos Missions; also calledHuachi. See D’Orbigny, “L’Homme Américain,” Paris, 1839.
Charca.
American: dialect of theAymara.
Charlotte, Queen, Cape,seeBaladea.
Chasdim.
In the original Hebrew of the Old Testament the ancient Chaldees are called Chasdim, where the Septuagint version reads Chaldee. It is supposed this race were Kurds or Georgians.
Chavante.
American: a dialect of the R. Tocatin, vernacular in Brazil.SeeCherente.
Chaw.
A dialect of N. Arracan.
Chayma.
American: a dialect of VenezuelanCaribspoken along the watershed of the Rs. Orinoco and Amazon.
Check,Chekhe,seeBohemian.
Cheecheelee.
American: one of many names used for the Selish or Flat-head Indians. The more correct form would beTsihaili.
Chemehuevi.
American: dialect of U. California, allied toPaduca.
Chemmesyan.
A dialect ofAtnaorSelish, vernacular in N. America.
Chepang.
A dialect ofNepaulese, spoken by a broken tribe of Dravidian origin.
Chepewyan.
American: dialect ofAthabascanabout Hudson’s Bay. It is the “Northern Indian” of early explorers.
Cher.
Romance: apatoisof France; see de Gembloux: “Notices sur Bourges et la Dept. du Cher,” Bourges, 1840.
Cheremiss,seeTscheremissian.
Cherente.
American: a dialect of the U. Tocatin, allied toChavante.
Cherokee.
A large family of native N. American dialects, classed asAppalachianorFloridian, now spoken W. of the Mississippi, but the R. Tennessee was formerly called Cherokee.
Cheshire.
A dialect of England. See Wilbraham’s “Glossary of Words used in Cheshire,” 2nd ed., 12mo, 1826.W. W. S.
Chetimacha.
A dialect of N. American, allied to theMuskogulgeorCreek.
Cheyenne,seeShyenne.
Chiapaneca.
American: dialect of the Mexican province of Chiapas. See “Artes,” by Fr. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.
Chibcha.
OtherwiseMuysca, a native dialect of S. America, vernacular at Santa-Fé de Bogota, New Grenada.
Chichua.
American: same asQuichua.
Chikkasah.
American: a former dialect of Alabama, now spoken in Kansas; also calledChicachas; classed asMobilian.
ChilianorChileno.
American: name for the dominant language of the original Indians of Chili; also calledAraucanian. Grammar and Dicty. by Febres Santiago, 1846.SeeMoluche.
Chimanos.
A dialect of S. America, allied toBaniwa, vernacular on the R. Orinoco.SeeTicuna.
Chin.
(1.)American: a form of the Chinese word for “men;” it appears inAtna, as applied to the Selish or Flat Heads, and in the word “Tshin” or “Chinook.”SeeNagailer. ☞
(2.)Asiatic: a dialect of N. Arracan.
Chinantaca.
American: a dialect ofMaya, formerly spoken in Oaxaca. “Artes,” by Fra. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.
Chinchaisuyu.
American:Quichua, dialect of Lima.
Chinese.
(1.) The most important and purest of all monosyllabic languages, vernacular in the empire of China. It has several sub-dialects, and resembles some idioms of Central Asia. The mode of writing is considered to have originated from drawings of actual objects, somewhat analogous to the hieroglyphics of Egypt, or the picture writing of Mexico. The word “chin,” in Chinese, means “man,” “men,”i.e.the inhabitants of that part of Asia. Works by Sir J. F. Davis, Bart., “Chinese Miscellanies,” London, 1865; “Moral Maxims,” Macao, 1823; “Poetry of the Chinese,” London, 1870. Dicty. by Lobschied, Hong-Kong, (E. & C.) 1866-9; (C. &. E.) 1871.
(2.) Dialects areAmoy,Cantonese,Foochow,Mandarin,Miau,Punti,Shanghai.
Chinook.
(1.) American: language of the W. Dialects areClatsop,CathlasconorWasco, andWakaikam. Vocaby. in “Hale’s Exploring Expedition,” Philadelphia, 1840.
(2.) A mingledpatois, spoken by traders on the R. Oregon, N. America, and the W. coast generally. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes.”SeeJargon.
Chippewayan.
A native dialect of N. America, sometimes calledOjibway, belonging to theAlgonquinfamily of languages, spoken by races spread through Canada and the States, along Lakes Huron, Superior, and Winnepeg. They have a system of alphabetical characters very similar to theCree.
See “Cree Grammar,” by Howse, London, 1805; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., 4.
Chiquito.
A large class of dialects spoken by tribes of Naguiñañeis, in Bolivia, S. America. Used also for the Missions. ☞
Chiriguano.
American: Bolivian dialect of theTupiorGuarani. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américain,” Paris, 1839.
Chocha.
American: dialect of Mexico. See De Souza: “Biblioteca Megico,” 3 vols., 1816-19.
ChocktaworChahtah.
A native dialect of N. America, belonging to theAppalachianorFloridiangroup; the tribes, originally settled E. of the Mississippi, have moved westward. See Grammar by Byington, Philadelphia, 1870.
ChocoorCholo.
American: dialect of New Grenada, at the mouth of R. Atrato.
Chomano.
A dialect of S. America, somewhat allied toChimanos.
ChondalorChontal.
American: Squire’s class-name for theWoolwa.SeeWulwa.
Chorotegan.
American: language of Nicaragua. See Squier: “History of Nicaragua,” 2 vols., 1861.
Chorti.
American: dialect ofMaya, spoken in Guatemala. “Amer. Ethnol.,” N. Y., 1845.
Chouan.
French term; bucolic; speech of peasantry.
Choweshak.
American: language of Upper California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” Philadelphia, 1855.
Chowiah,seeChaouia.
Chrestomathy.
Greek word, from “χράω” “to import, to use;” a selection of useful passages from authors. Applied to books of extracts, with vocabularies, &c.
Chudic,see underT.
Chunipi.
American: dialect of the Chaco district.SeeChunupies.
Chuntaquiro.
American: a dialect of the R. Tocatins, allied toCaraja. Also calledSimisenchis.
Church-Slavic.
A synonym for theOld Bulgarianof the eleventh century. See Schleicher’s “Formenlehre der Kirchenslawischen Sprache,” Bonn, 1852.W. W. S.
Churwelsche.
A sub-dialect ofRomaneseorRomanic, spoken in the Engadine or Valley of the Inn, Canton Grisons, S.E. Switzerland. Also calledRhæto-Romanic.
⁂ It is rich in Keltic, whence its name, “Welsche,”i.e.“foreign.”W. S. W. V.
Chutia.
A dialect ofAssamese, allied toSinghpo.
Ciampa,seeTshampa.
Ciganis.
A name forGipsey.SeeZigani.
Cingalese.
The predominant dialect of Ceylon, based uponSanskrit; and apparently formed by the admixture ofPali, a Sanskritic dialect, with the original agglutinative languages. Grammar by De Alwis, Colombo, 1852.
Circassian.
A dialect of the Caucasus, divided intoAdigéandAbsné. The native term isTscherkess. Dicty. by Loewe, London, 1854.
Clallam.
A native dialect of N. America. Vocaby. by Gibbs, N. York, 1863.
Clamets,seeLutuami.
Classification.
A term used for the methods adopted of sorting languages, and arranging them in families, groups, and divisions, by their real or supposed affinities.
⁂ The following simple table is proposed by Prof. Steinthal.