[9]Nobiliario genealogico de los Titulos de España, por Alonzo Lopez de Haro, Madrid, 1626.
[9]Nobiliario genealogico de los Titulos de España, por Alonzo Lopez de Haro, Madrid, 1626.
[10]Alcedo.
[10]Alcedo.
[11]Creacion y Privilegios de los Titulos de Castilla, por Don José Berni.The Counts of Chinchon were hereditary Alcaides of the Alcazar of Segovia. In 1623 the Count of Chinchon here received Charles I. of England, and gave him a supper of "certaine trouts of extraordinary greatnesse." In 1764 the then Count of Chinchon ceded the Alcazar to the crown.
[11]Creacion y Privilegios de los Titulos de Castilla, por Don José Berni.The Counts of Chinchon were hereditary Alcaides of the Alcazar of Segovia. In 1623 the Count of Chinchon here received Charles I. of England, and gave him a supper of "certaine trouts of extraordinary greatnesse." In 1764 the then Count of Chinchon ceded the Alcazar to the crown.
[12]A large supply of seeds of this kind has been sent to India and Ceylon.
[12]A large supply of seeds of this kind has been sent to India and Ceylon.
[13]Howard'sNueva Quinologia de Pavon, No. 1.
[13]Howard'sNueva Quinologia de Pavon, No. 1.
[14]Sebastian Badus asserts that bark was brought to Alcala de Henares as early as 1632.—Humboldt'sAspects, ii. p. 268.
[14]Sebastian Badus asserts that bark was brought to Alcala de Henares as early as 1632.—Humboldt'sAspects, ii. p. 268.
[15]I translated and edited Acuña's Voyage for the Hakluyt Society in 1859.
[15]I translated and edited Acuña's Voyage for the Hakluyt Society in 1859.
[16]Disertacion por Dr. Don Hipolito Unanue.
[16]Disertacion por Dr. Don Hipolito Unanue.
[17]Torti's work,De Febribus, was published at Venice in 1732.
[17]Torti's work,De Febribus, was published at Venice in 1732.
[18]Traité Thérapeutique du Quinquina, par P. Briquet. Paris, 1856.
[18]Traité Thérapeutique du Quinquina, par P. Briquet. Paris, 1856.
[19]Voyage de Condamine, p. 31.
[19]Voyage de Condamine, p. 31.
[20]1738, p. 226.
[20]1738, p. 226.
[21]Noticias Secretas, p. 572.
[21]Noticias Secretas, p. 572.
[22]Semanario de la Nueva Granada, p. 283.
[22]Semanario de la Nueva Granada, p. 283.
[23]Endlicher separated the species whose capsules begin to open from the top, and formed them into a sub-genus, which he calledCascarilla. Klotzsch, combining these with other species characterised by a six-parted corolla, raised them to an independent genus calledLadenbergia.
[23]Endlicher separated the species whose capsules begin to open from the top, and formed them into a sub-genus, which he calledCascarilla. Klotzsch, combining these with other species characterised by a six-parted corolla, raised them to an independent genus calledLadenbergia.
[24]Histoire naturelle des Quinquinas, p. 72.
[24]Histoire naturelle des Quinquinas, p. 72.
[25]Dr. Weddell's list is as follows:—1.C. Calisaya(Weddell)Bolivia and Caravaya.2.C. Condaminea(Humboldt)Loxa.3.C. Scrobiculata(Humboldt)Peru.4.C. Amygdalifolia(Weddell)Peru and Bolivia.5.C. Nitida(Ruiz and Pavon)N. Peru.6.C. Australis(Weddell)Southern Bolivia.7.C. Boliviana(Weddell)Caravaya and Bolivia8.C. Micrantha(Ruiz and Pavon)Peru and Bolivia.9.C. Pubescens(Vahl)Peru and Bolivia.10.C. Cordifolia(Mutis)New Granada.11.C. Purpurascens(Weddell)Bolivia.12.C. Ovata(Ruiz and Pavon)Peru and Bolivia.13.C. Chomeliana(Weddell)Bolivia.14.C. Glandulifera(Ruiz and Pavon)N. Peru.15.C. Asperifolia(Weddell)Bolivia.16.C. Humboldtiana(Lambert)Jaen.17.C. Carabayensis(Weddell)Caravaya.18.C. Mutisii(Lambert)Loxa.19.C. Hirsuta(Ruiz and Pavon)N. Peru.Doubtful.C. Discolor(Klotzsch)N. Peru.C. Palalba(Pavon)Peru.
[25]Dr. Weddell's list is as follows:—
1.C. Calisaya(Weddell)Bolivia and Caravaya.2.C. Condaminea(Humboldt)Loxa.3.C. Scrobiculata(Humboldt)Peru.4.C. Amygdalifolia(Weddell)Peru and Bolivia.5.C. Nitida(Ruiz and Pavon)N. Peru.6.C. Australis(Weddell)Southern Bolivia.7.C. Boliviana(Weddell)Caravaya and Bolivia8.C. Micrantha(Ruiz and Pavon)Peru and Bolivia.9.C. Pubescens(Vahl)Peru and Bolivia.10.C. Cordifolia(Mutis)New Granada.11.C. Purpurascens(Weddell)Bolivia.12.C. Ovata(Ruiz and Pavon)Peru and Bolivia.13.C. Chomeliana(Weddell)Bolivia.14.C. Glandulifera(Ruiz and Pavon)N. Peru.15.C. Asperifolia(Weddell)Bolivia.16.C. Humboldtiana(Lambert)Jaen.17.C. Carabayensis(Weddell)Caravaya.18.C. Mutisii(Lambert)Loxa.19.C. Hirsuta(Ruiz and Pavon)N. Peru.Doubtful.C. Discolor(Klotzsch)N. Peru.C. Palalba(Pavon)Peru.
[26]M. Delondre decided that the fruit and flowers, though having a bitter principle, did not contain the alkaloids, while the roots contained them, though in smaller proportion than the bark of the trunk and branches.
[26]M. Delondre decided that the fruit and flowers, though having a bitter principle, did not contain the alkaloids, while the roots contained them, though in smaller proportion than the bark of the trunk and branches.
[27]Weddell.
[27]Weddell.
[28]Briquet, p. 22.
[28]Briquet, p. 22.
[29]Nueva Quinologia de Pavon, No. 10.
[29]Nueva Quinologia de Pavon, No. 10.
[30]Aricine, as a sulphate, does not crystallize, but forms a peculiar trembling jelly. It was so named from the port of Arica, whence the bark ofC. pubescensis exported.
[30]Aricine, as a sulphate, does not crystallize, but forms a peculiar trembling jelly. It was so named from the port of Arica, whence the bark ofC. pubescensis exported.
[31]Pereira says that, if a substance suspected to containquinabe powdered, then shaken with ether, and afterwards successively treated with chlorine and ammonia, the liquid will assume a green colour if the slightest trace of quina be present.—Mat. Med.ii. part ii. p. 119. One or two pounds of bark suffice well for an analysis.
[31]Pereira says that, if a substance suspected to containquinabe powdered, then shaken with ether, and afterwards successively treated with chlorine and ammonia, the liquid will assume a green colour if the slightest trace of quina be present.—Mat. Med.ii. part ii. p. 119. One or two pounds of bark suffice well for an analysis.
[32]Traité Thérapeutique du Quinquina et de ses préparations, par P. Briquet, Paris, 1855. Also Pereira'sMateria Medica.
[32]Traité Thérapeutique du Quinquina et de ses préparations, par P. Briquet, Paris, 1855. Also Pereira'sMateria Medica.
[33]The wordquinquinais generally adopted for the medical preparations which are taken from Peruvian bark.Quinasignifiesbarkin Quichua, andquinquinais a bark possessing some medicinal property.Quinineis, of course, derived fromquina,chinchoninefromchinchona. The Spaniards corrupted the wordquinaintochina; and in homœopathy the wordchinais still retained. In 1735, when M. de la Condamine visited Peru, the native name ofquina-quinawas almost entirely replaced by the Spanish termcascarilla, which also means bark.
[33]The wordquinquinais generally adopted for the medical preparations which are taken from Peruvian bark.Quinasignifiesbarkin Quichua, andquinquinais a bark possessing some medicinal property.Quinineis, of course, derived fromquina,chinchoninefromchinchona. The Spaniards corrupted the wordquinaintochina; and in homœopathy the wordchinais still retained. In 1735, when M. de la Condamine visited Peru, the native name ofquina-quinawas almost entirely replaced by the Spanish termcascarilla, which also means bark.
[34]Autobiography of Sir James MacGrigor, chap. xii. p. 241.
[34]Autobiography of Sir James MacGrigor, chap. xii. p. 241.
[35]Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales, quoted by Delondre, p. 7.
[35]Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales, quoted by Delondre, p. 7.
[36]Aspects, ii. p. 267.
[36]Aspects, ii. p. 267.
[37]Semanario de la Nueva Granada.
[37]Semanario de la Nueva Granada.
[38]From Martius: a note in No. 1 of Howard'sNueva Quinologia de Pavon.
[38]From Martius: a note in No. 1 of Howard'sNueva Quinologia de Pavon.
[39]Some of these MSS. are, I believe, in possession of Don Pedro Carbo, of Guayaquil.
[39]Some of these MSS. are, I believe, in possession of Don Pedro Carbo, of Guayaquil.
[40]Spanish edition of General Miller'sMemoirs, i. p. 42.
[40]Spanish edition of General Miller'sMemoirs, i. p. 42.
[41]It is the form ofC. Condaminea, represented in the unshaded branch with capsules, Plate x. of thePlantes Equinoctiales.
[41]It is the form ofC. Condaminea, represented in the unshaded branch with capsules, Plate x. of thePlantes Equinoctiales.
[42]It comes in very small quills, as if taken from a mere shrub.
[42]It comes in very small quills, as if taken from a mere shrub.
[43]Besidesquinineseveral other febrifugal alkaloids are found in the chinchona barks, one of the most important of which ischinchonidine, discovered by Pasteur in 1852.
[43]Besidesquinineseveral other febrifugal alkaloids are found in the chinchona barks, one of the most important of which ischinchonidine, discovered by Pasteur in 1852.
[44]I found some very beautiful dried specimens of this species in the botanical gardens at Madrid last year. The lanceolate leaves and panicles of flowers still retained their colour. They were marked "Cascarilla fina de Uritusinga de Loxa, Quin. de Pavon."
[44]I found some very beautiful dried specimens of this species in the botanical gardens at Madrid last year. The lanceolate leaves and panicles of flowers still retained their colour. They were marked "Cascarilla fina de Uritusinga de Loxa, Quin. de Pavon."
[45]Howard'sNueva Quinologia de Pavon.
[45]Howard'sNueva Quinologia de Pavon.
[46]Howard, from MS. of Ruiz.
[46]Howard, from MS. of Ruiz.
[47]Mr. Cross'sReport, Nov. 1861.
[47]Mr. Cross'sReport, Nov. 1861.
[48]Pereira,Materia Medica, ii. p. 106.
[48]Pereira,Materia Medica, ii. p. 106.
[49]Afterwards published in a pamphlet of 57 pages, with plates.
[49]Afterwards published in a pamphlet of 57 pages, with plates.
[50]In 1856 Mr. Howard shared Dr. Weddell's belief that the "red bark" belonged to a variety ofC. ovata.—Pharmaceutical Journal, Oct. 1856.
[50]In 1856 Mr. Howard shared Dr. Weddell's belief that the "red bark" belonged to a variety ofC. ovata.—Pharmaceutical Journal, Oct. 1856.
[51]Howard.
[51]Howard.
[52]With "red bark" another kind, known as "West coast Carthagena," is exported from Guayaquil. The name is absurd. Mr. Howard believes it to be derived from theC. Paltonof Pavon, which is found in the woods of Cuenca, and in the province of Loxa. Samples of this bark yield 2.05 of alkaloids, 1.34 of chinchonidine, and 0.7 of quinine.
[52]With "red bark" another kind, known as "West coast Carthagena," is exported from Guayaquil. The name is absurd. Mr. Howard believes it to be derived from theC. Paltonof Pavon, which is found in the woods of Cuenca, and in the province of Loxa. Samples of this bark yield 2.05 of alkaloids, 1.34 of chinchonidine, and 0.7 of quinine.
[53]Alcedo.
[53]Alcedo.
[54]Mutis was born at Cadiz in 1732. He resided in South America for forty years, and corresponded with Linnæus. Dying in 1808, the greater portion of his papers was destroyed in the revolution at Bogota; but a part of his collection of dried plants is now in the botanical gardens at Madrid, in a disgraceful state of disorder.
[54]Mutis was born at Cadiz in 1732. He resided in South America for forty years, and corresponded with Linnæus. Dying in 1808, the greater portion of his papers was destroyed in the revolution at Bogota; but a part of his collection of dried plants is now in the botanical gardens at Madrid, in a disgraceful state of disorder.
[55]In 1776 Don Sebastian José Lopez Ruiz, a physician at Bogota, persuaded the Spanish government that he was the first discoverer of chinchona-trees in New Granada, and obtained a yearly pension of 2000 dollars as a reward; but he was afterwards considered to be an impostor, and the viceroy deprived him of it.
[55]In 1776 Don Sebastian José Lopez Ruiz, a physician at Bogota, persuaded the Spanish government that he was the first discoverer of chinchona-trees in New Granada, and obtained a yearly pension of 2000 dollars as a reward; but he was afterwards considered to be an impostor, and the viceroy deprived him of it.
[56]The pupil and fellow-workman of Mutis, from whose notes he wrote.
[56]The pupil and fellow-workman of Mutis, from whose notes he wrote.
[57]Anales de la Historia Natural de Madrid, 1800.
[57]Anales de la Historia Natural de Madrid, 1800.
[58]Floræ Columbiæ specimina selecta, i. p. 21: Berlin, 1858. A superbly illustrated work by Dr. Karsten.
[58]Floræ Columbiæ specimina selecta, i. p. 21: Berlin, 1858. A superbly illustrated work by Dr. Karsten.
[59]Die medicinischen Chinarinden Neu-Granadas, von H. Karsten: Berlin, 1858. I have had this pamphlet translated for the use of those intrusted with, or interested in, the chinchona cultivation in India and Ceylon. It contains a great deal of valuable information respecting the most favourable situations for the production of alkaloids in chinchona barks, and other particulars respecting the growth of the bark, and the methods of collecting it. Dr. Karsten is a careful observer and a scientific botanist and chemist, and his observations form a very important addition to our knowledge of this subject.
[59]Die medicinischen Chinarinden Neu-Granadas, von H. Karsten: Berlin, 1858. I have had this pamphlet translated for the use of those intrusted with, or interested in, the chinchona cultivation in India and Ceylon. It contains a great deal of valuable information respecting the most favourable situations for the production of alkaloids in chinchona barks, and other particulars respecting the growth of the bark, and the methods of collecting it. Dr. Karsten is a careful observer and a scientific botanist and chemist, and his observations form a very important addition to our knowledge of this subject.
[60]Report of the Administrador Don Ignacio Cavero, Semanario, p. 183.
[60]Report of the Administrador Don Ignacio Cavero, Semanario, p. 183.
[61]300 dried specimens, and 242 coloured drawings, sent in the ship 'Buen Consejo.'
[61]300 dried specimens, and 242 coloured drawings, sent in the ship 'Buen Consejo.'
[62]Namely:—
[62]Namely:—
[63]I have examined Pavon's dried specimens from Huanuco, now in the botanical gardens at Madrid.There are leaves ofC. lanceolata, from the forests of Muña; leaves and capsules ofC. ovata, some of the former very slightly cordate, from Panao and Pillao; leaves, flowers, and capsules ofC. purpurea; and leaves and capsules ofC. nitida, from Cuchero.
[63]I have examined Pavon's dried specimens from Huanuco, now in the botanical gardens at Madrid.
There are leaves ofC. lanceolata, from the forests of Muña; leaves and capsules ofC. ovata, some of the former very slightly cordate, from Panao and Pillao; leaves, flowers, and capsules ofC. purpurea; and leaves and capsules ofC. nitida, from Cuchero.
[64]Ruiz published hisQuinologiain 1792.
[64]Ruiz published hisQuinologiain 1792.
[65]At first, in the best years, as many as 25,000 arrobas of bark were exported from the province of Huanuco, and some large fortunes were made.—Poeppig.An arroba = 25 lbs.
[65]At first, in the best years, as many as 25,000 arrobas of bark were exported from the province of Huanuco, and some large fortunes were made.—Poeppig.An arroba = 25 lbs.
[66]Mercurio Peruano.
[66]Mercurio Peruano.
[67]A Peruvian who was for many years Director of the Cabinet of Natural History in Madrid, during the reign of Charles III.
[67]A Peruvian who was for many years Director of the Cabinet of Natural History in Madrid, during the reign of Charles III.
[68]Reise in Peru, während der Jahre 1827-32, von Eduard Poeppig, Professor an der Universität zu Leipzig, ii. pp. 217-23, 257-64.
[68]Reise in Peru, während der Jahre 1827-32, von Eduard Poeppig, Professor an der Universität zu Leipzig, ii. pp. 217-23, 257-64.
[69]Stevenson, however, says that large quantities of bark were brought from the woods east of Huamalies in 1825.—Travels, ii. p. 66.
[69]Stevenson, however, says that large quantities of bark were brought from the woods east of Huamalies in 1825.—Travels, ii. p. 66.
[70]Poeppig. Van Tschudi, p. 399.
[70]Poeppig. Van Tschudi, p. 399.
[71]Poeppig.
[71]Poeppig.
[72]Howard.
[72]Howard.
[73]I have caused the part of Poeppig's work which relates to chinchona-trees and their barks to be translated for circulation in India and Ceylon.
[73]I have caused the part of Poeppig's work which relates to chinchona-trees and their barks to be translated for circulation in India and Ceylon.
[74]As early as 1790 the calisaya bark was highly prized in Madrid.
[74]As early as 1790 the calisaya bark was highly prized in Madrid.
[75]The valuable species found in Bolivia and Southern Peru. Dr. Weddell derives the name from the Quichua wordscolli(red) andsaya(form); Poeppig fromcolla(a remedy) andsalla(rocky ground); Van Tschudi fromcollisara(reddish maize). Dr. Laefdael, the Judge of Caravaya, told me it came fromccali(strong) andsayay(become, or be thou). Calisaya is the name of a family of Indian Caciques in Caravaya, one of whom acted an important part in the revolt of 1780-1. The plant may have been called after him.
[75]The valuable species found in Bolivia and Southern Peru. Dr. Weddell derives the name from the Quichua wordscolli(red) andsaya(form); Poeppig fromcolla(a remedy) andsalla(rocky ground); Van Tschudi fromcollisara(reddish maize). Dr. Laefdael, the Judge of Caravaya, told me it came fromccali(strong) andsayay(become, or be thou). Calisaya is the name of a family of Indian Caciques in Caravaya, one of whom acted an important part in the revolt of 1780-1. The plant may have been called after him.
[76]The bark ofC. Calisaya, known as "yellow bark" in commerce, was at first erroneously believed to come fromC. cordifolia, because Mutis had called the bark from that speciescascarilla amarilla, or "yellow bark." See p. 28.
[76]The bark ofC. Calisaya, known as "yellow bark" in commerce, was at first erroneously believed to come fromC. cordifolia, because Mutis had called the bark from that speciescascarilla amarilla, or "yellow bark." See p. 28.
[77]This account of the Bolivian bark trade is from Dr. Weddell'sVoyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, et dans les partes voisines de Pérou. Paris, 1853. Chap. xiii. p. 235.
[77]This account of the Bolivian bark trade is from Dr. Weddell'sVoyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, et dans les partes voisines de Pérou. Paris, 1853. Chap. xiii. p. 235.
[78]Gibbon'sValley of the Amazon, p. 147.
[78]Gibbon'sValley of the Amazon, p. 147.
[79]Mercurio del Vapor, Dec. 15, 1859.
[79]Mercurio del Vapor, Dec. 15, 1859.
[80]Yuncuis a tropical valley in Quichua, henceyungus, a Spanish corruption of the same word.
[80]Yuncuis a tropical valley in Quichua, henceyungus, a Spanish corruption of the same word.
[81]Quinologie, par M. A. Delondre. Paris, 1854.
[81]Quinologie, par M. A. Delondre. Paris, 1854.
[82]Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, et dans les partes voisines de Pérou, par H. A. Weddell. Paris, 1853. Dr. Weddell is now engaged in the publication of a work on the plants of the more elevated parts of the Andes, entitledChloris Andina.
[82]Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, et dans les partes voisines de Pérou, par H. A. Weddell. Paris, 1853. Dr. Weddell is now engaged in the publication of a work on the plants of the more elevated parts of the Andes, entitledChloris Andina.
[83]An account of it was published in the Journal of the Horticultural Society, vol. vii. p. 272.
[83]An account of it was published in the Journal of the Horticultural Society, vol. vii. p. 272.
[84]Pereira,Mat. Med.ii. part ii. p. 118.
[84]Pereira,Mat. Med.ii. part ii. p. 118.
[85]Weddell,Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas.
[85]Weddell,Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas.
[86]Weddell,Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie.
[86]Weddell,Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie.
[87]Mém. de l' Acad. Roy. des Sciences, 1738, p. 226.
[87]Mém. de l' Acad. Roy. des Sciences, 1738, p. 226.
[88]Noticias Secretas, p. 572.
[88]Noticias Secretas, p. 572.
[89]MS. quoted by Howard.
[89]MS. quoted by Howard.
[90]Poeppig.
[90]Poeppig.
[91]Karsten.
[91]Karsten.
[92]I. p. 245. Probably the idea was first conceived much earlier by Dr. Ainslie, who, half a century ago, remarked that it was matter of regret that "it had never been attempted to rear those articles of the Materia Medica in India, for which the world is now solely indebted to America."—Ainslie'sMateria Medica, p. 66 (note).
[92]I. p. 245. Probably the idea was first conceived much earlier by Dr. Ainslie, who, half a century ago, remarked that it was matter of regret that "it had never been attempted to rear those articles of the Materia Medica in India, for which the world is now solely indebted to America."—Ainslie'sMateria Medica, p. 66 (note).
[93]Cours d'Hist. Nat. Pharm.ii. p. 252.
[93]Cours d'Hist. Nat. Pharm.ii. p. 252.
[94]Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas, p. 13.
[94]Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas, p. 13.
[95]Quinologie, par M. A. Delondre, p. 15.
[95]Quinologie, par M. A. Delondre, p. 15.
[96]So convinced is Dr. Weddell that there is imminent danger of the supplies of bark eventually being exhausted, that he says, "Avant que la malheur que je prévois n'arrive (et ce ne sera pas de notre temps) la science aura peut-être fait la conquête de quelque nouveau médicament qui rendra moins regrettable la perte de l'écorce de Pérou."—Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, p. 245.
[96]So convinced is Dr. Weddell that there is imminent danger of the supplies of bark eventually being exhausted, that he says, "Avant que la malheur que je prévois n'arrive (et ce ne sera pas de notre temps) la science aura peut-être fait la conquête de quelque nouveau médicament qui rendra moins regrettable la perte de l'écorce de Pérou."—Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, p. 245.
[97]Howard.
[97]Howard.
[98]Howard.
[98]Howard.
[99]Ychuis grass in Quichua, andcorpaa lodging.
[99]Ychuis grass in Quichua, andcorpaa lodging.
[100]Information from Gironda, then Governor of Sina.
[100]Information from Gironda, then Governor of Sina.
[101]Kew Miscellany, Oct. and Nov. 1856.
[101]Kew Miscellany, Oct. and Nov. 1856.
[102]Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860, No. 50, para. 8.
[102]Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860, No. 50, para. 8.
[103]Bonplandia, March, 1859, p. 72. The pay of an Assistant-Resident in Java is 500l.a-year.—Money'sJava.
[103]Bonplandia, March, 1859, p. 72. The pay of an Assistant-Resident in Java is 500l.a-year.—Money'sJava.
[104]A lofty tree, 150 to 200 feet high, with a very close-grained wood. It yields a fragrant resin calledstorax.
[104]A lofty tree, 150 to 200 feet high, with a very close-grained wood. It yields a fragrant resin calledstorax.
[105]Report of Mr. Fraser, H. M. Consul at Batavia.
[105]Report of Mr. Fraser, H. M. Consul at Batavia.
[106]Dr. Junghuhn called some of the plantsC. lanceolata, and othersC. succirubra; but he has himself allowed that the former are a mere variety of the worthless species, seeds of which were sent by M. Hasskarl from Uchubamba; and the latter certainly cannot beC. succirubra, as that valuable kind is not found in the Peruvian districts visited by M. Hasskarl.
[106]Dr. Junghuhn called some of the plantsC. lanceolata, and othersC. succirubra; but he has himself allowed that the former are a mere variety of the worthless species, seeds of which were sent by M. Hasskarl from Uchubamba; and the latter certainly cannot beC. succirubra, as that valuable kind is not found in the Peruvian districts visited by M. Hasskarl.
[107]Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860. No. 50.
[107]Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860. No. 50.
[108]Dr. Anderson's Report, Dec. 14, 1861, No. 326; and Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860, No. 50, para. 12.
[108]Dr. Anderson's Report, Dec. 14, 1861, No. 326; and Dr. Macpherson's Report, Dec. 19, 1860, No. 50, para. 12.
[109]Report of Mr. Fraser, late H. M. Consul at Batavia.
[109]Report of Mr. Fraser, late H. M. Consul at Batavia.
[110]Howard'sNueva Quinologia de Pavon. No. 7.
[110]Howard'sNueva Quinologia de Pavon. No. 7.
[111]He left Java in September, 1861, after a residence of six years.
[111]He left Java in September, 1861, after a residence of six years.
[112]Howard. No. 7 (note).
[112]Howard. No. 7 (note).
[113]Report of Mr. Fraser.
[113]Report of Mr. Fraser.
[114]Dr. Junghuhn has published two very interesting reports on the cultivation of the chinchona-plants in Java, in theBonplandia, a German botanical journal: the first in Nos. 4 and 5 of 1858, and the second in the numbers for July and August, 1860. I have caused these reports to be translated and circulated for the information of those who are intrusted with, or interested in, the chinchona cultivation in India or Ceylon.
[114]Dr. Junghuhn has published two very interesting reports on the cultivation of the chinchona-plants in Java, in theBonplandia, a German botanical journal: the first in Nos. 4 and 5 of 1858, and the second in the numbers for July and August, 1860. I have caused these reports to be translated and circulated for the information of those who are intrusted with, or interested in, the chinchona cultivation in India or Ceylon.
[115]Mr. Spruce's remark on the eventual necessity of cultivating the chinchona tree is important. He says, "I have seen enough of collecting the products of the forests to convince me thatwhatever vegetable substance is needful to man, he must ultimately cultivate the plant producing it."—Report, p. 83.
[115]Mr. Spruce's remark on the eventual necessity of cultivating the chinchona tree is important. He says, "I have seen enough of collecting the products of the forests to convince me thatwhatever vegetable substance is needful to man, he must ultimately cultivate the plant producing it."—Report, p. 83.
[116]It appears, by a government return, that 2051 lbs. of quinine were sent to India in 1856, and 1180 lbs. in 1857.TheFriend of Indiaof December 10th, 1860, however, quoting from theLancet, states that the consumption of quinine and bark in the government hospitals in India in 1857-8 was 6815 lbs., and that in 1858-9 it amounted to 5087 lbs. The writer of the article adds that the government druggists in India sell quinine at 1l.an ounce; but, taking the cost of an ounce of quinine at 10s., the expenditure on this medicine, according to the above figures, would amount to 54,520l.in 1857-8, and to 40,696l.in 1858-9!
[116]It appears, by a government return, that 2051 lbs. of quinine were sent to India in 1856, and 1180 lbs. in 1857.
TheFriend of Indiaof December 10th, 1860, however, quoting from theLancet, states that the consumption of quinine and bark in the government hospitals in India in 1857-8 was 6815 lbs., and that in 1858-9 it amounted to 5087 lbs. The writer of the article adds that the government druggists in India sell quinine at 1l.an ounce; but, taking the cost of an ounce of quinine at 10s., the expenditure on this medicine, according to the above figures, would amount to 54,520l.in 1857-8, and to 40,696l.in 1858-9!
[117]Nevertheless we now have plants ofC. lancifolia, the species which should have been procured from New Granada, thriving in India. They have been received from Java, in exchange for other species, and were originally raised from seeds sent by Dr. Karsten.
[117]Nevertheless we now have plants ofC. lancifolia, the species which should have been procured from New Granada, thriving in India. They have been received from Java, in exchange for other species, and were originally raised from seeds sent by Dr. Karsten.
[118]When it was founded by General La Fuente, then Prefect of Arequipa.—Castelnau, iii. p. 443.
[118]When it was founded by General La Fuente, then Prefect of Arequipa.—Castelnau, iii. p. 443.
[119]There is anchorage for 20 or 25 vessels in 10 or 12 fathoms; but there is always a rather heavy swell, so that a hawser is necessary to keep a vessels bow to it, even in fine weather.
[119]There is anchorage for 20 or 25 vessels in 10 or 12 fathoms; but there is always a rather heavy swell, so that a hawser is necessary to keep a vessels bow to it, even in fine weather.
[120]In the following proportions:—To EnglandAlpaca wool22,500cwtsworth£192,729"Sheep's wool18,669""67,306"Vicuña wool72""1,537"Copper"333"Bark1,365""12,383"Specie34,706To FranceWool877""1,886"Bark95""1,077To theUnited StatesWool8,054""24,884£336,842
[120]In the following proportions:—
To EnglandAlpaca wool22,500cwtsworth£192,729"Sheep's wool18,669""67,306"Vicuña wool72""1,537"Copper"333"Bark1,365""12,383"Specie34,706To FranceWool877""1,886"Bark95""1,077To theUnited StatesWool8,054""24,884£336,842
[121]The analysis of this soil, by Dr. Forbes Watson, gave the following result:—Water, and a little organic matter7.100Silica, as silicate and as silex59.800Peroxide of iron12.100Alumina12.300Lime4.100Magnesia2.100Soda0.724Chloride of sodium0.408Phosphoric acid0.117Carbonic acidSulphuric acid0.08299.681Loss.319100.000
[121]The analysis of this soil, by Dr. Forbes Watson, gave the following result:—
Water, and a little organic matter7.100Silica, as silicate and as silex59.800Peroxide of iron12.100Alumina12.300Lime4.100Magnesia2.100Soda0.724Chloride of sodium0.408Phosphoric acid0.117Carbonic acidSulphuric acid0.08299.681Loss.319100.000
[122]"Tambo" is a Spanish corruption of the Quichua wordTampu, an inn or post-house.
[122]"Tambo" is a Spanish corruption of the Quichua wordTampu, an inn or post-house.
[123]Almost all the woollen clothing of the Peruvian Indians is now imported from Yorkshire, and their shirtings from Lowell. Formerly it was all of home manufacture.
[123]Almost all the woollen clothing of the Peruvian Indians is now imported from Yorkshire, and their shirtings from Lowell. Formerly it was all of home manufacture.
[124]Probably from the Quichua wordChiri—cold.
[124]Probably from the Quichua wordChiri—cold.
[125]El Peru en1860, por Alfredo Leubel.
[125]El Peru en1860, por Alfredo Leubel.
[126]The republic of Peru has had 37 years and 7 months of existence, of which28 years and 8 monthshave been passed in peace, 2 years in foreign war, and 6 years and 11 months in civil dissensions.1824 to 1828 inclusiveAt peace.Jan. to July, 1829At war with Colombia.July, 1829, to the end of 1833At peace, under President Gamarra.Jan. 1834, to Feb. 1836In civil dissensions.Feb. 1836, to Aug. 1838At peace, under General Santa Cruz.Aug. 1838, to Jan. 1839At war with Chile.Jan. 1839, to Jan. 1841At peace, under President Gamarra.Jan. 1841, to July, 1841In civil dissensions.July, 1841, to June, 1842At war with Bolivia.Aug. 1842, to July, 1844In civil dissensions.July, 1844, to June, 1854At peace under Presidents Castilla and Echenique.June, 1854, to Jan. 1855In civil war.Jan. 1855, to Oct. 1856At peace, under President Castilla.Oct. 1856, to March, 1858An insurrection at Arequipa.March, 1858, to March, 1862At peace, under President Castilla.These are the plain facts of the case, which are preferable to vague and ignorant statements that Peru has been in a constant state of civil war ever since the War of Independence.
[126]The republic of Peru has had 37 years and 7 months of existence, of which28 years and 8 monthshave been passed in peace, 2 years in foreign war, and 6 years and 11 months in civil dissensions.
1824 to 1828 inclusiveAt peace.Jan. to July, 1829At war with Colombia.July, 1829, to the end of 1833At peace, under President Gamarra.Jan. 1834, to Feb. 1836In civil dissensions.Feb. 1836, to Aug. 1838At peace, under General Santa Cruz.Aug. 1838, to Jan. 1839At war with Chile.Jan. 1839, to Jan. 1841At peace, under President Gamarra.Jan. 1841, to July, 1841In civil dissensions.July, 1841, to June, 1842At war with Bolivia.Aug. 1842, to July, 1844In civil dissensions.July, 1844, to June, 1854At peace under Presidents Castilla and Echenique.June, 1854, to Jan. 1855In civil war.Jan. 1855, to Oct. 1856At peace, under President Castilla.Oct. 1856, to March, 1858An insurrection at Arequipa.March, 1858, to March, 1862At peace, under President Castilla.
These are the plain facts of the case, which are preferable to vague and ignorant statements that Peru has been in a constant state of civil war ever since the War of Independence.