Renaux, P., on bites fromCrotalus horridus,355.Rennie, Major S. J., case of bite ofBungarus cæruleus,337.Reptiles, toxicity of blood in,217.Respiratory centres, nerve-cell of, attacked by albumose of snake-venom,162.Rhinhoplocephalus,95.“bicolor,95.Rhynchelaps,97.“australis,98.“bertholdi,97.“fasciolatus,98.“semifasciatus,98.Richards on fatal results of experimental ingestion of venoms,180.Richet, C., congestin fromAnemone scultataprepared by,270.“thalassin, fromAnemone scultataprepared by,269.Ringhals slang,63.See also Sepedon hæmachates.River-jack viper,73.See also Bitis gabonica.Rogers, Major L., experiments on action of venom on nervous centres,186.““researches of, on glands of snakes,147.Romans, snake-charmers’ customs among,228.““““Lucan on,240.Roudot, Natalis, on Hindu snake-charmers,229.Russell, on the venom ofdaboia(Vipera russellii),46.Sachs, on relation of toxins to antitoxins,254.Salamandarin,316.See alsoSalamandrine.Salamander, Japanese,317.See also Cryptobranchus japonicus.“venom of, closely analogous to that of toad,321.““potency exaggerated by the ancients,312.Salamanders and toads most dreaded by ancients,312.Salamandra atra(black salamander),313.“maculosa(spotted salamander),313,314.Salamandridine prepared from venom of salamanders,317.Salamandrine, prepared from venom of salamanders,317.Saliva ofHeloderma horridumsometimes toxic, sometimes harmless,323.“venomous, of non-poisonous snakes,214.Sangis, name of snake-charmers of Bengal,229.São-Paulo (Brazil), laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at,248,252.Scales, arrangement of, on heads of poisonous snakes,14,15.Scolopendra,280.Scolopendridæ, bite of,281.Scorpæna,288,289,293.“poison-apparatus of,294.“diabolus,293.“grandicornis,293.“porcus,294.Scorpio occitanus,277,278.Scorpion, blood of, antitoxic,279.“manner of stinging,277.“poison,278.““affinities with that ofColubridæ,278.““neurotoxin of,278.Scorpionidea(scorpions),276.Sea-snakes,131.See also Hydrophiinæ.“(Hydrophis), venom from,360.Sepedon hæmachates(spitting snake or ringhals slang),63.““bite of, cure,337.““venom of, purulent ophthalmia discharged by spitting,63,64.“““““caused by projection of,62,180.Serous membranes, local effects on, of cobra-venom, slight,179.““““venoms ofViperidæ, severe,179.Serph, collection of venom.156.Serranus,304.“ouatabili,304.Serum, antivenomous, antineurotoxic,250,251.“““potency against cobra-venom,250,251,252.““in treatment of bites of poisonous snakes,326.“““yellow fever,184.““method for measuring power of,256,257.“““““in vitro,202.““neutralisation of snake-venom by,253-258.“““““experiments showing necessary proportions to effect,254,255.““polyvalent,251.“““prepared from horse,251.““preparation of,246.“““test-solutions,217.“““at Pasteur Institute, Lille,245-248.“““special laboratories,248,252.Serum, antivenomous, preventive power tested by intravenous injection,246.““rules respecting proportions of quantity to be administered,266,267,268.““specificity of,248.“Calmette’s, in treatment of cobra-bites,363,364,365.“therapeutics, antivenomous,241-252.“““technique of,262-265.“See alsoSnake serum.Serums, specific against coagulant venoms,192.Sewall on vaccination of pigeons against rattle-snake venom,241.Siluridæ,307,308.Silurus glanis,308.Sistrurus,110,120.“catenatus(prairie rattle-snake, or massasanga),120.“miliarius(ground rattle-snake),120.“ravus,120.Skin, marks produced on, by bites of different species of snakes (venomous and non-venomous),10.Smell, loss of, following bite of viper,178.Smith, MacGarvie, researches of,149.““on chemical constituents of venom,160.““and Martin, C. J., on local and general effects of albumoses derived from snake-venoms,163.Snake-bite, death from, rapid putrefaction following,211,212.“hypoleucocytosis accompanying, in lethal cases,211,212.“mortality from,2,3,38,57,100,261,363.“non-lethal, suppuration following,212.“poisonous, treatment in domestic animals,265.“““men and animals,259.“““See alsoSerum therapeutics, antivenomous.Snake-charmers,228.“deaths from bites,234.“Egyptian,228-229.““employment ofNaja hajefor performances,61.“Indian,229-234.“Libyan,228.“Roman,228.“safety in skill,234.Snake-serum combined with snake-venom does not destroy red corpuscles,220.“dissolution of red corpuscles by,219.Snake-venom, action on heart,184.““kidney,183.““liver,182.““lungs,184.““nervous centres,185.““spleen,183.““striated muscles,184.“activity greatest after prolonged fasting and after moult,176.“aids digestion of prey,213,214.Snake-venom, antagonism between coagulant and anticoagulant kinds,194.“antidotes to, before absorption,260,261.“artificial introduction into egg of fowl, effect on embryo,214.“bacteriolytic action,206.““substance in, peculiarities of,207,208.“chemical study of,159.“collection of,147,152-158.““in French Settlements in India,359.“combination with lecithin,254.“combined with snake-serum does not dissolve red corpuscles,220.“complex effects on tissues,215.“complexity of means of defence against,215.“cytolytic action,206.“diastasic action of,212.“dried,149.“effects of, in non-lethal doses,177.“extraction of, by Hindus,233.““fromAlcatifa, for inoculation,239.“freshly collected,149.“hypoleucocytosis following fatal dose,216.“immunity to,222.““from inoculation,234-235.““of herons to, probable,226,227.“ingestion of, fails to secure immunity to lethal dose,214,215.““harmless,214.“lethal to snakes of other species,219.“neutralisation by antitoxin,253-258.““injection of antitoxic serum, second step in treatment after bite,262.“no strict ratio between dose inoculated and time elapsing till death,177.“parallelism between neurotoxic and hæmolytic action,255.“prevention of absorption first step in treatment after bite,262.“produces acute inflammation of mucous membrane,180.“protectiverôleof leucocytes against,216.“proteolytic action,204.“reconstitution, method of,257,258.“secretion of,147-152.“temperature lowered after fatal dose,216.“toxic conditions of,151.“vaccination against,241.“variations in local effects of,176.Snakes, coloration of,15,16.““subject to biological laws of mimicry,15,16.“cranial skeleton of,6.“dentition of,6.“moulting of skin,16,20.“non-poisonous, arrangement of scales on head of,14.““poison-glands in,217.““venomous saliva of,214.Snakes, non-poisonous, withstand large doses of venom,172.“poisonous, all species carnivorous,17.““arrangement of scales on head of,15.““artificial feeding of,17,18.““bite of, danger diminished by clothing or other means of protection,170.““blood of, toxicity,217.““characterised by special arrangement of facial bones,6.““deaths from, in Queensland,100.““devoured by herons,227.““different species should not be placed in same cage,219.““difficult to distinguish from non-venomous,2.““digestion aided by venom,213,214.““dread of destruction of, cause of excessive mortality from snake-bite in India,2.““geographical distribution of,2,3.““habits of,17.““health authorities’ notices respecting, in Australia,100.““kept in captivity,61,72,125,156,223.““method of capture,20,21.“““striking and seizing prey,17.““muscular apparatus of head of,11,12,13.“of Africa,57-81.““Asia, Dutch Indies and Philippine Islands,30-57.““Australia,81-100.““Europe,22-29.““Malaysia,81.““New Guinea,81-100.““South Sea Islands,81-100.““Sunda Islands,81.““poison-apparatus of,8.““poison-fangs of,8.““poison-glands of,10,11,12,13.““succumb to venom of other species,173.““teeth of, difference in arrangement and dimensions of various species,9.““treatment of bites from, in French Settlements in India,359.““unaffected by enormous doses of their own venom,172.““unknown in New Caledonia,100.“““New Zealand,100.““victory of mongooses over, in combat, due mainly to natural agility,225.“worship of,2.““extant in India,2.Solenoglypha,109.“bite produces important local disorders,168.“marks produced on skin by bite of one of,10.Sonoran coral-snake,102.See also Elaps euryxanthus.South Sea Islands, poisonous snakes of,81-100.Sparrows, effect of venom ofHeterometrus mauruson,279.Sphærechinus granularis, poison from pedicellariæ,273.Spinal cord, comparative actions of venoms ofColubridæandViperidæon,185,186.Spiders.See Araneida.Spitting snake,63.See also Sepedon hæmachates.Spleen, action of venom on,183.Sponge-divers, malady of,272.Squamipinnes,304.Stings (wasp- or bee-), treatment for,286.Stomach, acute inflammation of gastric mucous membrane produced by ingestion of venoms ofViperidæ,180.Strongylocentrotus lividus, poison from pedicellariæ of,273.Strychnine, injection of, of no value as antidote against snake-venom,261.Sunda Islands, poisonous snakes of,81.Superstitions, native methods of inoculation full of,239-240.Suppuration following non-lethal snake-bites,212.Surucucu or bushmaster,112.See also Lachesis mutus.Sutherland, Surgeon-Captain, bite fromEchis carinatus,348.Sydney, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at,248,252.Synanceia,288,289,290.“poison-apparatus of,291.“brachio,291.Syncope, following inoculation of venom ofSynanceia brachio,292.Teleostei,290,305,307.Temperature, effect of, on venoms,161.Tetrodon,290,305.“rubripes,306.“stellatus,306.Teuthididæ,301.Teuthis,301.Texas rattle-snake,124.See also Crotalus scutulatus.Thalassin, poison fromAnemone scultata,270.Thalassophis,133.Thalassophryne,288,303.“maculosa,303.“reticulata,302-303.Thuau on bites from European vipers,342.Tidswell, F., on venom ofOrnithorhynchus,324.Tiger-snake,95.See also Notechis scutatus.Toad, common,318.“green,318.“musical,318.“and frog, distinctions between,318.““salamander, much dreaded by ancients,312.“venom of,318,319.““active principles of,319,320.““closely analogous to that of salamander,321.““preparation,319.““exaggerated by the ancients,312.Trachinidæ,297.Trachinus(weever),288,289,297.Trachinus(weever) poison-apparatus of,297,298,299.“araneus,297.“draco,297.“radiatus,297.“vipera,297.Travers, P. M., on bite fromBitis arietans,350.Trichloride of iodine modifies or destroys venoms,164.Triglidæ,290.Trigonocephalus, bites from,352,355.Trimeresurus gramineus,55.See also Lachesis gramineus.“riukianus,53.See also Lachesis flavoviridis.Triodon,305.Triton cristatus,313.“marmoratus,313,314.Tropidechis,94.“carinatus,94.Tropidonotus matrix(grass-snake), venogen of,151.Trypanosomes, dissolution by cobra-venom,207.Tubriwallahs, snake-charmers of Bengal,229.Tunis, snake-charmers of,228.Tuxpan, natives of, inoculation methods,235-237.Urodela, salamanders belong to order of,312.Urutù,115.See also Lachesis neuwiedii.Vaccinationagainst cobra-venom,242.““snake-venom,241.Van Denburgh, J., observations onHeloderma horridum,323.Vatuas, method of inoculation of,239.Venomous secretion, histology,151.de Villiers, on common viper’s bite,357.Viper, common, of Europe. SeeVipera berus.“horned, bite from,349.“inoculation of professional catchers of, in France,234.Vipera,43.“zoological characters of,23,24.“ammodytes,29,69.“aspis(asp, or red viper),27,28.““bite from, cure,339.““poison-cells,151.“berus (common viper, or adder),25,26.““devoured by hedgehogs,222,226.““mortality from bite,27.““venom of, chemical constituency,149,160.“““immunity of hedgehog to,226.“““uncertain coagulant action on blood,189,190.“latastii,28,69.“lebetina,44,69.Vipera raddii,44.“renardi,44.“russellii(daboia, or Russell’s viper),45,40.““muscular apparatus of head of,11,12.““poison-gland of,11,12.““protection against, adopted by natives,46.““venom of, coagulant action on blood, diminished when heated,191.“““extremely potent,46.“““dose lethal for rabbit,175.“““ingestion causing death,180.“superciliaris,69.“ursinii,24,25,44.Viperidæ,5,43,66.“bites of, local gangrene resulting from,177.“characteristics of,5.“geographical distribution,6.“poison-fangs canaliculate,5.“species of, bite produces grave local disorders,168.“sub-families of,6.See also Viperinæ, Crotalinæ.“venoms of, absorption by digestive tract sets up acute inflammation of gastric mucous membrane,180.““action on nervous centres weak,185,186.““comparison of coagulant action on blood of various species,190.““easily destroyed by heat,161.““hæmolysing power, weak,199.““lethal effects on mammals,171.““neurotoxin present in those of some species,249.““non-dialytic,161.““produce coagulation of blood,179,188,189.“““hæmorrhagic injections of peritoneum,179,180.““recovery after non-lethal doses, slow,177.“““““followed by loss of sight, smell, or hearing,178.““recovery after non-lethal doses complicated by visceral hæmorrhages,177,178.““resemblance in action of that of Japanese salamander to,317.“““““Ornithorhynchusto,324.““richness in hæmorrhagin,249.Viperin, chemistry of,130.Viperinæ,43,66,101.See also Atheris,Atractaspis,Bitis,Causus,Cerastes,Echis,Pseudocerastes,Vipera.“characteristics of,6.Viscera, hæmorrhages from, complicating recovery from bites ofViperidæ,177,178.“hyperæmia of, caused by fatal bite of species ofColubridæ,171.Wall, chemical constituents of venom,160.Waller, fatal instance of rapid poisoning from bite ofNaja haje,60.Walterinnesia,64.Walterinnesia ægyptia,65.Wasp, sting of, death from,283.““remedies for,286.Weevers,297.See also Trachinus.“stings of,298,299.Wehrmann, on diastasic actions of venoms,212,213.“experiments on ingestion of venom,214.Wertheimer, Austrian naturalist, fatally bitten by coral snake,108.Witch-doctors, remedies of,237,238,239.Wolfenden, Norris, chemical constituents of venom,160.Wright, O. B., observations onHeloderma horridum,323.Yellowfever, treatment by antitoxin of venom,184.Zervos, Dr. S., malady of sponge-divers,272.