[127]The elevations were taken with one of Negretti and Zambra's boiling-point thermometers.
[127]The elevations were taken with one of Negretti and Zambra's boiling-point thermometers.
[128]So called from being covered with small round pebbles, like comfits.
[128]So called from being covered with small round pebbles, like comfits.
[129]At this elevation grows an asclepiad (Pentagonium flavum), a little lowly plant with yellow flowers.—Chloris Andina, ii. p. 49.
[129]At this elevation grows an asclepiad (Pentagonium flavum), a little lowly plant with yellow flowers.—Chloris Andina, ii. p. 49.
[130]Baccharis Incarumof Weddell.—Chloris Andina, i. p. 170.
[130]Baccharis Incarumof Weddell.—Chloris Andina, i. p. 170.
[131]Dr. Weddell mentions a composita (Merope piptolepis) as being common near the shores of these lakes.—Chloris Andina, i. p. 162. And an oxalis in the crevices of the rocks near La Compuerta.—Oxalis Nubigena, ii. p. 291.In the neighbourhood of La Compuerta there are several other lowly alpine plants—a St. John's wort (Hypericum brevistylum), another oxalis, and two mallows, &c. &c.
[131]Dr. Weddell mentions a composita (Merope piptolepis) as being common near the shores of these lakes.—Chloris Andina, i. p. 162. And an oxalis in the crevices of the rocks near La Compuerta.—Oxalis Nubigena, ii. p. 291.
In the neighbourhood of La Compuerta there are several other lowly alpine plants—a St. John's wort (Hypericum brevistylum), another oxalis, and two mallows, &c. &c.
[132]M. de Castelnau says that vessels exactly resembling those of lake Titicaca are represented on the tomb of Rameses III. at Thebes.
[132]M. de Castelnau says that vessels exactly resembling those of lake Titicaca are represented on the tomb of Rameses III. at Thebes.
[133]Gonzalez Montoya was the best Governor that Puno has ever known. He was a benevolent as well as a determined man, and abolished themitas, or drafting of Indians for forced labour in the mines of Potosi. When ordered by the Government to restore themitas, he replied, "Obedesco pero no cumplo."
[133]Gonzalez Montoya was the best Governor that Puno has ever known. He was a benevolent as well as a determined man, and abolished themitas, or drafting of Indians for forced labour in the mines of Potosi. When ordered by the Government to restore themitas, he replied, "Obedesco pero no cumplo."
[134]Garcilasso de la Vega says that the Indians boil the leaves of thesunchu, and then dry them in the sun, and keep them to eat in the winter.—I. lib. 8, cap. xv. p. 284.
[134]Garcilasso de la Vega says that the Indians boil the leaves of thesunchu, and then dry them in the sun, and keep them to eat in the winter.—I. lib. 8, cap. xv. p. 284.
[135]In 1663 the mines of Laycaycota, Cancharani, and San Antonio de Esquilache, near Puno, produced 1,500,000 dollars' worth of silver in one year!—Miller'sMemoirs, ii. p. 238.
[135]In 1663 the mines of Laycaycota, Cancharani, and San Antonio de Esquilache, near Puno, produced 1,500,000 dollars' worth of silver in one year!—Miller'sMemoirs, ii. p. 238.
[136]Compendio del hecho y apuntamiento de derechos de Fisco, en la causa contra José de Salcedo, sobre las sediciones y tumultos del asiento de minas de Laycocota.Papeles Varios2, in the National Library at Lima.
[136]Compendio del hecho y apuntamiento de derechos de Fisco, en la causa contra José de Salcedo, sobre las sediciones y tumultos del asiento de minas de Laycocota.Papeles Varios2, in the National Library at Lima.
[137]This was the Count of Medellin who married Catalina Ponce de Leon, sister of the Duchess of Gandia, whose husband was brother of the Countess of Lemos.
[137]This was the Count of Medellin who married Catalina Ponce de Leon, sister of the Duchess of Gandia, whose husband was brother of the Countess of Lemos.
[138]Declaracion de todo lo que contiene la demonstracion hecha por los Vehedores Don Juan Eusebio Ximenes, y Don Valentin Calderon de la Barca, de Orden Real, a Cancharani, Laycocota la alta, y Laycocota la baja, sus situaciones y vetas, desde la villa de Puno en distancia a una legua a cuya falda esta la gran laguna de Chucuito, 1718. MS. Report at Puno, with a map, which has unfortunately been lost.
[138]Declaracion de todo lo que contiene la demonstracion hecha por los Vehedores Don Juan Eusebio Ximenes, y Don Valentin Calderon de la Barca, de Orden Real, a Cancharani, Laycocota la alta, y Laycocota la baja, sus situaciones y vetas, desde la villa de Puno en distancia a una legua a cuya falda esta la gran laguna de Chucuito, 1718. MS. Report at Puno, with a map, which has unfortunately been lost.
[139]The men who broke out the ores with picks got 5 rials a day; and 6 men worked out 6 to 8 cwts. of mineral daily, working 12 hours. The rest of the workmen got 4 rials a-day
[139]The men who broke out the ores with picks got 5 rials a day; and 6 men worked out 6 to 8 cwts. of mineral daily, working 12 hours. The rest of the workmen got 4 rials a-day
[140]A small shrub (Baccharis Incarum) often covering the hills.
[140]A small shrub (Baccharis Incarum) often covering the hills.
[141]It yields about 30 per cent. of silver.
[141]It yields about 30 per cent. of silver.
[142]In 1845 Bustamante placed the value of the exports at 2,500,000 dol.!
[142]In 1845 Bustamante placed the value of the exports at 2,500,000 dol.!
[143]From theGeografia del Peru. Lima, 1859.
[143]From theGeografia del Peru. Lima, 1859.
[144]An Englishman had a schooner on the lake, but I believe she is now abandoned or broken up; and there is no craft at present but the reed balsas.
[144]An Englishman had a schooner on the lake, but I believe she is now abandoned or broken up; and there is no craft at present but the reed balsas.
[145]The Peruvian Government answered this decree in a noble spirit, by declaring that they would not retaliate, but, on the contrary, would assist commercial traffic between the two countries by every means in their power. Linares rescinded his barbarous edict on October 17th.
[145]The Peruvian Government answered this decree in a noble spirit, by declaring that they would not retaliate, but, on the contrary, would assist commercial traffic between the two countries by every means in their power. Linares rescinded his barbarous edict on October 17th.
[146]All the bark shipped at Islay is smuggled across the Bolivian frontier; Arica is the recognised port of Bolivia; and the bark exported from Payta comes from the neighbouring republic of Ecuador.
[146]All the bark shipped at Islay is smuggled across the Bolivian frontier; Arica is the recognised port of Bolivia; and the bark exported from Payta comes from the neighbouring republic of Ecuador.
[147]Evaporation, however, goes on at all seasons, owing to the excessive elevation of the waters.
[147]Evaporation, however, goes on at all seasons, owing to the excessive elevation of the waters.
[148]So say the people of Puno, but the island is all limestone.
[148]So say the people of Puno, but the island is all limestone.
[149]The name is more modern; given, as tradition relates, by one of the Incas, who happened to be encamped here when achasquior messenger arrived with extraordinary rapidity from Cuzco. The Inca exclaimed, "Tia-huanaco!" "Be seated, O Huanaco!"—the huanaco being the swiftest animal in Peru.
[149]The name is more modern; given, as tradition relates, by one of the Incas, who happened to be encamped here when achasquior messenger arrived with extraordinary rapidity from Cuzco. The Inca exclaimed, "Tia-huanaco!" "Be seated, O Huanaco!"—the huanaco being the swiftest animal in Peru.
[150]The Hindoo god Siva is also represented with a necklace of human heads.
[150]The Hindoo god Siva is also represented with a necklace of human heads.
[151]For descriptions of the ruins at Cuzco, see my former work,Cuzco and Lima, chap. iv. and v.
[151]For descriptions of the ruins at Cuzco, see my former work,Cuzco and Lima, chap. iv. and v.
[152]It is now introduced into our greenhouses.
[152]It is now introduced into our greenhouses.
[153]The lizard appears to have been a favourite device amongst the ancient Aymaras. There is also one carved on a block of stone amongst the ruins of Tiahuanaco.
[153]The lizard appears to have been a favourite device amongst the ancient Aymaras. There is also one carved on a block of stone amongst the ruins of Tiahuanaco.
[154]The idol of Copacabana was made of a beautiful blue stone, hence the name. It had an ugly human head, and a fish's body, and it was adored as the God of the Lake.
[154]The idol of Copacabana was made of a beautiful blue stone, hence the name. It had an ugly human head, and a fish's body, and it was adored as the God of the Lake.
[155]Calancha.
[155]Calancha.
[156]Facing the road on the mainland, between Juli and Pomata.
[156]Facing the road on the mainland, between Juli and Pomata.
[157]He nominated Apu Inca Sucso, a grandson of the Inca Viracocha, as Governor; who was father of Apuchalco Yupanqui, the grandfather of Don Alonzo Viracocha Inca, and his brother Don Pablo, who governed the island of Titicaca, under the Spaniards, inA.D.1621.
[157]He nominated Apu Inca Sucso, a grandson of the Inca Viracocha, as Governor; who was father of Apuchalco Yupanqui, the grandfather of Don Alonzo Viracocha Inca, and his brother Don Pablo, who governed the island of Titicaca, under the Spaniards, inA.D.1621.
[158]Fray Alonzo Ramas says that in 1611 an old woman, aged 120 years, died at Viacha, a day's journey from La Paz, who confessed that she had been a Virgin of the Sun.
[158]Fray Alonzo Ramas says that in 1611 an old woman, aged 120 years, died at Viacha, a day's journey from La Paz, who confessed that she had been a Virgin of the Sun.
[159]Cronica Moralizada de la Provincia del Peru, del Orden de San Agustin, por el Padre Fray Antonio de la Calancha.Lima, 1653.
[159]Cronica Moralizada de la Provincia del Peru, del Orden de San Agustin, por el Padre Fray Antonio de la Calancha.Lima, 1653.
[160]Mr. Merivale, in hisColonization and Colonies, says, "It must be admitted that, had the legislation of Spain in other respects been as well conceived as that respecting the Indians, the loss of her Western empire would have been an unmerited visitation."
[160]Mr. Merivale, in hisColonization and Colonies, says, "It must be admitted that, had the legislation of Spain in other respects been as well conceived as that respecting the Indians, the loss of her Western empire would have been an unmerited visitation."
[161]Others say that the wordCaciquewas brought from the Old World by the Spaniards, and that it is a corruption of the ArabicSheikh.
[161]Others say that the wordCaciquewas brought from the Old World by the Spaniards, and that it is a corruption of the ArabicSheikh.
[162]Prince of Esquilache's despatch,A.D.1618, No. 6, p. 344, H. 53. MS. despatches in the national library at Madrid.
[162]Prince of Esquilache's despatch,A.D.1618, No. 6, p. 344, H. 53. MS. despatches in the national library at Madrid.
[163]See the sentence of death passed on the Inca Tupac Amaru in 1782, by the Visitador Areche, in which the use of these dresses, and the celebration of festivals and plays, are prohibited for the future.
[163]See the sentence of death passed on the Inca Tupac Amaru in 1782, by the Visitador Areche, in which the use of these dresses, and the celebration of festivals and plays, are prohibited for the future.
[164]SeeMoney's Java, i. p. 215, where there is an account of the position and functions of the native "Regents."
[164]SeeMoney's Java, i. p. 215, where there is an account of the position and functions of the native "Regents."
[165]The pay of an Indian was usually 1 rial (6d.) a week in the farms, and 20 rials (about 10s.) in the mines. But the miners kept back a third of the Indian's wages, nominally to form a fund to pay for his return to his home at the end of his period of service.
[165]The pay of an Indian was usually 1 rial (6d.) a week in the farms, and 20 rials (about 10s.) in the mines. But the miners kept back a third of the Indian's wages, nominally to form a fund to pay for his return to his home at the end of his period of service.
[166]The Marquis of Montes Claros derives the wordmitafrom the Quichuamitta, "time," and says that themitawas established to prevent idleness, and for the good of the Indians!—Memorias, i. p. 21.
[166]The Marquis of Montes Claros derives the wordmitafrom the Quichuamitta, "time," and says that themitawas established to prevent idleness, and for the good of the Indians!—Memorias, i. p. 21.
[167]Report of the Viceroy Prince of Esquilache, 1620. This, however, is not quite clear: it is more probable that Indians were lawlessly torn from their homes to work in the mines when themitaof a seventh did not yield a sufficient number of labourers. In North Peru the proportion was a sixth, and in Quito a fifth.
[167]Report of the Viceroy Prince of Esquilache, 1620. This, however, is not quite clear: it is more probable that Indians were lawlessly torn from their homes to work in the mines when themitaof a seventh did not yield a sufficient number of labourers. In North Peru the proportion was a sixth, and in Quito a fifth.
[168]Montes Claros describes them as Indians domiciled on the estates or in the houses of Spaniards, like servants; their masters giving them food, clothes, and a bit of land, and paying their tribute for them. Lest the system should degenerate into slavery, the king, in acedulaof 1601, declared that they were free, and desired that this should be made known to them.—Memorias, i. p. 27.
[168]Montes Claros describes them as Indians domiciled on the estates or in the houses of Spaniards, like servants; their masters giving them food, clothes, and a bit of land, and paying their tribute for them. Lest the system should degenerate into slavery, the king, in acedulaof 1601, declared that they were free, and desired that this should be made known to them.—Memorias, i. p. 27.
[169]Ordenanzas, No. 34, 12, 140.
[169]Ordenanzas, No. 34, 12, 140.
[170]Especially in those of the Count of Alba de Liste in 1660. In September of that year this viceroy assembled a Junta, in obedience to an order from Spain, to consult respecting the instruction and good treatment of the Indians. The proceedings, still in MS., may be seen in the national library at Lima.
[170]Especially in those of the Count of Alba de Liste in 1660. In September of that year this viceroy assembled a Junta, in obedience to an order from Spain, to consult respecting the instruction and good treatment of the Indians. The proceedings, still in MS., may be seen in the national library at Lima.
[171]Cuzco and Lima, chap. vii., from theNoticias Secretasof the Ulloas.
[171]Cuzco and Lima, chap. vii., from theNoticias Secretasof the Ulloas.
[172]II. p. 304 of theMemorias de los Vireyes. But no safe calculation can be made respecting the actual population from these numbers.
[172]II. p. 304 of theMemorias de los Vireyes. But no safe calculation can be made respecting the actual population from these numbers.
[173]Papeles Varios.No. 4. MS. in the library at Lima.
[173]Papeles Varios.No. 4. MS. in the library at Lima.
[174]The amalgamation with quicksilver was introduced at Potosi by Velasco in 1571. The quicksilver was sent down from Huancavelica to the port of Chincha, thence to Arica by sea, and from Arica over the cordillera to Potosi.—Report of the Prince of Esquilache.
[174]The amalgamation with quicksilver was introduced at Potosi by Velasco in 1571. The quicksilver was sent down from Huancavelica to the port of Chincha, thence to Arica by sea, and from Arica over the cordillera to Potosi.—Report of the Prince of Esquilache.
[175]Carta sobre trabajos, agravios, y injusticias que padecen los Indios del Peru; por Don Juan de Padilla, 1657.—MS. in the National Library at Lima.
[175]Carta sobre trabajos, agravios, y injusticias que padecen los Indios del Peru; por Don Juan de Padilla, 1657.—MS. in the National Library at Lima.
[176]Papeles Varios.No. 4. MS.
[176]Papeles Varios.No. 4. MS.
[177]MS. in Lima library.
[177]MS. in Lima library.
[178]Manifesto de los agravios que padecen los Indios.—MS. at Lima.
[178]Manifesto de los agravios que padecen los Indios.—MS. at Lima.
[179]Funes, iii. p. 242-333.
[179]Funes, iii. p. 242-333.
[180]Calancha.
[180]Calancha.
[181]In 1591 a duty of 2 per cent. was placed on all merchandise, and 5 per cent. on coca.—Report of the Prince of Esquilache, 1620.
[181]In 1591 a duty of 2 per cent. was placed on all merchandise, and 5 per cent. on coca.—Report of the Prince of Esquilache, 1620.
[182]This system ofrepartimientosorrepartoswas also introduced in the first instance with a benevolent intent, that of supplying the people with European goods at a reasonable price. I use the wordrepartoin future, to distinguish this system from that of therepartimientoduring the earlier period of Spanish domination in Peru, which, with the same word, had a very different meaning.
[182]This system ofrepartimientosorrepartoswas also introduced in the first instance with a benevolent intent, that of supplying the people with European goods at a reasonable price. I use the wordrepartoin future, to distinguish this system from that of therepartimientoduring the earlier period of Spanish domination in Peru, which, with the same word, had a very different meaning.
[183]Informe por Diego Tupac Amaru.—Azangaro.Oct. 18, 1781. (Angelis).
[183]Informe por Diego Tupac Amaru.—Azangaro.Oct. 18, 1781. (Angelis).
[184]Letter from Gen. del Valle to two friends at Lima, Oct. 3, 1781.
[184]Letter from Gen. del Valle to two friends at Lima, Oct. 3, 1781.
[185]Colonization and Colonies, p. 6 and p. 283 (note).
[185]Colonization and Colonies, p. 6 and p. 283 (note).
[186]Papeles Varios, No. 4.—MS. at Lima.
[186]Papeles Varios, No. 4.—MS. at Lima.
[187]Manifesto de Don Juan de Padilla.—MS. at Lima.
[187]Manifesto de Don Juan de Padilla.—MS. at Lima.
[188]Sumario del Concilio II., Provincial en Lima, 1567. Also, letter from Dr. Juan Moscoso, Bishop of Cuzco, July 20, 1782, MS.; and in the collection of Angelis.
[188]Sumario del Concilio II., Provincial en Lima, 1567. Also, letter from Dr. Juan Moscoso, Bishop of Cuzco, July 20, 1782, MS.; and in the collection of Angelis.
[189]Practica de visitas y Residencias, Naples, 1696; andPapeles Varios, No. 4.
[189]Practica de visitas y Residencias, Naples, 1696; andPapeles Varios, No. 4.
[190]See Temple'sTravels in Perufor an authentic account of the rebellion of the Cataris in Upper Peru, and the siege of La Paz.
[190]See Temple'sTravels in Perufor an authentic account of the rebellion of the Cataris in Upper Peru, and the siege of La Paz.
[191]Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco, January, 1784, MS.; also in Nos. 9 to 20 of theMuseo Eruditoof Cuzco, July, 1837.
[191]Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco, January, 1784, MS.; also in Nos. 9 to 20 of theMuseo Eruditoof Cuzco, July, 1837.
[192]Letter from Moscoso, Bishop of Cuzco, MS.
[192]Letter from Moscoso, Bishop of Cuzco, MS.
[193]Ensayo de la Historia civil del Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, y Tucuman, por el Dr. Don Gregorio Funes, Dean de la Santa Iglesia Catedral de Cordova.—Buenos Ayres, 1817, 4 vols, tom. iii. pp. 242-333. This work contains a detailed and very interesting account of the insurrections of Tupac Amaru, and of the Cataris in Upper Peru.
[193]Ensayo de la Historia civil del Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, y Tucuman, por el Dr. Don Gregorio Funes, Dean de la Santa Iglesia Catedral de Cordova.—Buenos Ayres, 1817, 4 vols, tom. iii. pp. 242-333. This work contains a detailed and very interesting account of the insurrections of Tupac Amaru, and of the Cataris in Upper Peru.
[194]An account of the copious materials from which my information respecting Tupac Amaru is derived will be found in a note at the beginning of the following chapter.
[194]An account of the copious materials from which my information respecting Tupac Amaru is derived will be found in a note at the beginning of the following chapter.
[195]"Native races must in every instance either perish, or be amalgamated with the general population of their country."—Merivale'sColonies and Colonization, p. 510.
[195]"Native races must in every instance either perish, or be amalgamated with the general population of their country."—Merivale'sColonies and Colonization, p. 510.
[196]Spanish Conquest in America, iv. p. 368.
[196]Spanish Conquest in America, iv. p. 368.
[197]Colonies and Colonization, p. 522.
[197]Colonies and Colonization, p. 522.
[198]Amarumeans serpent in Quichua, andTupacroyal or excellent.Tupacalso may be the participle ofTupani, I rend.Serpents are frequently carved in relief on the masonry of Inca edifices.
[198]Amarumeans serpent in Quichua, andTupacroyal or excellent.Tupacalso may be the participle ofTupani, I rend.
Serpents are frequently carved in relief on the masonry of Inca edifices.
[199]These particulars are given by the monk Gonzalez, in hisHistoria de lo acaecido en Paucartambo, a narrative still in MS.; besides which, the materials for the history of the rebellion of Tupac Amaru consist of a large collection of original documents, including narratives, letters, despatches, and edicts, printed in theColeccion de obras y documentos relativos a la historia antiqua y moderna de las provincias de Rio de la Plata, por Pedro de Angelis (Buenos Ayres, 1836), tom. v. pp. 109-286; the Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco, printed in theMuseo Erudito del Cuzco; a large collection of original MSS. which were given to the late Gen. Miller in 1833, by Padre José Xavier de Guzman, of the Franciscan convent in Santiago de Chile; the letter from Tupac Amaru to Areche, and the sentence of death pronounced by Areche, which are printed in the Appendix to the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller'sMemoirs; the work of Don Gregorio Funes, Dean of Cordova, published at Buenos Ayres in 1817 (4 vols.); and the diary of Don Sebastian de Segurola, Governor of La Paz, during its siege by the Indians, published in Temple'sTravels in Peru, ii. p. 103-78. I also obtained a copy of Areche's reply to Tupac Amaru, from a MS. in the public library at Lima.Weddell has given an account of the insurrection of Tupac Amaru in hisVoyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, chap. xv. p. 263-88. This chapter is a résumé of the collection of original documents in the work of Angelis.
[199]These particulars are given by the monk Gonzalez, in hisHistoria de lo acaecido en Paucartambo, a narrative still in MS.; besides which, the materials for the history of the rebellion of Tupac Amaru consist of a large collection of original documents, including narratives, letters, despatches, and edicts, printed in theColeccion de obras y documentos relativos a la historia antiqua y moderna de las provincias de Rio de la Plata, por Pedro de Angelis (Buenos Ayres, 1836), tom. v. pp. 109-286; the Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco, printed in theMuseo Erudito del Cuzco; a large collection of original MSS. which were given to the late Gen. Miller in 1833, by Padre José Xavier de Guzman, of the Franciscan convent in Santiago de Chile; the letter from Tupac Amaru to Areche, and the sentence of death pronounced by Areche, which are printed in the Appendix to the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller'sMemoirs; the work of Don Gregorio Funes, Dean of Cordova, published at Buenos Ayres in 1817 (4 vols.); and the diary of Don Sebastian de Segurola, Governor of La Paz, during its siege by the Indians, published in Temple'sTravels in Peru, ii. p. 103-78. I also obtained a copy of Areche's reply to Tupac Amaru, from a MS. in the public library at Lima.
Weddell has given an account of the insurrection of Tupac Amaru in hisVoyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, chap. xv. p. 263-88. This chapter is a résumé of the collection of original documents in the work of Angelis.
[200]Information from Don Pablo Astete, aged 80, given to Gen. Miller at Cuzco in 1835. Astete's father had been an intimate friend of Tupac Amaru, but afterwards served against him.
[200]Information from Don Pablo Astete, aged 80, given to Gen. Miller at Cuzco in 1835. Astete's father had been an intimate friend of Tupac Amaru, but afterwards served against him.
[201]Information from Dominga Bastidas, a cousin of Tupac Amaru's wife, given to Gen. Miller at Cuzco in 1835. She said that Micaela was always considered to have been very beautiful; and added, that the sons of Tupac Amaru, when at college at Cuzco, spent the feast-days at her house. In 1835 she was a very old woman.
[201]Information from Dominga Bastidas, a cousin of Tupac Amaru's wife, given to Gen. Miller at Cuzco in 1835. She said that Micaela was always considered to have been very beautiful; and added, that the sons of Tupac Amaru, when at college at Cuzco, spent the feast-days at her house. In 1835 she was a very old woman.
[202]This description of Tupac Amaru is almost word for word as it was given to Gen. Miller by Don Pablo Astete, who well remembered him.
[202]This description of Tupac Amaru is almost word for word as it was given to Gen. Miller by Don Pablo Astete, who well remembered him.
[203]The inhabitants of Tungasuca, about 500 in number, were as remarkable for their agricultural industry in 1853, when I saw them, as they formerly were as muleteers.
[203]The inhabitants of Tungasuca, about 500 in number, were as remarkable for their agricultural industry in 1853, when I saw them, as they formerly were as muleteers.
[204]From a MS. at Lima, headed "En el Cuzco, Dec. 3, 1780."
[204]From a MS. at Lima, headed "En el Cuzco, Dec. 3, 1780."
[205]Inca Manco had two sons, Sayri Tupac and Tupac Amaru. Clara Beatriz Coya, daughter of Sayri Tupac, married Don Martin Garcia de Loyola, and had a daughter, Lorenza, created Marchioness of Oropesa and Countess of Alcanises, with remainder to the descendants of her great-uncle, Tupac Amaru. She married Don Juan Henriquez de Borja, but, in 1770, there were no descendants of this marriage, and the descendant of Tupac Amaru was the lawful heir to the marquisate.The decision of the Royal Audience of Lima disposes of the statement of Baron Humboldt (Political Essay, i. p. 208), that "the pretended Inca was a Mestizo, and his true father a monk." Humboldt was certainly misinformed, as there is not a shadow of grounds for the assertion. Tupac Amaru's birth is never questioned in any of the documents in my possession, consisting of his sentence of death, proclamations, and letters from his enemies, in which no opportunity is lost of blackening his memory.
[205]Inca Manco had two sons, Sayri Tupac and Tupac Amaru. Clara Beatriz Coya, daughter of Sayri Tupac, married Don Martin Garcia de Loyola, and had a daughter, Lorenza, created Marchioness of Oropesa and Countess of Alcanises, with remainder to the descendants of her great-uncle, Tupac Amaru. She married Don Juan Henriquez de Borja, but, in 1770, there were no descendants of this marriage, and the descendant of Tupac Amaru was the lawful heir to the marquisate.
The decision of the Royal Audience of Lima disposes of the statement of Baron Humboldt (Political Essay, i. p. 208), that "the pretended Inca was a Mestizo, and his true father a monk." Humboldt was certainly misinformed, as there is not a shadow of grounds for the assertion. Tupac Amaru's birth is never questioned in any of the documents in my possession, consisting of his sentence of death, proclamations, and letters from his enemies, in which no opportunity is lost of blackening his memory.
[206]Despachos que el Exmo. Señor Principe de Esquilache, Virey de los reynos del Peru, envio a su Magestad.No. 6, p. 344. Lima, April 16, 1618.—MS. in the National Library at Madrid, H. 53.
[206]Despachos que el Exmo. Señor Principe de Esquilache, Virey de los reynos del Peru, envio a su Magestad.No. 6, p. 344. Lima, April 16, 1618.—MS. in the National Library at Madrid, H. 53.
[207]From the collection of Angelis.
[207]From the collection of Angelis.
[208]Funes.
[208]Funes.
[209]In my review of the language and literature of the Incas in a former work (Cuzco and Lima, chap. vi.) I gave some translated extracts from the drama ofOllantay, and an abstract of the plot. I then stated that it was an ancient play, which had been handed down from the time of the Incas; but I have since discovered that Dr. Valdez was its author, although it contains several ancient songs and speeches, and though the plot is undoubtedly ancient. I was led into the error by the opinion expressed by the Peruvian antiquary, Mariano Rivero,[210]a very high authority, that the drama had been handed down from the time of the Incas.The original MS. is now in the possession of Don Narciso Cuentas, of Tinta, the nephew and heir of Dr. Valdez; but there are numerous MS. copies in Peru, and it has been printed at the end of Dr. Von Tschudi'sKechua Sprache.There is a review of this Quichua drama of Dr. Valdez, in theMuseo Erudito(Nos. 5 to 9), a periodical published at Cuzco in 1837, by the editor, Don José Palacios. He says that the story respecting Ollantay was handed down by immemorial tradition, but that the drama was written by Dr. Valdez. The writer criticizes the plot, objecting that the treason of Ollantay is rewarded, while the heroic conduct of Rumi-ñaui remains unnoticed. Palacios had inquired of Don Juan Hualpa, a noble Cacique of Belem in Cuzco, and of the Caciques of San Sebastian and San Blas, who agreed in their account of the tradition, which was that the rebellion of Ollantay arose from the abduction of anAcllaor Virgin of the Sun from her convent, but they had not heard her name, nor who she was.These particulars respecting the origin of the drama ofOllantaymay be interesting to readers who have paid any attention to the history of the civilization of the Incas. Though not so ancient as I once supposed, the drama is still very curious, because it contains songs and long passages of undoubted antiquity.
[209]In my review of the language and literature of the Incas in a former work (Cuzco and Lima, chap. vi.) I gave some translated extracts from the drama ofOllantay, and an abstract of the plot. I then stated that it was an ancient play, which had been handed down from the time of the Incas; but I have since discovered that Dr. Valdez was its author, although it contains several ancient songs and speeches, and though the plot is undoubtedly ancient. I was led into the error by the opinion expressed by the Peruvian antiquary, Mariano Rivero,[210]a very high authority, that the drama had been handed down from the time of the Incas.
The original MS. is now in the possession of Don Narciso Cuentas, of Tinta, the nephew and heir of Dr. Valdez; but there are numerous MS. copies in Peru, and it has been printed at the end of Dr. Von Tschudi'sKechua Sprache.
There is a review of this Quichua drama of Dr. Valdez, in theMuseo Erudito(Nos. 5 to 9), a periodical published at Cuzco in 1837, by the editor, Don José Palacios. He says that the story respecting Ollantay was handed down by immemorial tradition, but that the drama was written by Dr. Valdez. The writer criticizes the plot, objecting that the treason of Ollantay is rewarded, while the heroic conduct of Rumi-ñaui remains unnoticed. Palacios had inquired of Don Juan Hualpa, a noble Cacique of Belem in Cuzco, and of the Caciques of San Sebastian and San Blas, who agreed in their account of the tradition, which was that the rebellion of Ollantay arose from the abduction of anAcllaor Virgin of the Sun from her convent, but they had not heard her name, nor who she was.
These particulars respecting the origin of the drama ofOllantaymay be interesting to readers who have paid any attention to the history of the civilization of the Incas. Though not so ancient as I once supposed, the drama is still very curious, because it contains songs and long passages of undoubted antiquity.
[210]Antiquedades Peruanas, p. 116.
[210]Antiquedades Peruanas, p. 116.
[211]Two and a half leagues from Tinta, and two miles from Yanaoca.
[211]Two and a half leagues from Tinta, and two miles from Yanaoca.
[212]Near the port of Islay, and westward of Cornejo point, the coast forms a shallow bay, in which is the small cove of Aranta, 13 miles from the valley of Quilca. Its capabilities as a port were personally examined by the President Castilla three years ago.
[212]Near the port of Islay, and westward of Cornejo point, the coast forms a shallow bay, in which is the small cove of Aranta, 13 miles from the valley of Quilca. Its capabilities as a port were personally examined by the President Castilla three years ago.
[213]One mile from Tungasuca.
[213]One mile from Tungasuca.
[214]A coat of arms was granted to the family of the Incas by Charles V., at Valladolid, in 1544. Tierce in fess. On a chief azure, a Sun with glory proper; on a fess vert an eagle displayed sable, between a rainbow and two serpents proper; on a base gules, a castle proper.These partitions, by tiercing the shield, are not used in English heraldry.
[214]A coat of arms was granted to the family of the Incas by Charles V., at Valladolid, in 1544. Tierce in fess. On a chief azure, a Sun with glory proper; on a fess vert an eagle displayed sable, between a rainbow and two serpents proper; on a base gules, a castle proper.
These partitions, by tiercing the shield, are not used in English heraldry.
[215]Quispi, flint; andcancha, a place.
[215]Quispi, flint; andcancha, a place.
[216]The Spaniards declared that the Indians set the church on fire, and that all perished.—(Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco, MS.) But the above account of the affair was given by the Inca himself to Don Miguel Andrade of Azangaro, and he denied positively that the church was set on fire.—Sublevacion de Tupac Amaru.Angelis.
[216]The Spaniards declared that the Indians set the church on fire, and that all perished.—(Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco, MS.) But the above account of the affair was given by the Inca himself to Don Miguel Andrade of Azangaro, and he denied positively that the church was set on fire.—Sublevacion de Tupac Amaru.Angelis.
[217]Landa, the Governor of Paucartambo, had formerly led an exploring expedition into the montaña, in search of the great river of Madre de Dios or Purus.—Cuzco and Lima, p. 263.
[217]Landa, the Governor of Paucartambo, had formerly led an exploring expedition into the montaña, in search of the great river of Madre de Dios or Purus.—Cuzco and Lima, p. 263.
[218]This Cacique Sahuaraura was the father of the late Dr. Justo Sahuaraura, of Cuzco, who published a little genealogical work in Paris, in 1850, in which he claimed descent from the Incas. I hear, however, that his genealogy is apocryphal. In 1835 he wrote to the editor of theMuseo Eruditoof Cuzco, offering to write the traditions of his family in that periodical, as an Inca. A Dr. Gallego, of Cuzco, replied that no Inca was ever called Sahuaraura, but that the Inca Rocca once had a servant of that name, and that he might possibly be descended from him. This silenced Don Justo for a long time. (Sahuay, a flame;raurac, make. He had to light the Inca's fire).
[218]This Cacique Sahuaraura was the father of the late Dr. Justo Sahuaraura, of Cuzco, who published a little genealogical work in Paris, in 1850, in which he claimed descent from the Incas. I hear, however, that his genealogy is apocryphal. In 1835 he wrote to the editor of theMuseo Eruditoof Cuzco, offering to write the traditions of his family in that periodical, as an Inca. A Dr. Gallego, of Cuzco, replied that no Inca was ever called Sahuaraura, but that the Inca Rocca once had a servant of that name, and that he might possibly be descended from him. This silenced Don Justo for a long time. (Sahuay, a flame;raurac, make. He had to light the Inca's fire).
[219]Letter from Dr. Moscoso, Bishop of Cuzco, July 20, 1782.—Angelis.
[219]Letter from Dr. Moscoso, Bishop of Cuzco, July 20, 1782.—Angelis.
[220]In the collection of Angelis.
[220]In the collection of Angelis.
[221]AngelisandGuzman, MSS.
[221]AngelisandGuzman, MSS.
[222]Historia de lo acaecido en el Real Asunto de Paucartambo, en la rebelion sucitada por José Gabriel Tupac Amaru.A manuscript account of the siege of Paucartambo, by Fray Raymundo Gonzalez, Religioso Mercedario, written in 1782. The original is still at Paucartambo, where I saw it, and there are two or three copies at Cuzco.
[222]Historia de lo acaecido en el Real Asunto de Paucartambo, en la rebelion sucitada por José Gabriel Tupac Amaru.A manuscript account of the siege of Paucartambo, by Fray Raymundo Gonzalez, Religioso Mercedario, written in 1782. The original is still at Paucartambo, where I saw it, and there are two or three copies at Cuzco.
[223]Namely:—Pumacagua of Chinchero.Rosas of Anta.Sucacahua of Umachiri.Huaranca of Santa Rosa.Chuquihuanca of Azangaro.Game of Paruro.Espinosa of Catoca.Carlos Visa of Achalla.Chuquicallata of Saman.Huambo Tupa of Yauri.Callu of Sicuani.Aronis of Checacupe.Cotacellapa of Caravaya.Sahuaraura of Oropesa.Choquechua of Belem, in Cuzco.Bustinza Uffucana of Sta. Anna, in Cuzco.—Letter from Dr. Moscoso, Bishop of Cuzco.
[223]Namely:—
[224]The way in which this valuable despatch of the Inca Tupac Amaru became public is very curious. In 1806 Dr. Tadeo Garate, of La Paz, Secretary to Bishop Las Heras (afterwards Archbishop of Lima), was ordered by the Viceroy Marquis of Aviles to publish a history of the Rebellion of Tupac Amaru in 1780-1; and, to guard against the possibility of authentic counter-statements, this despatch was taken from the archives of Cuzco, and sent to La Paz in charge of an Indian student named Pasoscanki, who perused it on the road, and was so struck with the magnanimity and heroism of his native prince, that he did not deliver the papers. He afterwards emigrated to Buenos Ayres, and, in 1812, went to England, and commissioned Mr. Wood, of Poppin's-court, Fleet-street, to print Tupac Amaru's despatch; but, for want of funds, this was not done, and, Pasoscanki returning to Buenos Ayres, the publication was abandoned. In 1828 the same printer was employed to print the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller'sMemoirs, and at that time the despatch was found amongst some old papers in Mr. Wood's office. It was finally published in an appendix to the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller'sMemoirs.
[224]The way in which this valuable despatch of the Inca Tupac Amaru became public is very curious. In 1806 Dr. Tadeo Garate, of La Paz, Secretary to Bishop Las Heras (afterwards Archbishop of Lima), was ordered by the Viceroy Marquis of Aviles to publish a history of the Rebellion of Tupac Amaru in 1780-1; and, to guard against the possibility of authentic counter-statements, this despatch was taken from the archives of Cuzco, and sent to La Paz in charge of an Indian student named Pasoscanki, who perused it on the road, and was so struck with the magnanimity and heroism of his native prince, that he did not deliver the papers. He afterwards emigrated to Buenos Ayres, and, in 1812, went to England, and commissioned Mr. Wood, of Poppin's-court, Fleet-street, to print Tupac Amaru's despatch; but, for want of funds, this was not done, and, Pasoscanki returning to Buenos Ayres, the publication was abandoned. In 1828 the same printer was employed to print the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller'sMemoirs, and at that time the despatch was found amongst some old papers in Mr. Wood's office. It was finally published in an appendix to the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller'sMemoirs.
[225]Report of Gen. del Valle, Sept. 30, 1781, MS. Letter of Areche. MS., in the library at Lima.
[225]Report of Gen. del Valle, Sept. 30, 1781, MS. Letter of Areche. MS., in the library at Lima.
[226]This draft of an edict is amongst the papers in Angelis. It is possible, however, that it may have been forged by the Spaniards, in order to produce written evidence of the intentions of Tupac Amaru.
[226]This draft of an edict is amongst the papers in Angelis. It is possible, however, that it may have been forged by the Spaniards, in order to produce written evidence of the intentions of Tupac Amaru.
[227]Tomas Parvina de Colquemarca, "Justicia Mayor," and Felipe Bermudez, a Spaniard, belonged to the "Junta Privada," or Privy Council, of the Inca. Bermudez had acted as the Inca's secretary.
[227]Tomas Parvina de Colquemarca, "Justicia Mayor," and Felipe Bermudez, a Spaniard, belonged to the "Junta Privada," or Privy Council, of the Inca. Bermudez had acted as the Inca's secretary.
[228]There is said to be a picture in the church at Tinta representing this massacre.
[228]There is said to be a picture in the church at Tinta representing this massacre.
[229]He is said to have been dressed in Incarial robes, with the arms of the Incas embroidered in gold at the corners.
[229]He is said to have been dressed in Incarial robes, with the arms of the Incas embroidered in gold at the corners.
[230]A list of the prisoners is given amongst the Angelis papers.
[230]A list of the prisoners is given amongst the Angelis papers.
[231]It is printed in the appendix to the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller'sMemoirs, vol. i.
[231]It is printed in the appendix to the Spanish edition of Gen. Miller'sMemoirs, vol. i.
[232]One account says that he was tortured until one arm was dislocated, by thegarruche, by order of Matta Linares.GuzmanMSS.
[232]One account says that he was tortured until one arm was dislocated, by thegarruche, by order of Matta Linares.GuzmanMSS.
[233]Letter from Gen. del Valle, Sept. 30, 1781.
[233]Letter from Gen. del Valle, Sept. 30, 1781.
[234]One of these was Dr. Don Toribio Carrasco, afterwards Cura of Belem in Cuzco, who, in 1835, mentioned the circumstance, and the impression it had made, to Gen. Miller.
[234]One of these was Dr. Don Toribio Carrasco, afterwards Cura of Belem in Cuzco, who, in 1835, mentioned the circumstance, and the impression it had made, to Gen. Miller.
[235]These executions, in all their revolting details, were certified by Juan Bautista Gamarra, public notary to the Cabildo of Cuzco, in a document dated May 20, 1781.
[235]These executions, in all their revolting details, were certified by Juan Bautista Gamarra, public notary to the Cabildo of Cuzco, in a document dated May 20, 1781.
[236]Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco.
[236]Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco.
[237]The edict, fixing the destinations of the different parts of each victim, is printed amongst the papers in Angelis.
[237]The edict, fixing the destinations of the different parts of each victim, is printed amongst the papers in Angelis.
[238]The Pizarros and their companions were angels of mercy when compared with such vile wretches as Areche and Matta Linares; yet we are told by one of his flatterers that "the tender heart of the visitador was filled with piety and humanity, and that early on the day after the execution he went to the cathedral, and, having confessed and partaken of the sacrament, he paid for several masses for the souls of the culprits, and heard them all on his knees, thus edifying the whole city." Hypocritical hyæna!—GuzmanMSS.
[238]The Pizarros and their companions were angels of mercy when compared with such vile wretches as Areche and Matta Linares; yet we are told by one of his flatterers that "the tender heart of the visitador was filled with piety and humanity, and that early on the day after the execution he went to the cathedral, and, having confessed and partaken of the sacrament, he paid for several masses for the souls of the culprits, and heard them all on his knees, thus edifying the whole city." Hypocritical hyæna!—GuzmanMSS.
[239]When Señor Zea, of Bogota, was in Paris, Kotzebue undertook a journey on purpose to obtain information from him respecting Tupac Amaru, having conceived the idea of writing a tragedy founded on his rebellion. But Zea, being a Colombian, knew little or nothing about it.Kotzebue, however, continued his inquiries respecting Peru, which resulted in his playThe Virgins of the Sun, and hence Sheridan'sPizarro.
[239]When Señor Zea, of Bogota, was in Paris, Kotzebue undertook a journey on purpose to obtain information from him respecting Tupac Amaru, having conceived the idea of writing a tragedy founded on his rebellion. But Zea, being a Colombian, knew little or nothing about it.
Kotzebue, however, continued his inquiries respecting Peru, which resulted in his playThe Virgins of the Sun, and hence Sheridan'sPizarro.