APPENDIX B.

Total ofkilled21"wounded18"drowned4"not wounded2467

Note.—Admiral George Martin Guise, Captain George O'Brien, Lieut. Bayley, and others killed; Admiral Thomas Lord Cochrane, Commodore (now General) Thomas Charles Wright, and others wounded; are not included in the foregoing list, because they belonged to the Patriot Navy.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENUS CHINCHONA, AND OF THE SPECIES OF CHINCHONÆ NOW GROWING IN INDIA AND CEYLON.

From Weddell, Howard's Pavon, Spruce, and Karsten.

CHINCHONA.

(From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,'p. 17.)

Calyxtubo turbinato, cum ovario connato, pubescente; limbo supero, 5-dentato, persistente; dentibus in præfloratione valvatis.Corollahypocrateriformis, tubo tereti vel subpentagono, in angulis baseos nonnunquam fisso, intus glabro vel rarissime pilosiusculo; limbo 5-fido: laciniis lanceolatis, intus glabris, margine piloso-barbatis (pilis claviformibus lanatis) extus tuboque pubescentibus, æstivatione valvatis, explicatis patulo-recurvis.Stamina5, corollæ laciniis alterna, glabra; filamentis inferno tubo insertis, adnatis; antheris linearibus, inclusis vel apice subexsertis, bilocularibus, introrsis, imo dorso affixis.Ovariumdisco carnoso, pulviniformi, obsolete 5-vel 10-tuberculato coronatum.Ovulanumerosa, in placentis linearibus dissepimento utrinque affixis peltata, imbricata, anatropa.Stylussimplex, glaber, stigma bifidum, in tubo corollino latens vel subexsertum.Capsulaovata oblonga vel lineari-lanceolata, utrinque sulcata, limbo calycis coronata, lævis vel obscure costata, glabra pubescensve, bilocularis, polysperma, septicide a basi ad apicem dehiscens, valvulis sejunctis, pedicello simul longitrorsum fisso.Seminaplurima in placentis angulato-alatis denique liberis peltatim affixa, sursum imbricata, compressa, nucleo oblongo ala membranacea margine denticulata ex toto ambitu cincto.Embryoin axi albuminis carnosi rectus; cotyledonibus ovatis integris; radicula tereti, infera.Arboresvelfruticessempervirentes, vallium Andinarum intertropicalium inter 10° lat. Sept. et 19° lat. Austr. altitudineque 1200-3270 metr. supra Oceani ripas incolæ; trunco ramisque teretibus; ramulis sæpius subtetragonis, cicatrices foliorum stipularumque delapsorum monstrantibus, harumce vestigiis in ramis adultis etiam conspicuis.Cortexamarus, Quinina et Chinchonina fœtus.Peridermisvaria: modo tenuissima valde adhærens, e solosubereconfecta; modo incrassata et stratis squamiformibus, e parenchymate cellulari librove externo constantibus formata, natura frustulatim aliquando secedens, cæterum arte haud ægre solubilis.Lignumalbidum, demum flavescens, e stratis concentricis pro arboris ætate numero variis, radiisque medullaribus secundum caulis longitudinem singulariter protractis constans; cellulæ enim quibus isti conflantur hic horizontaliter extenduntur sicutique in radiis vulgo notis lateriformes seriem plerumque triplicem agunt, illic vero præter normam longitrorsum summopere protractæ seriem simplicem exhibent; quapropter radii in trunco nudato (adempto cortice) inspecti lineas exiles hinc et illinc brevi spatio ellipticeque dilatatas effingunt. Vasa porosa approximata, seriebus continuis simplicibus ordinata.Medullaramorum vulgo tetragona.Foliaopposita, integerrima, decrescenti-venosa, petiolata, glabra varie pubescentia vel tomentosa, planiuscula aut margine leviter revoluta; axillis venarum venularumque paginæ inferioris in nonnullis speciebus scrobiculatis; scrobiculis simplicissimis, vacuis aut succum adstringentem sudantibus. Epidermidis cellulæ, paginæ superioris præsertim, ambitu vulgo sinuosæ, in quibusdam speciebus humore translucido tumidæ, particulas foventes innumeras innatantes, oculo armato mirantique motu rapido quasi vitali trepidantes.Petioluslimbo brevior, semicylindricus, subtus convexus, supra planus vel subcanaliculatus, rarissime in foliis arboris junioris teres.Stipulæinterpetiolares plerumque liberæ citoque deciduæ vel basi leviter connatæ, intus ad basim glandulis minutis lanceolatis crebre consitæ.Floresinterdum fortuitu 4 vel 6-meri, cymoso-paniculati, albi vel sæpius carnei aut purpurascentes, mire fragrantes; paniculis terminalibus, ramulis pedicellisque basi bracteatis.

Calyxtubo turbinato, cum ovario connato, pubescente; limbo supero, 5-dentato, persistente; dentibus in præfloratione valvatis.

Corollahypocrateriformis, tubo tereti vel subpentagono, in angulis baseos nonnunquam fisso, intus glabro vel rarissime pilosiusculo; limbo 5-fido: laciniis lanceolatis, intus glabris, margine piloso-barbatis (pilis claviformibus lanatis) extus tuboque pubescentibus, æstivatione valvatis, explicatis patulo-recurvis.

Stamina5, corollæ laciniis alterna, glabra; filamentis inferno tubo insertis, adnatis; antheris linearibus, inclusis vel apice subexsertis, bilocularibus, introrsis, imo dorso affixis.

Ovariumdisco carnoso, pulviniformi, obsolete 5-vel 10-tuberculato coronatum.

Ovulanumerosa, in placentis linearibus dissepimento utrinque affixis peltata, imbricata, anatropa.

Stylussimplex, glaber, stigma bifidum, in tubo corollino latens vel subexsertum.

Capsulaovata oblonga vel lineari-lanceolata, utrinque sulcata, limbo calycis coronata, lævis vel obscure costata, glabra pubescensve, bilocularis, polysperma, septicide a basi ad apicem dehiscens, valvulis sejunctis, pedicello simul longitrorsum fisso.

Seminaplurima in placentis angulato-alatis denique liberis peltatim affixa, sursum imbricata, compressa, nucleo oblongo ala membranacea margine denticulata ex toto ambitu cincto.

Embryoin axi albuminis carnosi rectus; cotyledonibus ovatis integris; radicula tereti, infera.

Arboresvelfruticessempervirentes, vallium Andinarum intertropicalium inter 10° lat. Sept. et 19° lat. Austr. altitudineque 1200-3270 metr. supra Oceani ripas incolæ; trunco ramisque teretibus; ramulis sæpius subtetragonis, cicatrices foliorum stipularumque delapsorum monstrantibus, harumce vestigiis in ramis adultis etiam conspicuis.

Cortexamarus, Quinina et Chinchonina fœtus.Peridermisvaria: modo tenuissima valde adhærens, e solosubereconfecta; modo incrassata et stratis squamiformibus, e parenchymate cellulari librove externo constantibus formata, natura frustulatim aliquando secedens, cæterum arte haud ægre solubilis.

Lignumalbidum, demum flavescens, e stratis concentricis pro arboris ætate numero variis, radiisque medullaribus secundum caulis longitudinem singulariter protractis constans; cellulæ enim quibus isti conflantur hic horizontaliter extenduntur sicutique in radiis vulgo notis lateriformes seriem plerumque triplicem agunt, illic vero præter normam longitrorsum summopere protractæ seriem simplicem exhibent; quapropter radii in trunco nudato (adempto cortice) inspecti lineas exiles hinc et illinc brevi spatio ellipticeque dilatatas effingunt. Vasa porosa approximata, seriebus continuis simplicibus ordinata.

Medullaramorum vulgo tetragona.

Foliaopposita, integerrima, decrescenti-venosa, petiolata, glabra varie pubescentia vel tomentosa, planiuscula aut margine leviter revoluta; axillis venarum venularumque paginæ inferioris in nonnullis speciebus scrobiculatis; scrobiculis simplicissimis, vacuis aut succum adstringentem sudantibus. Epidermidis cellulæ, paginæ superioris præsertim, ambitu vulgo sinuosæ, in quibusdam speciebus humore translucido tumidæ, particulas foventes innumeras innatantes, oculo armato mirantique motu rapido quasi vitali trepidantes.

Petioluslimbo brevior, semicylindricus, subtus convexus, supra planus vel subcanaliculatus, rarissime in foliis arboris junioris teres.

Stipulæinterpetiolares plerumque liberæ citoque deciduæ vel basi leviter connatæ, intus ad basim glandulis minutis lanceolatis crebre consitæ.

Floresinterdum fortuitu 4 vel 6-meri, cymoso-paniculati, albi vel sæpius carnei aut purpurascentes, mire fragrantes; paniculis terminalibus, ramulis pedicellisque basi bracteatis.

CHINCHONA CONDAMINEA.

(From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,'No. i.)

Capsules and parts of the flower of Chinchona Chahuarguera.(Magnified and natural size.)

Chinchona Chahuarguera.

Chinchona Chahuarguera.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolatis, oblongis ovato-lanceolatisque, undulatis, acuminatis acutisque, pedunculis paniculatis.Arbor3-4 orgyalis, comâ, frondosâ ramosissimâ.Truncussolitarius, erectus, cortice fusco aspero maculis cinereis indutus, rimis longitudinalibus transversalibusque.Lignumcompactum, durum.Ramierecti, teretes, cortice extus nigrescente, intus pallido cinnamomeo.Ramulisubteretes, asperi, rimacei, colore ferrugineo-roseo.Foliaopposita, petiolata, lanceolata, oblonga ovato-lanceolataque, acuminata acutaque, utrinque glabra, subtus nervosa, venosa, integerrima, undulata, marginibus revolutis, glandulis subtus concavis rotundis villosis, ad sinus nervorum ortum insertis, supra prominentibus.Foliolafloralia opposita, petiolata, parva, ovata ovaliaque, glabra, marginibus revolutis, nervis centralibus purpureis.Petioliteretes, purpurei.Stipulæduæ oppositæ, supra-axillares, sessiles, ovatæ, integerrimæ, acuminatæ, basi cohærentes, nervo centrali prominente, marginibus revolutis, deciduæ.Pedunculicommunes, terminales, axillaresque, subtetragoni, partiales pubescentes, bracteolis oppositis subulatis ad pedicellorum basim, pedicellis pubescentibus.Pedicellibracteolis subulatis, solitariis ad basim.Calyxrosaceus.Corolladilute purpurea, extus pubescens, laciniis reflexis supra villoso-tomentosis, villis albicantibus.Antheræfauce parum exsertæ.Capsulaovalis oblongaque, purpurea (nonnullæ capsulæ ventricosæ), bilocularis, bivalvis, valvulis basi dehiscentibus.Habitatin collibus Santa Rosa nominatis, situ Huancocolla appellata, ditione Vilcobamba, Loxa provinciâ.FloretMaio, Junio, Julio, et Augusto.Varietas Prima,Cascarilla amarilla fina del Rey. Varietas Secunda?Cascarilla colorada fina del Rey.Varietas Tertia?Cascarilla crespilla negra.

Chinchona Chahuarguera.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolatis, oblongis ovato-lanceolatisque, undulatis, acuminatis acutisque, pedunculis paniculatis.

Arbor3-4 orgyalis, comâ, frondosâ ramosissimâ.

Truncussolitarius, erectus, cortice fusco aspero maculis cinereis indutus, rimis longitudinalibus transversalibusque.

Lignumcompactum, durum.

Ramierecti, teretes, cortice extus nigrescente, intus pallido cinnamomeo.

Ramulisubteretes, asperi, rimacei, colore ferrugineo-roseo.

Foliaopposita, petiolata, lanceolata, oblonga ovato-lanceolataque, acuminata acutaque, utrinque glabra, subtus nervosa, venosa, integerrima, undulata, marginibus revolutis, glandulis subtus concavis rotundis villosis, ad sinus nervorum ortum insertis, supra prominentibus.

Foliolafloralia opposita, petiolata, parva, ovata ovaliaque, glabra, marginibus revolutis, nervis centralibus purpureis.

Petioliteretes, purpurei.

Stipulæduæ oppositæ, supra-axillares, sessiles, ovatæ, integerrimæ, acuminatæ, basi cohærentes, nervo centrali prominente, marginibus revolutis, deciduæ.

Pedunculicommunes, terminales, axillaresque, subtetragoni, partiales pubescentes, bracteolis oppositis subulatis ad pedicellorum basim, pedicellis pubescentibus.

Pedicellibracteolis subulatis, solitariis ad basim.

Calyxrosaceus.

Corolladilute purpurea, extus pubescens, laciniis reflexis supra villoso-tomentosis, villis albicantibus.

Antheræfauce parum exsertæ.

Capsulaovalis oblongaque, purpurea (nonnullæ capsulæ ventricosæ), bilocularis, bivalvis, valvulis basi dehiscentibus.

Habitatin collibus Santa Rosa nominatis, situ Huancocolla appellata, ditione Vilcobamba, Loxa provinciâ.

FloretMaio, Junio, Julio, et Augusto.

Varietas Prima,Cascarilla amarilla fina del Rey. Varietas Secunda?Cascarilla colorada fina del Rey.Varietas Tertia?Cascarilla crespilla negra.

(From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,'No. vii.)

Chinchona Uritusinga.

Chinchona Uritusinga.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolatis; pedunculis axillaribus terminalibusque, paniculato-corymbosis, trifidis.Arbor20-ulnaris et ultra.Lignumcompactum, luteo colore.Truncussolitarius, erectus, teres, crassus, fuscus, nonnullis maculis nigris obsitus,comâfrondosâ, valde ramosâ.Cortexscaber, fuscus, maculis nigris fuscis et albicantibus, rimis transversalibus.Colorintus luteus, amarissimus, acidulus, non ingratus.Ramierecto-patentes, teretes; superiores brachiati, complanati, leviter pubescentes, dilute fusci.Ramuliutrinque sulcati.Foliaopposita, petiolata, lanceolata, integerrima, acuta, supra glaberrima, nervosa, venosa, subtus per nervos et venas villosiuscula; nervis alternis, rarius oppositis; marginibus revolutis;tenerrimasubtus hirsuta;glandulisminimis, rotundatis, subtus concavis, circum villis albicantibus ad nervorum ortum insertis, supra prominentibus.Petioliteretes, supra canaliculati, glabri, subtus hirsuti, basi incrassati.Stipulæduæ, oppositæ, interfoliaceæ, supra-axillares, ovatæ, acutæ, erectæ, integerrimæ, cauli appressæ, pubescentes, deciduæ.Pedunculi communesaxillares terminalesque, trifidi, obtusi tetragoni, paniculato-subcorymbosi, hirsuti, solitarii, erecti, complanati, foliis breviores;partialeshirsuti, tri-septemflori trifidique; bracteolis duabus, oppositis, minimis, ovatis, acutis, concavis, rubris, ad basim insertis, persistentibus.Pedicelliteretes, breves, pubescentes; bracteolis solitariis, minimis, ovatis, acutis, persistentibus, ad basim et in medio insertis.Floresnonnulli sessiles.Calyxcampanulatus, ruber, glaber, in fructu ampliatus, denticulis retroflexis persistens.Corollaalbo-rosacea, extus pubescens.Tubusintus glaber.Limbusquinque-partitus, patens; laciniis villoso-tomentosis; villis albicantibus, densis, longiusculis.Capsulaoblonga, angusta, striata, striis longitudinalibus prominentibus utrinque sulcata, lævis, calyce crescente ampliato coronata, denticulis retroflexis, bilocularis, bivalvis, basi dehiscens.Seminaminima, fulva, alâ obovatâ leviter lacerâ albo-pallescente circumdata.Receptaculumlineare.Habitatprope Loxa in collibus Cajanuma, Uritusinga, Boqueron, Villonaco, Huancabamba, et Ayavaca.FloretMaio, Junio, Julio, et Augusto.Vulgo"Cascarilla Fina."

Chinchona Uritusinga.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolatis; pedunculis axillaribus terminalibusque, paniculato-corymbosis, trifidis.

Arbor20-ulnaris et ultra.

Lignumcompactum, luteo colore.

Truncussolitarius, erectus, teres, crassus, fuscus, nonnullis maculis nigris obsitus,comâfrondosâ, valde ramosâ.

Cortexscaber, fuscus, maculis nigris fuscis et albicantibus, rimis transversalibus.Colorintus luteus, amarissimus, acidulus, non ingratus.

Ramierecto-patentes, teretes; superiores brachiati, complanati, leviter pubescentes, dilute fusci.

Ramuliutrinque sulcati.

Foliaopposita, petiolata, lanceolata, integerrima, acuta, supra glaberrima, nervosa, venosa, subtus per nervos et venas villosiuscula; nervis alternis, rarius oppositis; marginibus revolutis;tenerrimasubtus hirsuta;glandulisminimis, rotundatis, subtus concavis, circum villis albicantibus ad nervorum ortum insertis, supra prominentibus.

Petioliteretes, supra canaliculati, glabri, subtus hirsuti, basi incrassati.

Stipulæduæ, oppositæ, interfoliaceæ, supra-axillares, ovatæ, acutæ, erectæ, integerrimæ, cauli appressæ, pubescentes, deciduæ.

Pedunculi communesaxillares terminalesque, trifidi, obtusi tetragoni, paniculato-subcorymbosi, hirsuti, solitarii, erecti, complanati, foliis breviores;partialeshirsuti, tri-septemflori trifidique; bracteolis duabus, oppositis, minimis, ovatis, acutis, concavis, rubris, ad basim insertis, persistentibus.

Pedicelliteretes, breves, pubescentes; bracteolis solitariis, minimis, ovatis, acutis, persistentibus, ad basim et in medio insertis.

Floresnonnulli sessiles.

Calyxcampanulatus, ruber, glaber, in fructu ampliatus, denticulis retroflexis persistens.

Corollaalbo-rosacea, extus pubescens.Tubusintus glaber.Limbusquinque-partitus, patens; laciniis villoso-tomentosis; villis albicantibus, densis, longiusculis.

Capsulaoblonga, angusta, striata, striis longitudinalibus prominentibus utrinque sulcata, lævis, calyce crescente ampliato coronata, denticulis retroflexis, bilocularis, bivalvis, basi dehiscens.

Seminaminima, fulva, alâ obovatâ leviter lacerâ albo-pallescente circumdata.Receptaculumlineare.

Habitatprope Loxa in collibus Cajanuma, Uritusinga, Boqueron, Villonaco, Huancabamba, et Ayavaca.

FloretMaio, Junio, Julio, et Augusto.

Vulgo"Cascarilla Fina."

Chinchona Crispa(Tafalla).

(From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia de Pavon.')

Chinchona Crispa.Quina fina de Loja,Cascarilla crespilla buena,Quina Carrasqueña, Tafalla M.S. sec. Ruiz in M.S. Compendio, Mus. Brit.C. Condaminea.H. et B. specimen florif. in pl. x. Pl. Equin. exclus. specim. fructif. et descriptione.C. Chahuarguera, varietas (tertia). Pavon, Nueva Quinologia.

Chinchona Crispa.Quina fina de Loja,Cascarilla crespilla buena,Quina Carrasqueña, Tafalla M.S. sec. Ruiz in M.S. Compendio, Mus. Brit.

C. Condaminea.H. et B. specimen florif. in pl. x. Pl. Equin. exclus. specim. fructif. et descriptione.

C. Chahuarguera, varietas (tertia). Pavon, Nueva Quinologia.

Capsule and parts of the flower of Chinchona Succirubra.

CHINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA.

(From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,'No.iii.)

Chinchona Succirubra.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ovatis ovalibusque; petiolis nervisque rubicundis, glabris, nitidis; pedunculis racemoso-paniculatis.Arbor6-7 orgyalis.Truncussolitarius, erectus; aliquoties duo tresve ex eadem radice repullulant.Comafrondosa ramosaque.Lignumcompactum.Cortexfuscus, nonnullis maculis albicantibus; rimis transversalibus horizontalibusque.Ramierecti, nonnulli horizontales, teretes,teneripubescentes.Foliaopposita, petiolata, ovata ovaliaque, integerrima, acumine brevissimo, nonnulla subrotunda, glabra, superne parum nitida, nervosa, venosa, venis reticulatis, nervis venisque villosis, tenuia marginibus retroflexis.Folia superiora, floralia petiolata, lanceolata, nonnulla sublinearia.Petiolisubteretes, basi crassiores, pubescentes, rubicundi sicuti nervi.Stipulæduæ, interfoliaceæ, supra-axillares, oppositæ, subamplexicaules, oblongæ, sessiles, integerrimæ, parum concavæ, cauli appressæ, deciduæ.Pedunculicommunes, axillares terminalesque, racemoso-paniculati, pubescentes.Partialesoppositi alternique, pubescentes.Pedicellibracteolis lanceolato-subulatis, parvis, concavis, deciduis, ad basim et in medio rubicundo.Florespedicellati, nonnulli sessiles.Corollarubicunda, marginibus laciniarum ciliatis, villis albicantibus.Capsulaoblonga, parum incurva, immatura rubicunda, bivalvis, basi hians.Receptaculumlanceolatum.Seminaalis dilaceratis.Habitatad radices collium, ad declivia Sancti Antonii, in via ad Huaranda Provinciæ Quitensis, locis frigidis.FloretJulio et Augusto.Vulgo.Cascarilla Colorada.In arborum corticumque amputatione, succum lacteum primum profluit; postea, in colorem intense rubicundum transmutatur, undeCascarilla Coloradanomen oritur.Chinchona Succirubra(Pavon MSS.) arborea; ramis teretibus; ramulis obtuso-angulatis flavido-pubescentibus; foliis membranaceis magnis latissime ovatis petiolatis, utrinque brevissime attenuatis, supra saturate viridibus glabris subnitidis, subtus pallide viridibus puberulis, ad costam nervosque primarios pubescentibus; petiolis semiteretibus puberulis, supra canaliculatis; stipulis oblongis obtusis carinatis subpuberulis caducis; floribus congestis in paniculam terminalem interruptam dispositis; ramis floriferis pedunculatis pubescentibus erectis compressis trichotomo-ramosis, inferioribus foliosis superioribus bracteatis; bracteis subpersistentibus oblongo-linearibus, extus subpubescentibus carinatis basi attenuatis; calycibus turbinatis, basi bracteola minuta suffultis, tubo dense albido pubescente, limbo cupulari quinque-dentato rubescente sparsim pubescente, dentibus brevibus latis acutis, dorso carinatis; corollis hypocraterimorphis brevissime pubescentibus, tubo inferne attenuato, limbo quinquefido, laciniisovatis acutis, intus longe (ad siccam) luteo-barbatis; staminibus subinclusis glabris; stylo versus basim attenuato; stigmate bipartito incluso.

Chinchona Succirubra.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ovatis ovalibusque; petiolis nervisque rubicundis, glabris, nitidis; pedunculis racemoso-paniculatis.

Arbor6-7 orgyalis.

Truncussolitarius, erectus; aliquoties duo tresve ex eadem radice repullulant.Comafrondosa ramosaque.Lignumcompactum.

Cortexfuscus, nonnullis maculis albicantibus; rimis transversalibus horizontalibusque.

Ramierecti, nonnulli horizontales, teretes,teneripubescentes.

Foliaopposita, petiolata, ovata ovaliaque, integerrima, acumine brevissimo, nonnulla subrotunda, glabra, superne parum nitida, nervosa, venosa, venis reticulatis, nervis venisque villosis, tenuia marginibus retroflexis.Folia superiora, floralia petiolata, lanceolata, nonnulla sublinearia.

Petiolisubteretes, basi crassiores, pubescentes, rubicundi sicuti nervi.

Stipulæduæ, interfoliaceæ, supra-axillares, oppositæ, subamplexicaules, oblongæ, sessiles, integerrimæ, parum concavæ, cauli appressæ, deciduæ.

Pedunculicommunes, axillares terminalesque, racemoso-paniculati, pubescentes.Partialesoppositi alternique, pubescentes.

Pedicellibracteolis lanceolato-subulatis, parvis, concavis, deciduis, ad basim et in medio rubicundo.

Florespedicellati, nonnulli sessiles.

Corollarubicunda, marginibus laciniarum ciliatis, villis albicantibus.

Capsulaoblonga, parum incurva, immatura rubicunda, bivalvis, basi hians.Receptaculumlanceolatum.

Seminaalis dilaceratis.

Habitatad radices collium, ad declivia Sancti Antonii, in via ad Huaranda Provinciæ Quitensis, locis frigidis.

FloretJulio et Augusto.

Vulgo.Cascarilla Colorada.

In arborum corticumque amputatione, succum lacteum primum profluit; postea, in colorem intense rubicundum transmutatur, undeCascarilla Coloradanomen oritur.

Chinchona Succirubra(Pavon MSS.) arborea; ramis teretibus; ramulis obtuso-angulatis flavido-pubescentibus; foliis membranaceis magnis latissime ovatis petiolatis, utrinque brevissime attenuatis, supra saturate viridibus glabris subnitidis, subtus pallide viridibus puberulis, ad costam nervosque primarios pubescentibus; petiolis semiteretibus puberulis, supra canaliculatis; stipulis oblongis obtusis carinatis subpuberulis caducis; floribus congestis in paniculam terminalem interruptam dispositis; ramis floriferis pedunculatis pubescentibus erectis compressis trichotomo-ramosis, inferioribus foliosis superioribus bracteatis; bracteis subpersistentibus oblongo-linearibus, extus subpubescentibus carinatis basi attenuatis; calycibus turbinatis, basi bracteola minuta suffultis, tubo dense albido pubescente, limbo cupulari quinque-dentato rubescente sparsim pubescente, dentibus brevibus latis acutis, dorso carinatis; corollis hypocraterimorphis brevissime pubescentibus, tubo inferne attenuato, limbo quinquefido, laciniisovatis acutis, intus longe (ad siccam) luteo-barbatis; staminibus subinclusis glabris; stylo versus basim attenuato; stigmate bipartito incluso.

(From Spruce's Report, p. 104, described from fresh specimens.)

Chinchona succirubra, Pavon.

Hab.—In sylvis primævis cordilleræ occidentalis Andium Quitensium præcipue ad radices montis nivosiChimborazo, alt. 2000-5000 ped. Angl. (610-1520 metr.) supra mare.Descr.—Arborpulcherrima, 50-80 pedalis; caudice recto circumferentiâ 4-usque ad 10-pedali; comâ symmetricâ elongatâ, ramis infimis longioribus deinde superioribus sensim decrescentibus paraboloideâ, vel ramis infimis iis proxime sequentibus sub-brevioribus ovoideâ.Cortex, caudicis ubi lichenibus non obvelatus est fusco-badius, haud profunde longitudinaliter rimosus, demum etiam rimulis transversalibus fissus; ramulorum annotinorum rufescens, novellorum e viridi cinerascens secus apicem rubescens.Succusecoloratus, cortice autem inciso, in lucem aeremque susceptus exinde sæpius albescit, postea sensim albescit.Ramidecussati, angulo 50°-80° adscendentes, teretes, e foliorum stipularumque cicatricibus annulati; novelli tamen tetragoni foliosi fragiles succosi, pube brevi deciduâ densiuscule vestiti.Foliaopposita decussata, cujusque ramuli 4-6 paribus contemporalibus, cujusque paris inter se subæqualia raro valde inæqualia, sæpe perfecte ovalia, secus paniculas ovato-ovalia, raro rotundato-ovalia, basi in petiolum sensim abrupteve attenuata, apice abrupte acuta vel levissime acuminata rarius rotundata, nitida subcoriacea (fragilissima tamen) læte viridia ad luteum potius quam ad cæruleum vergentia, ætate tota sanguinea, suprà sparse decidue puberula et inter venas plus minus bullato-elevata, subtus pubescentia, raro in utraque facie glabrata; venis 11-12 cujusque lateris, angulo 56°-59° cum costâ tereti (siccando complanatâ) efformantibus, subtus prominulis, a costâ ultrà, medium rectis dein sensim incurvantibus et prope marginem anastomosantibus; petiolo tereti, e folii laminâ decurrente suprà lineis duabus parum elevatis percurso, tomentello. Folia ramulorum tenuiorum nonnunquam ovali- vel etiam obovato-lanceolata.Stipulæinterpetiolares deciduæ erecto-patulæ ligulato-oblongæ obtusæ ad costam carinatæ, basi subventricosæ superne explanatæ, reticulato-venosæ, sub-puberulæ, juniores pallide virides, adultiores basi roseæ vel etiam totæ sanguineæ.Pedunculiex axillis foliorum superiorum minorum lanceolatorum (v. etiam ad bracteas lineari-lanceolatas subulatasve redactorum) orti, subinde paniculam elongatam pedalem vel etiam sesquipedalem efformantes, tomentosi, bis terve decussatum pinnati dein trichotomi; divisionibus basibracteatis sæpe indistincte oppositis v. plane alternis.Pedicellicalycesque basi bracteolis minutis rigidis sanguineis ovato-lanceolatis basi utrinque unidentatis suffulti.Calyxparvus dense appresso-puberulus;tubussubturbinato-hemisphæricus;limbuscupulatus fere ad medium usque in lobos 5 lato-triangulares carinatos, apicibus sinubusque acutis, fissus, pubescens raro subglabratus, persistens.Corollacalycem fere 5-ies excedens, extus dense puberula, ante anthesin clavata postea hypocraterimorpha;tubuselongato-truncato-obconicus, intus glaber;limbuse lobis 5 patulis valvatis elongato-ovato-lanceolatis, margine apiceque villis densis albis (siccando flavidis) barbatis.Stamina, corollæ tubum paululum superantia;filamentaglabra compressa à basi fere ad medium usque cum corollâ concreta;antheræelongatæ lineares.Stylusteres;stigmasubemersum e lobis duobus ovato-lanceolatis crassis faciebus unisulcis erecto-patulis constans.Capsulastricta curvulave tenui-ovoideo-fusiformis à basi dehiscens, valvulis dorso costis 5 parum elevatis percursis.Seminaanguste subovali-lanceolata sæpius asymmetrica, alâ margine lacero-fimbriatâ ciliatâ, basi angustata et ibidem integra bilobave.

Hab.—In sylvis primævis cordilleræ occidentalis Andium Quitensium præcipue ad radices montis nivosiChimborazo, alt. 2000-5000 ped. Angl. (610-1520 metr.) supra mare.

Descr.—Arborpulcherrima, 50-80 pedalis; caudice recto circumferentiâ 4-usque ad 10-pedali; comâ symmetricâ elongatâ, ramis infimis longioribus deinde superioribus sensim decrescentibus paraboloideâ, vel ramis infimis iis proxime sequentibus sub-brevioribus ovoideâ.

Cortex, caudicis ubi lichenibus non obvelatus est fusco-badius, haud profunde longitudinaliter rimosus, demum etiam rimulis transversalibus fissus; ramulorum annotinorum rufescens, novellorum e viridi cinerascens secus apicem rubescens.

Succusecoloratus, cortice autem inciso, in lucem aeremque susceptus exinde sæpius albescit, postea sensim albescit.

Ramidecussati, angulo 50°-80° adscendentes, teretes, e foliorum stipularumque cicatricibus annulati; novelli tamen tetragoni foliosi fragiles succosi, pube brevi deciduâ densiuscule vestiti.

Foliaopposita decussata, cujusque ramuli 4-6 paribus contemporalibus, cujusque paris inter se subæqualia raro valde inæqualia, sæpe perfecte ovalia, secus paniculas ovato-ovalia, raro rotundato-ovalia, basi in petiolum sensim abrupteve attenuata, apice abrupte acuta vel levissime acuminata rarius rotundata, nitida subcoriacea (fragilissima tamen) læte viridia ad luteum potius quam ad cæruleum vergentia, ætate tota sanguinea, suprà sparse decidue puberula et inter venas plus minus bullato-elevata, subtus pubescentia, raro in utraque facie glabrata; venis 11-12 cujusque lateris, angulo 56°-59° cum costâ tereti (siccando complanatâ) efformantibus, subtus prominulis, a costâ ultrà, medium rectis dein sensim incurvantibus et prope marginem anastomosantibus; petiolo tereti, e folii laminâ decurrente suprà lineis duabus parum elevatis percurso, tomentello. Folia ramulorum tenuiorum nonnunquam ovali- vel etiam obovato-lanceolata.

Stipulæinterpetiolares deciduæ erecto-patulæ ligulato-oblongæ obtusæ ad costam carinatæ, basi subventricosæ superne explanatæ, reticulato-venosæ, sub-puberulæ, juniores pallide virides, adultiores basi roseæ vel etiam totæ sanguineæ.

Pedunculiex axillis foliorum superiorum minorum lanceolatorum (v. etiam ad bracteas lineari-lanceolatas subulatasve redactorum) orti, subinde paniculam elongatam pedalem vel etiam sesquipedalem efformantes, tomentosi, bis terve decussatum pinnati dein trichotomi; divisionibus basibracteatis sæpe indistincte oppositis v. plane alternis.Pedicellicalycesque basi bracteolis minutis rigidis sanguineis ovato-lanceolatis basi utrinque unidentatis suffulti.

Calyxparvus dense appresso-puberulus;tubussubturbinato-hemisphæricus;limbuscupulatus fere ad medium usque in lobos 5 lato-triangulares carinatos, apicibus sinubusque acutis, fissus, pubescens raro subglabratus, persistens.

Corollacalycem fere 5-ies excedens, extus dense puberula, ante anthesin clavata postea hypocraterimorpha;tubuselongato-truncato-obconicus, intus glaber;limbuse lobis 5 patulis valvatis elongato-ovato-lanceolatis, margine apiceque villis densis albis (siccando flavidis) barbatis.

Stamina, corollæ tubum paululum superantia;filamentaglabra compressa à basi fere ad medium usque cum corollâ concreta;antheræelongatæ lineares.

Stylusteres;stigmasubemersum e lobis duobus ovato-lanceolatis crassis faciebus unisulcis erecto-patulis constans.

Capsulastricta curvulave tenui-ovoideo-fusiformis à basi dehiscens, valvulis dorso costis 5 parum elevatis percursis.

Seminaanguste subovali-lanceolata sæpius asymmetrica, alâ margine lacero-fimbriatâ ciliatâ, basi angustata et ibidem integra bilobave.

CHINCHONA CALISAYA.

(From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,' p. 30.)

C. foliis oblongis vel lanceolato obovatis, obtusis, basi attenuatis, rarius utrinque acutis, glabratis, nitidis vel subtus pubescentibus, in axillis venarum scrobiculatis; filamentis quam dimidia anthera plerumque brevioribus; capsula ovata, flores longitudine vix æquante; seminibus margine crebre fimbriato-denticulatis.αCalisaya vera, arbor foliis oblongo- vel lanceolato-obovatis, obtusis.βCalisaya Josephiana, frutex, foliis oblongo- vel ovato-lanceolatis, acutiusculis.

αCalisaya vera, arbor foliis oblongo- vel lanceolato-obovatis, obtusis.

βCalisaya Josephiana, frutex, foliis oblongo- vel ovato-lanceolatis, acutiusculis.

α.Calisaya Vera.

Arborexcelsa, trunco recto vel e basi arcuatim ascendente, nudo, crassitudinem corporis humani duplam non infrequenter excedente. Coma frondosa incolas omnes sylvæ ferme superans.Cortextrunci crassus. Peridermis ejusdem quam in omnibus fere generis speciebus crassior, e libro facile solubilis et avulsa ad hujus superficiem sulcos impressionesve sculpturas referentes detegens, rimis parallelis verticalibus et scissuris transversalibus plus minus annularibus ornata, albida vel etiam nigricans. Ramorum peridermis dealbata aut lichenum thallis diverse marmorata, rimis magis sinuatis et scissuris angustioribusexculpta; aliis annularibus distantibus, aliis brevioribus subapproximatis. In ramulis denique cortex tenuis est, lævigatus et fusco-olivaceus vel nigricans.Foliaoblongo vel lanceolato-obovata (3 to 6 inches) 8-15 cm. long; (1 to 2 inches) 3-6 cm. lat. obtusa, basi acuta aut leviter attenuata, molliuscula, patula, supra glaberrima, nitore scilicet velutino a cellulis epidermidis prominentibus orto condecorata, obscure virentia, venis pallidioribus, parum conspicuis, subtus dilute smaragdina, glabrata, in axillis venarum scrobiculata, scrobiculis ab antica pagina vix manifestis. Petiolus 1 cm. long., virescens, rarius cum costa rubescens. In arbore juniori folia sæpius utrinque acutiuscula sunt, flaccida, læte viridia, eximie velutina, costa et petiolo roseis, nervis supra lacteo-albidis et limbo persæpe maculis roseosanguineis insignito paginaque inferiori plus minus purpurascenti.Stipulæoblongæ, obtusissimæ, petiolis longiores vel subæquales, glaberrimæ, basi interna glandulis parce obsitæ.Panicula Floriferaovata vel subcorymbosa, vix multiflora, pedunculis pedicellisque (2-4 mm. long.) pubescentibus. Bracteæ lanceolatæ.Calyxpubescens, limbo-crateriformi, dentibus brevibus, triangularibus.Corolla9-10 cm. long., tubo cylindrico vel basi subpentagono, et leviter angustato, in angulis interdum fisso, carneo-albescente, laciniis lanceolatis, superne roseis, villis marginalibus candidis.Staminain medio tubo latentia; filamenta glabra, dimidiis antheris breviora.Stylustubum fere æquans, stigmatis lobis linearibus, subexsertis, viridescentibus.Panicula Fructiferalaxiuscula, haud raro valde depauperata, pedunculis puberulis.Capsulaovata (.4 to .6 of an inch) 10-15 mm. long., latitudine sua vix duplo longior, basi rotundata, ecostata, glabrata, sub maturitatem rubiginosa, dentibus coronæ brevibus, erectiusculis.Seminaelliptico-lanceolata, margine fimbriato-denticulata, denticulis approximatis, obtusiusculis; nucleo tertiam seminis partem circiter æquante.Habitatin declivibus et præruptis montium, ad altitud. 1500-1800 m. fervidissimas inter valles Bolivæ et Peruviæ meridionalis, sylvas incolit, inter 13°-16° 30' S. lat., nempe in provinciis Bolivianis Enquisivi, Yungas, Larecaja, et Caupolican dictis, et in provincia Caravaya Peruvianorum.FloretAprili et Maio.

Arborexcelsa, trunco recto vel e basi arcuatim ascendente, nudo, crassitudinem corporis humani duplam non infrequenter excedente. Coma frondosa incolas omnes sylvæ ferme superans.

Cortextrunci crassus. Peridermis ejusdem quam in omnibus fere generis speciebus crassior, e libro facile solubilis et avulsa ad hujus superficiem sulcos impressionesve sculpturas referentes detegens, rimis parallelis verticalibus et scissuris transversalibus plus minus annularibus ornata, albida vel etiam nigricans. Ramorum peridermis dealbata aut lichenum thallis diverse marmorata, rimis magis sinuatis et scissuris angustioribusexculpta; aliis annularibus distantibus, aliis brevioribus subapproximatis. In ramulis denique cortex tenuis est, lævigatus et fusco-olivaceus vel nigricans.

Foliaoblongo vel lanceolato-obovata (3 to 6 inches) 8-15 cm. long; (1 to 2 inches) 3-6 cm. lat. obtusa, basi acuta aut leviter attenuata, molliuscula, patula, supra glaberrima, nitore scilicet velutino a cellulis epidermidis prominentibus orto condecorata, obscure virentia, venis pallidioribus, parum conspicuis, subtus dilute smaragdina, glabrata, in axillis venarum scrobiculata, scrobiculis ab antica pagina vix manifestis. Petiolus 1 cm. long., virescens, rarius cum costa rubescens. In arbore juniori folia sæpius utrinque acutiuscula sunt, flaccida, læte viridia, eximie velutina, costa et petiolo roseis, nervis supra lacteo-albidis et limbo persæpe maculis roseosanguineis insignito paginaque inferiori plus minus purpurascenti.

Stipulæoblongæ, obtusissimæ, petiolis longiores vel subæquales, glaberrimæ, basi interna glandulis parce obsitæ.

Panicula Floriferaovata vel subcorymbosa, vix multiflora, pedunculis pedicellisque (2-4 mm. long.) pubescentibus. Bracteæ lanceolatæ.

Calyxpubescens, limbo-crateriformi, dentibus brevibus, triangularibus.

Corolla9-10 cm. long., tubo cylindrico vel basi subpentagono, et leviter angustato, in angulis interdum fisso, carneo-albescente, laciniis lanceolatis, superne roseis, villis marginalibus candidis.

Staminain medio tubo latentia; filamenta glabra, dimidiis antheris breviora.

Stylustubum fere æquans, stigmatis lobis linearibus, subexsertis, viridescentibus.

Panicula Fructiferalaxiuscula, haud raro valde depauperata, pedunculis puberulis.

Capsulaovata (.4 to .6 of an inch) 10-15 mm. long., latitudine sua vix duplo longior, basi rotundata, ecostata, glabrata, sub maturitatem rubiginosa, dentibus coronæ brevibus, erectiusculis.

Seminaelliptico-lanceolata, margine fimbriato-denticulata, denticulis approximatis, obtusiusculis; nucleo tertiam seminis partem circiter æquante.

Habitatin declivibus et præruptis montium, ad altitud. 1500-1800 m. fervidissimas inter valles Bolivæ et Peruviæ meridionalis, sylvas incolit, inter 13°-16° 30' S. lat., nempe in provinciis Bolivianis Enquisivi, Yungas, Larecaja, et Caupolican dictis, et in provincia Caravaya Peruvianorum.

FloretAprili et Maio.

β.C. Josephiana.

Frutex(6½ to 12 feet) 2-3 m. alt., trunco gracili (1 to 2 inches) 3-5 cm. crass.; ramoso, ramis erectis.Cortexligno valde hærens, trunci ramorumque schistaceo-nigricans, læviusculus aut lichenibus diversis ornatus scissurisque nonnullis angustissimis, distantibus, annulatim notatus; ramulorum brunneo-rufescens.Foliaoblongo- vel ovato-lanceolata, utrinque subacuta aut obtusiuscula, rigidula, superiora præsertim plus minus concava s. cymbiformia, utrinque glaberrima vel subtus pubescenti-tomentosa, læte viridia, denique sanguinea nervique et petiolus.Paniculatum florifera cum fructifera sæpissime interrupta.Corollaquam in varietate præcedente paulo longior. Stamina imo tubo inserta, filamentis nunc brevibus ut Calisayæ Veræ, stylo simul longiore, nunc elongatis antherisque subexsertis, stylo contra iis breviore antherisque superato.Capsulaut in typo vel flore aliquanto longior et non raro superne plus minus attenuata, versus maturitatem pulchre rubescens simulque ramuli paniculæ. Dentes coronæ paululum elongatæ eleganterque patentes.

Frutex(6½ to 12 feet) 2-3 m. alt., trunco gracili (1 to 2 inches) 3-5 cm. crass.; ramoso, ramis erectis.

Cortexligno valde hærens, trunci ramorumque schistaceo-nigricans, læviusculus aut lichenibus diversis ornatus scissurisque nonnullis angustissimis, distantibus, annulatim notatus; ramulorum brunneo-rufescens.

Foliaoblongo- vel ovato-lanceolata, utrinque subacuta aut obtusiuscula, rigidula, superiora præsertim plus minus concava s. cymbiformia, utrinque glaberrima vel subtus pubescenti-tomentosa, læte viridia, denique sanguinea nervique et petiolus.

Paniculatum florifera cum fructifera sæpissime interrupta.

Corollaquam in varietate præcedente paulo longior. Stamina imo tubo inserta, filamentis nunc brevibus ut Calisayæ Veræ, stylo simul longiore, nunc elongatis antherisque subexsertis, stylo contra iis breviore antherisque superato.

Capsulaut in typo vel flore aliquanto longior et non raro superne plus minus attenuata, versus maturitatem pulchre rubescens simulque ramuli paniculæ. Dentes coronæ paululum elongatæ eleganterque patentes.

Parts of the flower and fruit of Chinchona Micrantha.

CHINCHONA MICRANTHA.

(From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,' No.ii.)

Chinchona Micrantha.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ovalibus obovatisque glabris; floribus minimis, paniculatis.Arbor10-15 orgyalis, comâ frondosâ.Truncussolitarius, erectus, teres; cortice scabro-fusco-cinereo, sapore valde amaro, acidulo non ingrato; in febribus tertianis usurpari potest; in commercio ignoto.Ramipatuli, teretes, cortice fusco-nigrescente; teneri foliosi, obtuse tetragoni, glabri.Foliaopposita, petiolata, ovalia obovataque, integerrima, obtusa, acumine brevi, ampla, marginibus revolutis, patentia, ut plurimum quadripalmaria, supra nitida, glaberrima, subtus nervosa, venosa, nervis purpureis; glandulis obovatis, subtus concavis, supra prominentibus, in foliis adolescentibus circum villosis, in senioribus deciduis, ad nervorum axillas insertis.Petiolibreves, vix pollicares, supra plano-canaliculati, subtus semiteretes.Stipulæsupra axillares, interfoliaceæ, oppositæ, ovatæ, integerrimæ, connatæ, caducæ.Paniculamaxima diffusa, subracemosa, foliosa, floridissima, tomentosa, helvolo colore.Pedunculivix striati, tetragoni, compressiusculi, axillares terminalesque,communesbrachiati,partialesoppositi alternique, omnes bracteis ovato-subulatis, oppositis, persistentibus, ad basim pedunculorum pedicellorumque insertis.Floresnumerosi, in corymbos parvos multifloros congesti, subsessiles; bracteis minimis, ovatis, acutis, persistentibus ad basim et in medio pedicellorum.Calyxminimus, quinquedentatus; denticulis acutis, dilute purpurascentibus.Corollaparva, ut plurimum trilinearis, extus tomentosa, albicans.Limbuspatens, laciniis quinque intus villoso-tomentosis, villis albicantibus extus rubescens.Antherælineares, intra faucem inclusæ, luteæ.Capsulaoblonga, acuta, leviter decemstriata, fusca, calyce coronata, a basi ad apicem dehiscens.Seminafulva, alâ lineari utrinque acutâ inæqualiter lacerâ cincta.Habitatin Andium montibus altis, frigidis, et nemorosis, versus vicum San Antonio de Playa Grande, ubi Johannes Tafalla, anno 1797, eam observavit, et iconem, cum nonnullis exemplaribus siccis, et descriptionem, nobiscum communicavit.FloretMaio, Junio, et Julio.Vulgo: Cascarilla fina. Cascarilla Provinciana.Chinchona Micrantha, β.Oblongifolia(Weddell).Chinchona Micrantha, var. α. flor. extus roseis; var. β. flor. extus albidis (Poeppig).

Chinchona Micrantha.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ovalibus obovatisque glabris; floribus minimis, paniculatis.

Arbor10-15 orgyalis, comâ frondosâ.

Truncussolitarius, erectus, teres; cortice scabro-fusco-cinereo, sapore valde amaro, acidulo non ingrato; in febribus tertianis usurpari potest; in commercio ignoto.

Ramipatuli, teretes, cortice fusco-nigrescente; teneri foliosi, obtuse tetragoni, glabri.

Foliaopposita, petiolata, ovalia obovataque, integerrima, obtusa, acumine brevi, ampla, marginibus revolutis, patentia, ut plurimum quadripalmaria, supra nitida, glaberrima, subtus nervosa, venosa, nervis purpureis; glandulis obovatis, subtus concavis, supra prominentibus, in foliis adolescentibus circum villosis, in senioribus deciduis, ad nervorum axillas insertis.

Petiolibreves, vix pollicares, supra plano-canaliculati, subtus semiteretes.

Stipulæsupra axillares, interfoliaceæ, oppositæ, ovatæ, integerrimæ, connatæ, caducæ.

Paniculamaxima diffusa, subracemosa, foliosa, floridissima, tomentosa, helvolo colore.

Pedunculivix striati, tetragoni, compressiusculi, axillares terminalesque,communesbrachiati,partialesoppositi alternique, omnes bracteis ovato-subulatis, oppositis, persistentibus, ad basim pedunculorum pedicellorumque insertis.

Floresnumerosi, in corymbos parvos multifloros congesti, subsessiles; bracteis minimis, ovatis, acutis, persistentibus ad basim et in medio pedicellorum.

Calyxminimus, quinquedentatus; denticulis acutis, dilute purpurascentibus.

Corollaparva, ut plurimum trilinearis, extus tomentosa, albicans.

Limbuspatens, laciniis quinque intus villoso-tomentosis, villis albicantibus extus rubescens.

Antherælineares, intra faucem inclusæ, luteæ.

Capsulaoblonga, acuta, leviter decemstriata, fusca, calyce coronata, a basi ad apicem dehiscens.

Seminafulva, alâ lineari utrinque acutâ inæqualiter lacerâ cincta.

Habitatin Andium montibus altis, frigidis, et nemorosis, versus vicum San Antonio de Playa Grande, ubi Johannes Tafalla, anno 1797, eam observavit, et iconem, cum nonnullis exemplaribus siccis, et descriptionem, nobiscum communicavit.

FloretMaio, Junio, et Julio.

Vulgo: Cascarilla fina. Cascarilla Provinciana.

Chinchona Micrantha, β.Oblongifolia(Weddell).

Chinchona Micrantha, var. α. flor. extus roseis; var. β. flor. extus albidis (Poeppig).

(From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,' p. 52.)

Chinchona Micrantha.—Arbor6-10 m. alt. sat frondosa, trunco recto, tereti, 2-4 dm. crassitudine raro excedente; ramis patulis.Cortextrunci crassiusculus.Peridermisejusdem tenuis, libro extus subcarioso vix hærens, plus minus lævigata, sordide grisea fuscescensve; ramorum lævis, cinerascens; ramulorum viridescens.Foliaplerumque ovato-rotundata, 12-20 cm, long. 10-15 cm. lat. basi (præcipue in junioribus) plus minus cuneata vel attenuata, obtusiuscula, membranacea, supra glabra nitidiuscula, læte viridia, subtus læevissime puberula pallide virescentia, venis venulisque parce pubescentibus, axillis pilosiusculis, pilis subfasciculatis. Petiolus 2-3 cm. long. glaber, ejusdem coloris ac costa.Stipulæovatæ, obtusæ, extus pubescentes, intus puberulæ, deciduæ.Panicula Floriferamaxima, thyrsoidea; ramulis subpatentibus pedicellisque (2 mm. long.) pubescentibus, cinereo-virescentibus.Calyxpubescens, limbo crateriformi, dentibus acuminatis.Corollaalba, tubo tereti 5-7 mm. long. basi et fauce leviter coarctato, laciniis lanceolatis.Staminaimo tubo inserta, antheris inclusis filamenta subæquantibus.Stylusbrevissimus; stigmatis laciniis linearibus.Panicula Fructiferaovata vel subpyramidalis, subconferta, ramulis glabratis.Capsulalanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, 25-30 mm. long. 5-7 mm. lat. utrinque attenuata, glabrata, lævis.Seminalanceolata, basi integra vel fissa, margine denticulata.Crescit in nemoribus humidis subobscuris montium, nec non infrequentius juxta ipsas rivulorum ripas, vallium provinciarum Larecaja et Caupolican Bolivianorum, vallisque Tambopata provinciæ Caravaya incola; provenit etiam in editioribus versus Chicoplaya et Playa Grande Peruvianorum.

Chinchona Micrantha.—Arbor6-10 m. alt. sat frondosa, trunco recto, tereti, 2-4 dm. crassitudine raro excedente; ramis patulis.

Cortextrunci crassiusculus.Peridermisejusdem tenuis, libro extus subcarioso vix hærens, plus minus lævigata, sordide grisea fuscescensve; ramorum lævis, cinerascens; ramulorum viridescens.

Foliaplerumque ovato-rotundata, 12-20 cm, long. 10-15 cm. lat. basi (præcipue in junioribus) plus minus cuneata vel attenuata, obtusiuscula, membranacea, supra glabra nitidiuscula, læte viridia, subtus læevissime puberula pallide virescentia, venis venulisque parce pubescentibus, axillis pilosiusculis, pilis subfasciculatis. Petiolus 2-3 cm. long. glaber, ejusdem coloris ac costa.

Stipulæovatæ, obtusæ, extus pubescentes, intus puberulæ, deciduæ.

Panicula Floriferamaxima, thyrsoidea; ramulis subpatentibus pedicellisque (2 mm. long.) pubescentibus, cinereo-virescentibus.

Calyxpubescens, limbo crateriformi, dentibus acuminatis.

Corollaalba, tubo tereti 5-7 mm. long. basi et fauce leviter coarctato, laciniis lanceolatis.

Staminaimo tubo inserta, antheris inclusis filamenta subæquantibus.

Stylusbrevissimus; stigmatis laciniis linearibus.

Panicula Fructiferaovata vel subpyramidalis, subconferta, ramulis glabratis.

Capsulalanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, 25-30 mm. long. 5-7 mm. lat. utrinque attenuata, glabrata, lævis.

Seminalanceolata, basi integra vel fissa, margine denticulata.

Crescit in nemoribus humidis subobscuris montium, nec non infrequentius juxta ipsas rivulorum ripas, vallium provinciarum Larecaja et Caupolican Bolivianorum, vallisque Tambopata provinciæ Caravaya incola; provenit etiam in editioribus versus Chicoplaya et Playa Grande Peruvianorum.

CHINCHONA NITIDA.

(From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,' No.vii.)

Chinchona Nitida.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, obovatis, ovali-oblongis ovato-oblongisque, nitidis, paniculâ terminali—Cascarilla Officinal. (Ruiz Quinologia, Art. 2, p. 56.)Arborprocera, a decem usque ad quadraginta ulnas, glabra.Truncussolitarius, erectus, teres, aliquando tres aut quinque repullantes.Cortexextus scaber, fusco-nigricans, sæpe ex fusco et cinereo colorevariegatus; intus obscure fulvus, amarissimus, acidulus non ingratus, in commercio et in febribus tertianis magno usu fit.Ramiseniores teretes, scabri, fusco atri-cinereo colore variegati,tenerileviter tetragoni, fusci.Foliaopposita, petiolata, obovata, ovali-oblonga ovato-oblongaque, integerrima, nitidissima, decurrentia, marginibus ad basim revolutis, subtus venosa, venis purpurascentibus, glandulis rotundis oblongisque, supra prominentibus, subtus concavis, ad sinus nervorum ortum insertis, villis longis albicantibus vestitis.Petiolisubtus semiteretes, supra planiusculi, purpurei.Stipulæinterfoliaceæ, oppositæ, supra-axillares, basi coadunatæ, oblongæ, sessiles, obtusæ, intus rubescentes, marginibus reflexis.Paniculaterminalis, composita, subracemosa, rubescens.Pedunculimultiflori, tetragoni.Floresbreviter pedicellati.Pedicellibracteolis ovatis acumine subulato concavis ad basim stipati, persistentes.Calyxparvus, purpureus.Corollaalba, extus dilute rubicunda, vix semipollicaris, laciniis intus villosis, villis albicantibus.Capsulaoblonga, decem-striata, rubescens, bivalvis, valvulis basi hiantibus.Seminaovalia, fulva, alis membranaceis oblongis inæqualiter denticulato cincta.Habitatin Andium montibus altis, nemorosis, frigidis, ad Pampamarca, Chacahuasi, Casapi, Casapillo, Cayumba, Sapan, Cuchero, aliisque tractibus, et in montibus Provinciarum Huamalies, Tarma, et Jauja.FloretMaio, Junio, et Julio.Vulgo: Cascarilla fina aut Quina fina. Cascarilla lustrosa(Pritchett).

Chinchona Nitida.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, obovatis, ovali-oblongis ovato-oblongisque, nitidis, paniculâ terminali—Cascarilla Officinal. (Ruiz Quinologia, Art. 2, p. 56.)

Arborprocera, a decem usque ad quadraginta ulnas, glabra.

Truncussolitarius, erectus, teres, aliquando tres aut quinque repullantes.

Cortexextus scaber, fusco-nigricans, sæpe ex fusco et cinereo colorevariegatus; intus obscure fulvus, amarissimus, acidulus non ingratus, in commercio et in febribus tertianis magno usu fit.

Ramiseniores teretes, scabri, fusco atri-cinereo colore variegati,tenerileviter tetragoni, fusci.

Foliaopposita, petiolata, obovata, ovali-oblonga ovato-oblongaque, integerrima, nitidissima, decurrentia, marginibus ad basim revolutis, subtus venosa, venis purpurascentibus, glandulis rotundis oblongisque, supra prominentibus, subtus concavis, ad sinus nervorum ortum insertis, villis longis albicantibus vestitis.

Petiolisubtus semiteretes, supra planiusculi, purpurei.

Stipulæinterfoliaceæ, oppositæ, supra-axillares, basi coadunatæ, oblongæ, sessiles, obtusæ, intus rubescentes, marginibus reflexis.

Paniculaterminalis, composita, subracemosa, rubescens.

Pedunculimultiflori, tetragoni.

Floresbreviter pedicellati.

Pedicellibracteolis ovatis acumine subulato concavis ad basim stipati, persistentes.

Calyxparvus, purpureus.

Corollaalba, extus dilute rubicunda, vix semipollicaris, laciniis intus villosis, villis albicantibus.

Capsulaoblonga, decem-striata, rubescens, bivalvis, valvulis basi hiantibus.

Seminaovalia, fulva, alis membranaceis oblongis inæqualiter denticulato cincta.

Habitatin Andium montibus altis, nemorosis, frigidis, ad Pampamarca, Chacahuasi, Casapi, Casapillo, Cayumba, Sapan, Cuchero, aliisque tractibus, et in montibus Provinciarum Huamalies, Tarma, et Jauja.

FloretMaio, Junio, et Julio.

Vulgo: Cascarilla fina aut Quina fina. Cascarilla lustrosa(Pritchett).

(From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,' p. 47.)

Chinchona Nitida.—C. foliis lanceolato-obovatis, acutis, basi attenuatis, utrinque glabris, nitidis vel inferne leviter pilosis, escrobiculatis; filamentis antheras æquantibus; capsula anguste lanceolata, latitudine sua duplo longiori; seminibus lanceolatis, margine denticulatis.Arbor8-12 m. alt., trunco recto, tereti, crassitudine corporis humani; coma parum frondosa.Cortextrunci crassus, peridermide rimosa, obscure brunnea; ramorum peridermis inæqualis, plus minus sulcato-rimosa, brunneo-cinerascens.Folialanceolato- vel oblongo-obovata, 9-10 cm. long., 25 mm. lat.,utrinque acuta, basi cuneata aut attenuata, sub-membranacea; supra glabra nitida, subtus nonnunquam (ad venas præsertim) pilosa; petiolo 1 cm. longo.Stipulæoblongæ vel obovatæ, obtusæ, deciduæ, raro basi connatæ.Paniculaovata, subcoarctata, ramulis pedicellisque puberulis; bracteis triangulari-lanceolatis.Calyxlimbo subcampanulato, dentibus triangularibus.Corollarosea, tubo subcylindrico, laciniis lanceolatis, villis albidis.Antheræapice exsertæ, filamenta æquantes vel paulo breviores.Stylusantheras haud attingens; stigmatis lobis linearibus, brevibus.Capsulalanceolata, denique glabra, læviuscula vel striata, sub maturitatem obscure rubiginosa, dentibus coronæ erectiusculis.Seminalanceolata, utrinque acuta, margine denticulata.Habitatin montibus altis, noctu frigidiusculis, diu apricis ventilatisque.(Ruiz et Pavon. Poeppig.)

Arbor8-12 m. alt., trunco recto, tereti, crassitudine corporis humani; coma parum frondosa.

Cortextrunci crassus, peridermide rimosa, obscure brunnea; ramorum peridermis inæqualis, plus minus sulcato-rimosa, brunneo-cinerascens.

Folialanceolato- vel oblongo-obovata, 9-10 cm. long., 25 mm. lat.,utrinque acuta, basi cuneata aut attenuata, sub-membranacea; supra glabra nitida, subtus nonnunquam (ad venas præsertim) pilosa; petiolo 1 cm. longo.

Stipulæoblongæ vel obovatæ, obtusæ, deciduæ, raro basi connatæ.

Paniculaovata, subcoarctata, ramulis pedicellisque puberulis; bracteis triangulari-lanceolatis.

Calyxlimbo subcampanulato, dentibus triangularibus.

Corollarosea, tubo subcylindrico, laciniis lanceolatis, villis albidis.

Antheræapice exsertæ, filamenta æquantes vel paulo breviores.

Stylusantheras haud attingens; stigmatis lobis linearibus, brevibus.

Capsulalanceolata, denique glabra, læviuscula vel striata, sub maturitatem obscure rubiginosa, dentibus coronæ erectiusculis.

Seminalanceolata, utrinque acuta, margine denticulata.

Habitatin montibus altis, noctu frigidiusculis, diu apricis ventilatisque.

(Ruiz et Pavon. Poeppig.)

CHINCHONA PERUVIANA. (Howard.)

(The "Pata de Gallinazo" of Pritchett's Collection.)

(From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon.')

Chinchona Peruviana.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolato-ovatis, basi attenuatis, junioribus lanceolatis, scrobiculatis, paniculâ terminali compositâ.Arborprocera ...Lignumcompactum, luteum.Cortexextus scaber, rimosus, corticemCalisayæmaxime æmulans, sæpe ex albo et cinereo colore variegatis; intus obscure fulvus, amarus, fragrans.Foliaopposita, petiolata, lanceolato-ovata, nonnulla lanceolato-obovata, alia elliptica, basi attenuata, obtuse acuminata, juniora lanceolata, scrobiculata, scrobiculis supra valde prominentibus, nitida, subtus venosa.Petiolisubtus semi-teretes, supra planiusculi.Paniculaterminalis, composita, pyramidalis.Capsulaoblonga, leviter decemstriata, calyce coronata, bivalvis, valvulis basi hiantibus.Seminaovalia, alis membranaceis, valde laceratis.Habitatin Andium montibus frigidis Cocheros aliisque tractibus.Vulgo: "Cascarilla Pata de Gallinazo."Obs.:—In commercio magno usu fit.Speciminibus nobis à Pritchett datis descript.

Chinchona Peruviana.—Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolato-ovatis, basi attenuatis, junioribus lanceolatis, scrobiculatis, paniculâ terminali compositâ.

Arborprocera ...Lignumcompactum, luteum.

Cortexextus scaber, rimosus, corticemCalisayæmaxime æmulans, sæpe ex albo et cinereo colore variegatis; intus obscure fulvus, amarus, fragrans.

Foliaopposita, petiolata, lanceolato-ovata, nonnulla lanceolato-obovata, alia elliptica, basi attenuata, obtuse acuminata, juniora lanceolata, scrobiculata, scrobiculis supra valde prominentibus, nitida, subtus venosa.

Petiolisubtus semi-teretes, supra planiusculi.

Paniculaterminalis, composita, pyramidalis.

Capsulaoblonga, leviter decemstriata, calyce coronata, bivalvis, valvulis basi hiantibus.

Seminaovalia, alis membranaceis, valde laceratis.

Habitatin Andium montibus frigidis Cocheros aliisque tractibus.

Vulgo: "Cascarilla Pata de Gallinazo."

Obs.:—In commercio magno usu fit.

Speciminibus nobis à Pritchett datis descript.

CHINCHONA LANCIFOLIA.

(From Karsten's 'Floræ Columbiæ Specimina Selecta,'I. p. 21.)

Arborvasta, usque ad 24 metr. adscendens, trunco recto, 1-1½ metra in diametro; coma subovata, ramosa, ramis teretibus adscendentibus vel inferioribus, horizontalibus, cortice rugoso, fuscescenti, ut plurimum hic illic profunde transversim annulato, tectis; ramulis brachiatis, compressiusculis, uti pedicelli leviter striguloso-pilosiusculis.Foliaopposita, petiolata, petiolo semitereti 16-20 m. m. longo, supra plano, glabro, subtus pilosiusculo insidentia, lanceolata, acuminata, basi attenuata, integerrima, glaberrima, in axilla venarum leviter scrobiculata, et hic facie inferiore glomerulo pilorum obsita, patentia, læte viridia, nitida, lamina 10 centim. longa, 3½ centim. lata, petiolo nervisque, demum folio integro, rubescentibus; juniora subtus in costa minutissime pilosiuscula; vernatione applicativa.Stipulæinterpetiolares, liberæ, lanceolatæ, acutæ, pedicellorum longitudine, glaberrimæ; intus basi pluriseriatim glandulosæ, demum rubræ, deciduæ.Inflorescentiaterminalis foliosa, paniculata, e cymis dichotomis axillaribus composita, foliis floralibus lineari-lanceolatis; pedunculi pedicellique bracteis minutis, glabris, lanceolato-acutis, subpersistentibus, suffulti.Calycistubus turbinatus, ovario adnatus, pilis minutis, adpressis strigosus; limbus persistens campanulatus, quinquefidus, glaber, rubescens, laciniis triangularibus, acutis.Corollatubo cylindrico 10 m. m. longo, extus sericeo, carneo-rubro, intus glabro; limbo quinquepartito, lobis ovatis, acutis, æstivatione valvatis, rubris, extus sericeis, intus margine albide-villosis sub anthesin patentibus.Staminaquinque, tubo medio inserta, paullo exserta.Filamentasubulata, glabra, 1 m. m. longa;antherælineares, introrse longitudinaliter birimosæ, basi sagittata affixæ, filamentis paullo breviores, plus minus exsertæ;pollensphæricum granulosum, triocellatum.Discusepigynus, annularis, carnosus, subpentagonus, quinquesulcatus.Ovariuminferum biloculare, loculis multiovulatis, placentis linearibus, medio dissepimenti longitudinaliter adnatis, ovula anatropa, pluriseriata, imbricatim adscendentia, mox peltata gerentibus; stylus teres glaber, staminibus longior, exsertus aut inclusus; stigmata duo linearia.Capsulaoblonga, striato-costata, calva, post dehiscentiam septicidam, a basi ad apicem progredientem, calycis limbo diutius coronata, epicarpio cum endocarpio connato, 17-20 m. m. longa, 6-8 m. m. lata.Seminalanceolata, applanata, 7-8 m. m. longa, 2-3 m. m. lata, spermophoro, a valvis apertis soluto, adhærentia, caduca, ala membranacea, hyalina, imperforata, margine crenulato-denticulata, cincta; nucleo ovali sextam partem fere seminis longitudinis attingente.Embryoin axi albuminis carnosi rectus, cotyledonibus ovalibus, planis, applicativis, radicula tereti infera.In declivitate Andium Granatensium inter 5° et 1° lat. Sept. altitudine 2500-3000 metr. supra oceani littora ad temperaturam glacialem in horis nocturnis fere refrigerata hic illic frequenter in locis nebulosis et illuviosis nascitur.Tunitaab incolis dicta.

Foliaopposita, petiolata, petiolo semitereti 16-20 m. m. longo, supra plano, glabro, subtus pilosiusculo insidentia, lanceolata, acuminata, basi attenuata, integerrima, glaberrima, in axilla venarum leviter scrobiculata, et hic facie inferiore glomerulo pilorum obsita, patentia, læte viridia, nitida, lamina 10 centim. longa, 3½ centim. lata, petiolo nervisque, demum folio integro, rubescentibus; juniora subtus in costa minutissime pilosiuscula; vernatione applicativa.

Stipulæinterpetiolares, liberæ, lanceolatæ, acutæ, pedicellorum longitudine, glaberrimæ; intus basi pluriseriatim glandulosæ, demum rubræ, deciduæ.

Inflorescentiaterminalis foliosa, paniculata, e cymis dichotomis axillaribus composita, foliis floralibus lineari-lanceolatis; pedunculi pedicellique bracteis minutis, glabris, lanceolato-acutis, subpersistentibus, suffulti.

Calycistubus turbinatus, ovario adnatus, pilis minutis, adpressis strigosus; limbus persistens campanulatus, quinquefidus, glaber, rubescens, laciniis triangularibus, acutis.

Corollatubo cylindrico 10 m. m. longo, extus sericeo, carneo-rubro, intus glabro; limbo quinquepartito, lobis ovatis, acutis, æstivatione valvatis, rubris, extus sericeis, intus margine albide-villosis sub anthesin patentibus.

Staminaquinque, tubo medio inserta, paullo exserta.

Filamentasubulata, glabra, 1 m. m. longa;antherælineares, introrse longitudinaliter birimosæ, basi sagittata affixæ, filamentis paullo breviores, plus minus exsertæ;pollensphæricum granulosum, triocellatum.

Discusepigynus, annularis, carnosus, subpentagonus, quinquesulcatus.

Ovariuminferum biloculare, loculis multiovulatis, placentis linearibus, medio dissepimenti longitudinaliter adnatis, ovula anatropa, pluriseriata, imbricatim adscendentia, mox peltata gerentibus; stylus teres glaber, staminibus longior, exsertus aut inclusus; stigmata duo linearia.

Capsulaoblonga, striato-costata, calva, post dehiscentiam septicidam, a basi ad apicem progredientem, calycis limbo diutius coronata, epicarpio cum endocarpio connato, 17-20 m. m. longa, 6-8 m. m. lata.

Seminalanceolata, applanata, 7-8 m. m. longa, 2-3 m. m. lata, spermophoro, a valvis apertis soluto, adhærentia, caduca, ala membranacea, hyalina, imperforata, margine crenulato-denticulata, cincta; nucleo ovali sextam partem fere seminis longitudinis attingente.

Embryoin axi albuminis carnosi rectus, cotyledonibus ovalibus, planis, applicativis, radicula tereti infera.

In declivitate Andium Granatensium inter 5° et 1° lat. Sept. altitudine 2500-3000 metr. supra oceani littora ad temperaturam glacialem in horis nocturnis fere refrigerata hic illic frequenter in locis nebulosis et illuviosis nascitur.

Tunitaab incolis dicta.

NOTES ON THE PRINCIPAL PLANTS EMPLOYED IN INDIA, ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR REAL OR SUPPOSED FEBRIFUGE VIRTUES. BY ALEXANDER SMITH, ESQ.

The following enumeration of Indian febrifuge plants, though, from the limited time at my disposal, not so complete as could be wished, will serve to give an idea of the great variety of indigenous plants used by the natives of India in the treatment of the different kinds of fevers so prevalent in that country. European physicians of the present day rely to a great extent upon the invaluable products of theChinchonas, as the most certain remedies for these disorders; but a couple of centuries ago, whenquinineand the kindred alkaloids were undreamt of, and when even Peruvian Bark, or, as it was then called, "Countess' Bark" or "Jesuits' Bark," was scarcely known, and its source a jealously guarded secret, their ancestors made use of a much greater number of substances, and highly extolled the febrifuge properties of many of our native wild plants. Most of these, however, are now known to be of little use and are discarded from the modern practice of physic, though amongst rustic practitioners, or herb-doctors, they still to a certain degree enjoy their ancient reputation. We must not therefore be surprised that the native doctors of the East, whose knowledge of chemistry and the allied sciences is as limited as was that of our old herbalists, should in like manner ascribe powerful properties to the barks, roots, stems, and other parts of plants which in reality possess as little value in a medical point of view, as the indigenous plants at one time used in our own country.

It must not, however, be imagined from these remarks that all the plants mentioned below are known to be completely devoid of medicinal properties. Some of them possibly possess qualities of the greatest value, and, were they properly tested by the enlightened science of the present day, might yield products useful either as tonics or febrifuges, or prove otherwise valuable. But the great majority are comparatively valueless, and their supposed virtues merely the result of fancy.

Alex. Smith.

Kew, Surrey, April 5th, 1862.

RANUNCULACEÆ.

Thalictrum foliolosum,D. C.

The bitter roots of this Himalayan species of Meadow Rue are used by the natives in intermittent fevers, and have, according to O'Shaughnessy, been experimented upon by European practitioners, and found serviceable not only as a febrifuge, but as a tonic in convalescence from acute diseases. The plant is an erect, branching perennial, three or more feet high, with large quadripinnate leaves composed of numerous small leaflets. It is common throughout the Himalayas, and is called "Pelijuree" or "Shuprak" by the natives.

Coptis Teeta,Wall.

Several bitter roots are called "Teeta" in the Bengal bazaars. Those of the present plant are brought down from the Mishmee Mountains on the northern borders of Assam, and are consequently called "Mishmee Teeta." They are usually packed in little baskets about two inches wide, made of strips of rattan-cane. In the Scinde bazaars they are called "Mahmira," and they are likewise said to be imported from China under the name of "Sou-line" or "Chyn-len," but the plant is not known to be a native of that country. They have an intensely bitter taste, and the native doctors esteem them very highly as a tonic and stomachic. M. Virey says that a decoction of them is a powerful febrifuge, but O'Shaughnessy states that in experiments made in the Indian hospitals they did not seem to exercise any febrifuge virtues, though their tonic properties were very manifest. The roots of an allied American species (Coptis trifolia, Salisb.) are used throughout the United States and Canada as a tonic, under the name of "Gold Thread."

Aconitum,sp. pl.

The roots of several species of Aconite, common in the Himalayas, are reputed to possess febrifuge properties, but the identification of the particular species is very uncertain. Amongst others the most virulent kind of "Bikh" or "Bish," that yielded by theAconitum ferox, Wall., is said to be thus employed and also in chronic rheumatism; and likewise the "Bikhma" of Hamilton, supposed to be theAconitum palmatum, Don. The little tuber-like roots called "Atees" or "Butees," much esteemed for their bitter tonic properties, are afforded by theAconitum heterophyllum, Wall.

MAGNOLIACEÆ.

Michelia Champaca,Linn.

Several of theMagnoliaceæare known to possess powerful febrifuge virtues, particularly theMagnolia glauca, Linn., and other Americanspecies, the bark and fruits of which are greatly used in intermittent fever. Among the Indian species, the only one reputed to possess similar virtues is the "Champa" (Michelia Champaca, Linn.), O'Shaughnessy remarking that, after several trials, its bark appeared to him to possess the properties attributed to theMagnolia glauca. It, however, contains tannin and gallic acid, both of which are absent in the American bark. The Champa grows to a large size, has ovate-lanceolate leaves from eight to ten inches long and two to four broad, and bears exceedingly fragrant yellow or orange-coloured flowers, which the Hindus offer to their deities.

BERBERIDACEÆ.

Berberis Lycium,Royle.

According to the learned investigations of the late Dr. Royle, it would appear that this species of Barberry afforded the λύκιον ινδικον of Dioscorides. At the present day an extract of the sliced root, stem, and branches is prepared in Nipal and the Dhoon, and employed by the native doctors in diseases of the eyes, for which purpose the drug was also valued by the physicians of old. It is known in Bengal by the name of "Rusoot" or "Rasot," and in Scinde by that of "Ruswul." Employed as a substitute for Chinchona bark this extract has been found to be a most valuable remedial agent in common and tertian agues, checking the fever in three days. The skin is invariably moist during its action. The plant is a small stiff shrub with twiggy, pale-barked branches armed with conical tripartite spines, and bearing clusters of small obovate-lanceolate leaves, either entire or with spiny teeth along the edges.

MENISPERMACEÆ.

Tinospora cordifolia,Miers(=Cocculus cordifolius, D. C., andMenispermum cordifolium, Willd.).

A tall, climbing shrub with rough corky bark, and broad, heart-shaped, pointed leaves from two to four inches long, upon stalks of about the same length; common in woods throughout the peninsula of India and in Ceylon, and known in the former country by the name of "Guluncha" or "Gurcha," and amongst the Cinghalese by that of "Rassakinda." All parts of the plant have a bitter taste, and an infusion of the young stems and leaves is highly esteemed by the native physicians as a febrifuge medicine, and also as a tonic, while in some districts it is looked upon as a certain cure for poisonous snake-bites. Ainslie says that the bruised plant is put into the water drunk by the Brahmins at some of their religious ceremonies.

Tinospora crispa,Miers(=Cocculus crispus, D. C., andMenispermum crispum, Linn.).

This is closely allied to the above, and is known by the same name, "Guluncha." It has smooth bark, more oval and less heart-shaped leaves on shorter stalks. Like the last it is greatly valued in the treatment of intermittent fever; but the natives in Silhet consider that it is more efficacious when found climbing upon mango-trees. It is found in Silhet and Pegu, and in several of the Indian islands.

Cissampelos Pareira,Linn.

The woody stems of this widely spread tropical plant are used in a variety of diseases, and amongst others in fevers, but it is principally valued for its antilithic properties, on account of which it is admitted into our Pharmacopœias under the name of Pareira-brava. It is a tall, hard-wooded climber, indigenous to the tropics of both hemispheres, and is found in all parts of India. In Ceylon, where it is also used as a fever medicine, it is called "Deyamitta."

CAPPARIDACEÆ.

Gynandropsis pentaphylla,D. C.(=Cleome pentaphylla, Linn.).

A decoction of the little black seeds of this plant is considered useful in typhus fever, and in convulsive affections. The plant is called "Vaylee" in the Tamul language; "Hurhuriya" in Bengalese; "Caraila" by the Hindus; and "Waila" by the Cinghalese. It is an annual plant, a foot or more in height, with hairy stems, and palmately divided leaves usually with five, but sometimes with seven or only three segments.

Cratæva Nurvala,Ham.(=Cratæva Tapia, Burm.).

A small tree, fifteen to twenty feet high, common on the banks of rivers on the Malabar coast and in Mysore, producing an astringent bark, a decoction of which is prescribed as a tonic in both intermittent and typhus fevers. The Sanscrit name of the plant is "Varuna," and it is the "Nurvala" of Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus, according to Hamilton, who says that the real name of the plant in the Malabar dialect is "Vala," the prefix "Nur" (water) merely denoting the localities in which the tree is found.

MORINGACEÆ.

Moringa pterygosperma,Gaertn.(=Hyperanthera Moringa, Vahl.).

Well known in India as the Horse-radish tree, on account of its roots possessing a pungent odour and biting aromatic taste similar to those of ourcommon horse-radish, for which they are substituted by European residents in both the East and West Indies. They are also used medicinally by the native doctors as a stimulant in paralysis and intermittent fevers, and are also considered valuable as a rubefacient. "Morunghy," from which the generic name adopted by modern botanists has been derived, is the Tamul name; and "Sujna" or "Salijuna," the Hindu. It is a small tree, seldom more than twenty feet high, and has large compound three-times pinnated leaves, and axillary bunches of whitish flowers, producing long pendulous three-sided fruits, containing numerous winged seeds, which some authors regard as the source of the celebrated Ben-oil.

CARYOPHYLLACEÆ.

Mollugo Cerviana,Ser.(=Pharnaceum Cervianum, Linn.).

This little herb is used as a medicine in fevers in Ceylon, where it is called "Pat-paadagan;" and as the plant is also found in the Indian peninsula, it is most probably employed in a similar manner by the Hindu doctors. The order to which it belongs is remarkable for little besides the presence ofsaponinein several species.

MALVACEÆ.

Sida acuta,Burm.(=Sida lanceolata, Retz.).

The roots of this have an intensely bitter taste, and their infusion, in conjunction with ginger, is prescribed in cases of intermittent fever, for which they have also been tried in the Indian hospitals, but without satisfactory results, though they were found to possess some medicinal virtues as a tonic. The plant is called "Pata" in Sanscrit; and "Malaytanghie" in Tamul. It is a shrub with narrow lance-shaped, pointed leaves, coarsely toothed along the edges, and either smooth or sprinkled with bristly hairs, especially on the veins underneath.

Pavonia Zeylanica,Cav.(=Hibiscus Zeylanicus, Linn.).

A tall annual plant, with variable leaves, the lower ones being roundish heart-shaped, and the upper deeply three to five lobed, and whitish or pale-red flowers. It is called "Sittamootie" in Tamul, and an infusion of the root is administered in fevers, but Ainslie states that it does not appear to possess any virtues.

OLACACEÆ.

Olax Zeylanica,Linn.

A small tree, native of Ceylon and of some parts of India, yielding a fœtid, salt-tasted wood, which is employed in putrid fevers. The Cinghalese, who call the tree "Malla," eat the leaves in their curries.

AURANTIACEÆ.

Ægle Marmelos,Corr.(=Cratæva Marmelos, Linn.).

The Bengal Quince-tree. Almost every part of this tree is used medicinally by the native Indian doctors. In fever cases a decoction of the bark of the root, and also of the stem, is employed, but when the latter is used it is generally combined with a great variety of other substances. The expressed juice of the leaves, diluted with water, is also administered in incipient fevers and colds. The fruit is a valuable remedy in diarrhœa and dysentery, and has been successfully employed in those complaints by medical men in this country. It is a tree of moderate size, with its young branches furnished with sharp spines, and has ternate or rarely pinnate leaves, and axillary panicles of few large fragrant flowers. It has a great number of vernacular names. In Hindustanee and Bengalee it is called "Bael, Bêl, or Bêla;" in Telinga, "Maredoo;" in Tamul, "Willamarvum;" in Malayan, "Tanghula," &c.

MELIACEÆ.

Azadirachta Indica,A. de Juss.(=Melia Azadirachta, Linn.).

The bitter astringent bark of this tree, the Neem or Margosa tree of India, is considered by the native doctors to be a most valuable tonic and febrifuge, and it has been successfully employed as a substitute for Chinchona-bark by English physicians in India. A bitter principle calledAzadirinehas been obtained from it. Other parts of the tree are likewise reputed to possess medicinal properties: the bitter oil obtained from the pericarp being employed as an anthelmintic, and the olive-like fruit itself in leprosy, while the leaves are universally used in India for poultices. The Neem forms a large ornamental tree, and has pinnate leaves with unequal-sided smooth leaflets sharply toothed at the edges, and loose axillary panicles of bluish flowers. "Neem" or "Nim" is its Hindustanee and Bengalee name; "Nimba," in Sanscrit; "Vaypun" or "Vapan," in Tamul; and "Kohomba," in Cinghalese.

CEDRELACEÆ.

Cedrela Toona,Roxb.

The Toon-tree grows to a large size, and yields a valuable reddish timber, resembling some kinds of mahogany. It has abruptly pinnateleaves composed of from six to twelve pairs of opposite, usually entire, smooth leaflets of an ovate-lanceolate shape; and its flowers are small, yellowish, and sweet-scented, and are disposed in terminal drooping panicles. Toon bark is powerfully astringent, but is said to be devoid of bitterness. It is much esteemed in the treatment of intermittent fever, though seldom administered alone, but generally prescribed in combination with the excessively bitter seed of theGuilandina Bonducella. The flowers yield a yellow dye, but the colour is not permanent.

Soymida febrifuga,A. de Juss.(=Swietenia febrifuga, Roxb.).

The specific name of this tree indicates its use as a medicine in fevers. The part employed is the bark, which is of a reddish colour and has a very bitter, slightly astringent, but not unpleasant taste. It was long ago highly recommended as a substitute for Peruvian bark by several English doctors in India, and appears to possess considerable medicinal virtues, though Ainslie found that when given in large doses it deranged the nervous system, occasioned vertigo and subsequent stupor. The tree is called "Shemmarum" by the Tamuls; "Soimido" by the Telingas (whence the generic name adopted by botanists); and "Rohuna" by the Bengalese. It is a very large, hard-wooded tree, with abruptly pinnate leaves composed of from three to six pairs of opposite, oval-oblong blunt leaflets; and produces large panicles of small yellowish flowers towards the points of the young branches.

The bark of another large Indian tree belonging to this order, the "Chikrassee" of the Bengalese (Chickrassia tabularis, A. de Juss.), is a powerful astringent, but, like the Toon bark, devoid of bitterness.

OXALIDACEÆ.

Averrhoa Bilimbi,Linn.

A syrup prepared with the juice of the excessively acid gherkin-like fruits of the Bilimbi is used by the native doctors in the treatment of fevers, as also is a conserve of the flowers. The Bilimbi is a small tree, with unequally pinnate leaves, which, like those of the well-known sensitive plant, are irritable and close their leaflets together when touched. Its fruits are commonly used for pickling by Europeans, both in the East and in the West Indies.

XANTHOXYLACEÆ.

Toddalia aculeata,Pers.(=Scopolia aculeata, Smith).

Powerful stimulating properties are ascribed to all parts of this plant. The fresh bark of its root is administered by the Telinga physicians, who call the plant "Conda cashinda," for the cure of the kind of remittent fever known by the name of "hill fever," from its being caught in thejungles of the Indian hills. It is a moderately tall shrub with prickly stems and branches, alternate, trifoliate, smooth leaves marked with numberless pellucid dots, and usually having prickles on their stalks and on the midribs of the leaflets; and its flowers, which are whitish and strong scented, are borne in simple or compound racemes. Its Cinghalese name is "Koodoomirris-wel."

SIMARUBACEÆ.

Samadera Indica,Gaertn.

All parts of this tree partake of the excessively bitter qualities common to the order. The decoction of the rasped wood has recently been extensively and successfully employed in Ceylon, in the treatment of intermittent fever, and is recommended to be given in combination with Myrobalan galls. The wood is of a pale colour, resembling quassia-wood, and is very light. The tree is indigenous to Ceylon, and also to the Indian peninsula, and is the "Karin-njotti" of Rheede. It attains a considerable size, and has oblong-elliptical, alternate leaves, and long, pendulous, compressed flower-stalks, divided at the top into a many-flowered umbel. The bark, called "Niepa bark," also possesses febrifugal properties.

RHAMNACEÆ.

Zizyphus Jujuba,Lam.(=Rhamnus Jujuba, Linn.)

The root of this common Indian tree is a reputed febrifuge, and an infusion of it, combined with some warm seed, is said to be employed as such in the Moluccas, while the bark is used in diarrhœa. It is a small tree, with prickly branches, usually having the spines in pairs, and elliptical or oblong obtuse leaves, covered on the under side, as also are the branches, with dense short tawny tomentum, and it bears small greenish-yellow flowers, which produce roundish, yellow, edible fruits about the size of cherries. Its Sanscrit name is "Vadari," and its Bengalese "Kool."

LEGUMINOSÆ.

Cassia Fistula,Linn.(=Cathartocarpus Fistula, Pers.).

The black, sweet-tasted pulp contained in the long cylindrical pipe-like pods of this common tropical plant is well known as a gentle laxative medicine; and its roots are reputed to be an excellent febrifuge. It is the "Sonali" of the Bengalese, the "Amultas" of the Hindus, and the "Ahalla" of the Cinghalese, and is a moderately large tree, with very long pinnate leaves, and loose drooping racemes of bright-yellow fragrant flowers.

Guilandina Bonducella,Linn.(=Cæsalpinia Bonducella, Fleming).

The seeds and bark, but particularly the former, have an intensely bitter taste, and are supposed to possess powerful tonic virtues. The seeds, called Bonduc nuts, are lead or ash coloured and most excessively hard. Their cotyledons, powdered and combined with spices or other medicinal substances, are prescribed with beneficial results in intermittent fever. The root is also said to be a good tonic in dyspeptic complaints; in fact, all parts of the plant are reputed to possess medicinal properties. The plant is a prickly, trailing shrub, with abruptly twice-pinnate leaves, each pinna consisting of from five to eight pairs of oval leaflets, and bears racemes of rusty-yellow flowers. The Tamuls call it "Kalichikai;" the Telingas "Getsakaia;" the Hindus "Cat-caleyi" and "Natacaranja;" and the Cinghalese "Koombooroo-wel." It is a common plant throughout the tropics of both hemispheres.

Phaseolus trilobus,Roth.(=Dolichos trilobus, Linn.).

Ainslie says that "this plant was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton in Bahar, where he was informed by the Vytians of that district that the fresh herb was given in decoction in cases of irregular fever." It is a procumbent, spreading, herbaceous plant, with leaves composed of three roundish, entire, or three-lobed leaflets on long stalks, and bears a few pea-like flowers at the ends of long ascending stalks.

Ormocarpum sennoides,D. C.(=Hedysarum sennoides, Willd.).

A shrub with glutinous hairy shoots, unequally pinnate leaves, and short axillary racemes bearing a few pea-like flowers, producing jointed pods. The decoction of the roots of this shrub, which is called "Caat Morungie" in the Tamul language, and "Adivie moonaga" in Telinga, is prescribed by the native physicians as a tonic and stimulant in fevers, and a liniment made of the powdered bark and sesamum oil is applied externally in paralysis and lumbago.

COMBRETACEÆ.

Terminalia tomentosa,W. et A.(=Terminalia alata, Roth.).

This is a large tree with deeply-cracked bark, and nearly opposite, linear, oblong, obtuse leaves, somewhat cordate at the base, crenulate, and clothed with pubescence underneath. It is the "Peea-sal" or "Usan" of the Bengalese; the "Nella madoo" of the Telingas; and the "Aans" of the Hindus. The reddish-brown, cracked bark has a strong but not unpleasant astringent taste, and is classed amongst the febrifuge medicines by the native doctors: powdered and mixed with oil it is employed in apthæ.

MYRTACEÆ.

Syzygium caryophyllifolium,D. C.(=Calyptranthes caryophyllifolia, Willd.).

"Nawel" of the Tamuls; "Nereddie" of the Telingas; and "Madang" of the Cinghalese. The thick, brownish-coloured bark of this tree has an astringent, slightly aromatic taste, and a decoction of it is sometimes prescribed by native doctors in fevers and bowel complaints, and is also employed as a wash for foul ulcers. It has been recommended as a tanning substance, but it does not possess sufficient astringency to render it suitable for that purpose. The tree has smooth, entire leaves of an oblong-lanceolate shape and attenuated at the base, and bears cymose panicles of flowers upon the old branches, producing little edible fruits about the size of peas.

BARRINGTONIACEÆ.

Barringtonia racemosa,Roxb.(=Eugenia racemosa, Linn.).

"Cadapum" (Tam.); "Kamtee" (Tel.); and "Deya-midella" (Cing.). Ainslie says that the reddish-coloured bark of the Cadapum is supposed to possess virtues similar to those of Chinchona bark. Medicinal properties are also ascribed to the root and seed, both of which have a bitter though not unpleasant taste. It is a large tree, with cuneate-oblong, acuminate, serrulate leaves, crowded together towards the ends of the branches, and long pendulous racemes of large flowers, producing ovate, bluntly quadrangular fruits.

CUCURBITACEÆ.

Zanonia Indica,Linn.

Mr. Thwaites says that the Cinghalese value this plant as a febrifuge, and call it "Wal-rasakinda." It is also found in India, and is the "Penar-valli" of Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus. The plant is a climber, supporting itself by means of tendrils, and has alternate, elliptical, pointed leaves, slightly cordate at the base, and axillary racemes of flowers.

Trichosanthes cucumerina,Linn.

This is another cucurbitaceous plant much used by the Cinghalese as a febrifuge, and from the experiments made with it in the hospitals at Badulla it appears to possess considerable efficacy. It is astringent and contains a bitter principle, which it yields to boiling water, and is therefore recommended to be used in the form of an infusion, made with the dried stem and leaves. The plant is called "Doommaala" by the Cinghalese, and is very common both in Ceylon and India. It is an annual climbing plant, with three-cleft tendrils, and broadly-cordate, angular or lobed leaves toothed along the edges. Its seeds are used in bowel complaints.

UMBELLIFERÆ.

Hydrocotyle Asiatica,Linn.

The Asiatic Pennywort has recently been discovered to be a valuable remedy in leprosy, scrofula, venereal, and other complaints. The native doctors, however, have hitherto considered it serviceable only in bowel complaints and fevers, administering it in the form of an infusion of the toasted leaves in combination with fenugreek. It has a bitter, pungent, disagreeable taste, and when bruised gives off a peculiar offensive odour. The active principle of the plant is said to be due to a thick pale-yellow oil or extract, which has been calledVellarine, from the Tamul name of the plant, "Vullarei." Its Telinga name is "Babassa;" its Hindu, "Thulkura;" and its Cinghalese, "Heen-gotookola." By the latter people it is used as an anthelmintic. Though namedAsiaticaby botanists, it is by no means confined to that continent, but is spread very generally throughout the tropics. It has creeping stems, and tufts of roundish kidney-shaped leaves.

CHINCHONACEÆ.

Hymenodyction excelsum,Wall.(=Cinchona excelsa, Roxb.)

Roxburgh supposed this tree to belong to the same genus as the Peruvian barks, but no species of trueChinchonahas ever been found wild in the Eastern hemisphere. The present tree grows to a large size and yields a thick bark, the inner coatings of which possess the bitterness and astringency of the real Peruvian bark, especially when fresh; but the bitterness, though more durable, is not so quickly communicated to the taste. It is called "Bundaroo" by the Telingas.

COMPOSITÆ.

Verbesina cinerea,Less.(=Conyza cinerea, Linn.).

A low-growing annual plant, widely spread throughout the tropics of the old world, and considered by the Hindus to possess medicinal virtues, a decoction of the entire herb being administered in febrile affections in order to promote perspiration. It is the "Seera shengalaneer" of the Tamuls, and the "Gherutti Kamma" of the Telingas.

Aucklandia Costus,Falc.

In an elaborate memoir upon this plant, Dr. Falconer has shown it to be the source of the celebrated "Costus" of the ancients, which was previously referred to theCostus Arabicus, Linn. (=Costus speciosus, Sm.), a plant belonging to the orderZingiberaceæ. It is a gregarious herbaceous plant with a perennial root sending up annual erect stems six or seven feet high, bearing large, somewhat lyrate pinnatifid leaves. Costus-root is collected in large quantities in Cashmere, but the only use made of it there is for perfuming bales of shawls, and thus protecting them from insects, the great bulk of it being exported to China and Persia, in both of which countries it is highly esteemed as a medicine, the Persian doctors regarding it as an efficacious remedy in nearly all the ills human nature is heir to. Ainslie says that the native practitioners in India prescribe an infusion of it as a stomachic and tonic, and also in the advanced stages of typhus fever. In Cashmere it is called "Koot," which agrees with the Arabic "Koost:" in Bengal it is known by the name of "Putchuk."

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