Charles the Bad. SeeCharles of Navarre.
Charles the Bald, share of empire allotted to, i. 16, andnoteon p. 17;ravages of the Normans during his reign, 21;his imbecile government and its consequences, 135;his slavish submission to the church, ii. 156, 157;he disobeys pope Adrian II., 173, 174.
Charles the Fat, accession and deposition of, i. 17;position of Germany at his death, ii. 66;arrogance of pope John VIII. towards him, 174.
Charles the Simple, policy of, towards the Normans, i. 22.
Charles IV. (the Fair) ascends the throne pursuant to the Salic law, i. 48;conduct of Edward III. of England after his death,ib.
Charles V. (the Wise) submits to the peace of Bretigni, i. 59;his summons to Edward the Black Prince, 63;his treaty with Henry of Castile,ib. notet;his successes against the English, 64;his premature death and character, 65;seizure of his treasures by the duke of Anjou, 65, 66;expenses of his household, 68notez;his conflicts with the States-General, 230, 231;he imposes taxes without their consent, 232.
Charles VI., accession of, i. 65;state of France during his reign, 66;defeats the citizens of Ghent, 67;misapplication of taxes during his minority, 68 andnotez;his seizure with insanity, 69;disgraceful conduct of his queen,ib.andnote;his death, 76;his submission to the remonstrances of the States-General, 232.
Charles VII., state of France at the accession of, i. 77;his impoverished exchequer, 78;his Scotch auxiliaries,ib.;his character, and choice of favourites, 79;change wrought in his fortunes by Joan of Arc, 79, 80;his connection with Agnes Sorel, 80notez;restores Richemont to power, 80;is reconciled with the duke of Burgundy, 82;reconquers the provinces ceded to the English crown, 83;his cruelty to English captives, 84;consolidation of his power, 85;insurrection of Guienne against taxation, 86 andnote;his conduct relative to the States-General, 234;he levies taxes of his own will, 235;he enacts the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, ii. 255.
Charles VIII., accession of, i. 98;contest for the regency during his minority,ib.236;marries Anne of Britany, 100;consolidation of the French monarchy under his sway, 100, 101 andnotes;proceedings of the States-General during his minority, 236, 237.
Charles of Anjou (I. of Naples), seizure of the crown of Naples by, i. 406;he puts Conradin, the heir, to death, 407;he defeats the Ghibelins and governs Tuscany,ib.andnote;revolt of his subjects, 410.
Charles II. of Naples, war of the Sicilians against, i. 485;his death,ib.
Charles of Durazzo (III. of Naples), implicated in the murder of Andrew, i. 486noteq;puts queen Joanna to death, 487;his assassination, 488.
Charles IV. of Germany, singular character of, ii. 85;his Golden Bull, 86 andnotee;he alienates the imperial domains, 94;advancement of Bohemia under his rule, 102.
Charles Martel, conquest of the Saracens by, i. 7;site and importance of the battle,ib. noteq;its object, 12;his spoliation of the church, ii. 146.
Charles of Navarre (the Bad), tumults in France excited by, i. 56;his crimes, 57;allies himself with Edward III.,ib.
Chartered towns. SeeMunicipal Institutions,Towns.
Chaucer (Geoffrey), testimony borne by his writings, iii.160note;character of his works,456,457.
Chaucer (Sir Thomas), rebuked by Henry IV., iii.95.
Childebert (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4 andnotei;his proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311note.
Childeric III., deposition of, i. 8.
Children, crusade undertaken by, iii.296notez.
Chilperic, guilty conduct of Fredegonde, the queen of, i. 5, 119;oppressive taxes levied by him, 306;tumult which ensued,ib.;what followed after his death,ib.;his attempts at poetry, iii.283;his attack on the sanctuary,303.
Chimneys. SeeArchitecture.
Chivalry, as a school of moral discipline, ii. 390;remoteness of its origin, 391;individual honour its keystone, 392;types of chivalry, 392 andnotes;its original connection with feudal service, 394;effect of the crusades, 395;its connection with religion, 395, 396;enthusiasm inspired by gallantry, 396-398;licentiousness incident to chivalry, 399;virtues inculcated by it, 400;practice of courtesy, liberality, and justice, 401-403;obligations of chivalry to the East, 403;its attendant evils, 404;education preparatory to knighthood, 405;chivalric festivals, 406;tournaments and their dangers, 407;privileges of knighthood, 408;who were admissible thereto,ib.andnote;military service: knights and bachelors, 409, 410 andnotes;causes of the decline of chivalry, 411;influences by which it was superseded, 412 andnoted.
Christianity, impetus given to the formation of civic institutions by, i. 121;its beneficial effect upon the Normans, 136.
Church, wealth of the, under the empire, ii. 140;its position after the irruption of the barbarians, 141;source of its legitimate wealth, 142;its religious extortions, 143;privileges attached to its property, 144;institution of tithes, 144-146 andnotes;liability of church property to spoliation, 146;origin ofprecariæ, 147noted;extent of the church's landed possessions, 148 andnotei;its participation in the administration of justice, 149;limitations interposed by Justinian, 150, 151;its political influence, 152;source thereof, 153;its subjection to the state,ib.;Charlemagne's edicts relative to its affairs, 154, 155, andnotes;its assumption of authority over the French kings, 156, 157;obsequiousness of England to its pretensions, 158;investiture of its bishops with their temporalities, 181;their simoniacal practices,ib.andnoteq;canons and chapters, 191;liberties of the Gallican church, 256;high church principles always dangerous, 257notex;privileges of sanctuary, iii.302,303.SeeClergy,Monasteries,Papal Power.
Clan service not based on feudality, i. 187.
Clarence (duke of), put to death by Edward IV., iii.199.
Clarendon, constitutions of, ii. 221;their influence on Thomas à Becket's quarrel with Henry II., 223.
Cistertian monk, blasphemous saying attributed to a, i. 29notet.
Cities. SeeMunicipal InstitutionsandTowns.
Civil Law. SeeLaws.
Clement IV., effect of a bull promulgated by, ii. 215;opposition of the Scotch king to his edict, 217.
Clement V. ratifies Robert's claim to the crown of Naples, i. 485;his maxim relative to benefices, ii. 215;he removes the papal court to Avignon, 233;his contests with the emperor Louis, 234;England remonstrates with him, 238, 239notes;his outrageous edict against Venice, 260.
Clement VI. acquits Joanna of Naples of murder, i. 487;his licentiousness, ii. 238.
Clement VII., circumstances relative to his election as pope, ii. 240;division of the papacy thereupon, 242;proceedings after his death, 242, 243.
Clergy, ascendency of the (temp.Charles the Bald), i. 135;their privileges under the feudal system, 195, 196;fighting prelates, 195notef;their participation in legislative proceedings, 213, 215;privileges of their tenants, 319;bishops in Lombardy and their temporalities, 364, 366 andnotex;share of the citizens in their election, 366 andnotey;a robber archbishop, ii. 95;immense territorial possessions of the clergy, 148 andnotes;their acquisition of political power, 152, 153;their neglect of the rule of celibacy, 176, 177;sufferings of the married clergy, 177 andnoted;lax morality of the English clergy, 178, 179notes;practice of simony, 179;consent of the laity required in the election of bishops,ib.;interference of the sovereigns therein, 180 andnoten;character of the clergy of Milan, 187noteg;taxation of the clergy by the kings, 216;tribute levied on them by the popes, 216, 217;their disaffection towards Rome, 218;their exemption from temporal jurisdiction, 219-221;extortions of Edward I., 229;effects of Wicliff's principles, 252;priests executed for coining,ib. notee;spiritual peers in the English parliament, iii.4,5;their qualifications,122;clergy summoned to send representatives,131;cause of their being summoned,132;result of their segregating themselves from the commons,133;instances of their parliamentary existence,135-138;right of bishops to be tried by the peers,204-207;mediæval clergy not supporters of despotism,258;their ignorance of letters,287-289;their monastic vices,303;why a bishop made a Danish nobleman drunk,306noteu.SeeChurch,Monasteries,Papal Power,Superstition.
Clisson (constable de), immense wealth amassed by, i. 69.
Clodomir (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4;proposed alternative relative to his children, 311note.
Clotaire, portion of dominions allotted to, i. 4;union of the whole under him, 5;re-division amongst his sons,ib.;criminality of his character, 119.
Clotaire II., reunion of the French dominions under, i. 5;nature of the authority exercised by him, 117.
Clotilda converts her husband to Christianity, i. 3;her sons, 4.
Clovis invades Gaul and defeats Syagrius, i. 2;accepts the title of consul,ib.andnoted;defeats the Alemanni, 3;his conversion to Christianity,ib.;defeats Alaric, 4;his last exploits and sanguinary policy,ib.andnoteg;division of his dominions amongst his sons, 4, 5 andnotes;the last of his race, 8;his alleged subjection to the emperors discussed,NoteIII. 106-111;his limited authority: story of the vase of Soissons, 155;theory built on the story, 301, 302;crimes of himself and his grandson, iii.306andnoteu.
Clovis II., accession of, i. 120.
Cobham, lord (temp.Richard II.). banished, iii.77.
Coining, extensive practice of, amongst the French nobles, i. 205;debased money issued by them, 206;systematic adulteration of coin by the kings, 210, 228, 231;measures adopted for remedying these frauds, 211noteh;grant of taxes made conditional on restoration of the coin, 230;priests executed for coining, ii. 252notee;an abbot hanged for the same offence, iii.205;clipping of coins by the Jews,369notet.
Cologne, antiquity of the municipal institutions of, i. 350.
Coloni, characteristics and privileges of the, i. 325.
Combat. SeeTrial.
Comines (Philip de), characteristic note on taxation by, i. 236.
Commodianus, literary remains of, iii.281;specimen thereof,ib. noten.
Comnenus. SeeAlexius.
Conrad (duke of Franconia), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67.
Conrad II. (the Salic), important edict of, relative to feuds, i. 166, 167 andnotes;elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68;his ancestry,ib. notef.
Conrad III. joins in the second crusade i. 38;elected emperor of Germany, ii. 72.
Conrad IV., accession of, i. 392;his struggles for dominion in Italy, and death,ib.;his difficulties in Germany, ii. 76.
Conradin (son of Conrad IV.) attempts to regain his inheritance, i. 407;put to death by Charles of Anjou,ib.
Constance, council of. SeeCouncil.
Constance, treaty of, i, 376.
Constantine V. dethroned by his mother, i. 122.
Constantinople, advantageous position of, ii. 125;its resistance to the Moslem assaults, 126;its capture by the Latins, 128;its magnificence and populousness, 129, 130;Vandalism of its conquerors, 130;its recapture by the Greeks, 131;besieged by Bajazet, 132, and by Amurath, 135;attacked by Mahomet II., 136;its fall, 136, 137;unrealised schemes for its recovery, 137, 138.
Constitution of England. SeeEnglish Constitution.
Cordova taken from the Moors, ii. 9;its extent and wealth,ib. notem.
Corn. SeeAgriculture,Trade.
Cortes of Castile, original composition of the, ii. 20;dwindling down of their numbers, 21;their remonstrance against corruption, 22;spiritual and temporal nobility, 22, 23 andnotes;control of the Cortes over the taxes, 24, 25;their resolute defence of their right, 26;their control over expenditure, 27;its active exercise, 28;their forms of procedure, 29;their legislative rights, and attempted limitations thereon by the kings, 29-32;their right to a voice in the disposal of the crown, 33, 34;position of the clergy therein, iii.106note.
Corvinus (Matthias) elected king of Hungary, ii. 106;his patronage of literature, 107 andnoted.
Council of Basle, enmity of the, towards the papal court, ii. 247;reforms effected by it, 248 andnote;its indiscretions,ib.and 250note.
Council of Constance condemns John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burned, ii. 102;deposes John XXIII., 243;preponderance of Italian interests therein, 244;French opposition to the English deputies,ib. note;tactics of the cardinals, 246;national divisions in the council,ib.;its breach of faith relative to Huss and Jerome canvassed, 250 andnote.
Council of Frankfort convoked by Saint Boniface, ii. 165;its importance in papal history,ib.
Council of Lyons, i. 391, ii. 75.
Council of Pavia, ii. 247.
Council of Pisa, proceedings at the, ii. 243.
Cours plénières, character of the, i. 220.
Courtney (archbishop), despoiled of his temporalities, iii.66.
Crecy, battle of, i. 55.
Crescentius put to death by Otho III., i. 359 andnote.
Crusades, origin of the, i. 33;energetic appeals of Peter the Hermit, 34;inducements offered to those who joined in them, 35;crimes and miseries attendant on them, 36;results of the first crusade, 37;second crusade, 38;its failure,ib.andnotes;origin of the third crusade, 40;its famous commanders and inconclusive results,ib.;crusades of St. Louis and their miserable ending, 41 andnote;cause of the cessation of crusades, iii.305;their demoralizing influence,307.
Cyprian's views relative to church government, ii. 159noteh;further observations thereon, 267, 268.
Dagobert I., insignificance of the successors of, i. 6;nature of the authority exercised by him, 117;progress of the arts in his reign, 119.
Dagobert II., name of, how restored to history, i. 112.
Damascus, degeneracy of the khalifs of, ii. 120, 121.
Danes, England first infested by the, i. 21.
Dante Alighieri expelled from Florence, i. 402;his birth, iii.445;style of his Vita Nuova,ib.note;characteristics of his great poem,446-448;enthusiasm which attended its publication,448.
Dauphiné annexed to the French crown, i. 100;its origin, 101,notek.
Defiance, institution of the right of, ii. 95;its abolition, 96.
De la Mare (Peter), opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii.56;conduct of the citizens on his imprisonment,57;elected speaker of the commons,58.
Della Bella (Giano), improves the Florentine constitution, i. 424;driven into exile, 425.
Derby (earl of). SeeBolingbroke.
Diet. SeeCouncil.
Diet of Worms, important changes effected by the, ii. 94;abolishes the right of defiance, 96;establishes the imperial chamber, 97-99.
Domesday Book, origin of the term, iii.362noter.
Domestic life in the middle ages, iii.341-345;income and style of living,370.
Douglas (earl of) aids Charles VII., i. 78.
Duelling, introduction of the practice of, iii.294andnoteu.
Du Guesclin (Bertrand), proceeds to Castile, i. 58;his character 64;he serves against Peter the Cruel, ii. 15;is taken prisoner,ib.
Dunstan and Odo, and their treatment of Edwy and Elgiva, ii. 158;elucidatory remarks relative thereto, 264-267.
Earl, origin of the title of, ii. 274notep.
Ebroin, exercise of supreme power by, i. 6, 115, 120.
Eccelin da Romano, tyrannic exercise of power by, i. 389;pretexts to which his infamous cruelty gave birth,ib. notef;his fall, 406.
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction. SeeChurch,Clergy,Papal Power.
Edessa, extent of the principality of, i. 37 andnotef.
Edward the Confessor, popularity of the laws of, ii. 324, 351.
Edward I. offends Philip IV. of France, i. 43 andnote;his brother Edmund outwitted by Philip, 44;he curbs the power of the clergy, ii. 224;his tyranny towards them, 228;his reign a constitutional epoch, iii.1;his despotic tendencies,2;he confirms the charters,3andnotec.
Edward II. marries Isabel of France, i. 45;he yields to the pope, ii. 239.
Edward III. lays claim to the French throne, i. 48;its injustice shown,ib.andnote49;his policy prior to resorting to arms, 49;his chances of success, 51;attempt of the pope to dissuade him from the attempt,ib. note;principal features in his character, 52;extent of his resources, 53, 54, andnotes;excellence of his armies, 55 andnote;his acquisition after the battles of Crecy and Poitiers, 56;his alliance with Charles the Bad, 57;conditions of the peace of Bretigni, 59;his stipulation relative to Aquitaine, 61 andnotep;his reverses and their causes, 62, 63 andnotes;his opposition to the pope, ii. 239;progress of parliament under him, iii.42;his attempts at encroachment,44-47;ascendency of Lancaster and Alice Perrers over him,55;ordinance against Alice,56;repeal thereof,57;revival of the prosecution against her,58andnoteg;his debts to Italian bankers,340.
Edward the Black Prince, character of, i. 52;his victory at Poitiers, 55;created prince of Aquitaine, 61;his impolitic conduct in Guienne, 63;summoned before the peers of France,ib.andnotet;machinations relative to his heir, iii.55andnotea;his jealousy of the duke of Lancaster,56;his death, 57.
Edward IV. accepts a pension from Louis XI., i. 89;his military force,ib. notep;Louis's reasons for declining a visit from him, 90;his accession to the throne, iii.198;his inexcusable barbarities,199;popularity of his government,ib.;his system of benevolences,200.
Edwy and Elgiva. SeeDunstan.
England, first infested by the Danes, i. 21;its resources under Edward III., 53, 54;causes of the success of its armies, 55, 77;high payment to its men-at-arms, 77notet;discomfiture of its troops by Joan of Arc, 79;impolicy touching its relations with France, 82;deprived of its French possessions by Charles VII., 83;its obsequiousness to the hierarchy, ii. 158;its opposition to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 222-225;its protest against the exactions of the church, 238, 239 andnotes;its share in the council of Constance, 244 andnote;enactment of the statute of præmunire, 251;effect of Wicliff's principles, 252;progress of the country under the Anglo-Saxons [seeAnglo-Saxons];its state at the period of the Norman conquest, 302, 303;fruitless resistance of its people to Norman rule, 304 andnotes;expulsion of its prelates and maltreatment of its nobles, 305 andnote;attempted suppression of its language, 306 andnote;wholesale spoliation of property, 308;abject condition of English occupiers, 309, 310;vastness of the Norman estates explained, 310;conquered England compared with conquered Gaul, 311;forest devastations and forest laws, 311, 312 andnotes;depopulation of the towns, 312;establishment of feudal customs, 314;preservation of the public peace, 315;difference between feudalism in England and in France, 316, 317;hatred by the English of the Normans, 318;oppressions and exactions of the Norman government, 318, 320;nature of the taxes then levied, 321, 322;laws and charters of the Norman kings, 323, 324;banishment of Longchamp by the barons, 325;establishment of Magna Charta, 326;difficulty of overrating its value, 327;outline of its provisions, 321, 328;confirmation thereof by Henry III., 329;constitutional struggles between him and his barons, 331, 334;limitations on the royal prerogative, 334, 335 andnotes;institution of the various courts of law, 336-338;origin of the common law, 339-341;character and defects of the English law, 341-343;hereditary right of the crown established, 343-346;legal position of the gentry, 346-348;causes of civil equality, 348-351;character of its government, iii.147;prerogatives of its kings,147-150;mitigation of the forest laws,150andnotep;jurisdiction of its constable and marshal,151,152andnotes;spirit of independence exhibited in mediæval ballads,265-267;its customs farmed by Italian bankers,339,340noted.
English constitution, character of the, iii.152;Sir John Fortescue's doctrine,153-155;Hume's erroneous views regarding it,155,158;causes tending to its formation,159;effect of the loss of Normandy,160;real source of English freedom,162;principle involved in the relationship between lords and their vassals,ib.;right of distress on the king's property,163;feudal sources of constitutional liberty,164;influence of the nobility,165;salutary provisions of Edward I.,169;nature and gradual extinction of villenage,171-183;instances of regencies and principles whereon they are founded,184-190;doctrine of prerogative,257-260.SeeAnglo-Saxons,England,Feudal System,Parliament.
Erigena. SeeScotus(John).
Ethelwolf, grant of, relative to tithes, ii. 146notea, 263.
Eudes elected king by the Franks, i. 127;his qualifications for the dignity,ib.
Eudes (duke of Burgundy). SeeBurgundy.
Eudon signally defeats the Saracens, i. 116;receives aid from Charles Martel,ib.
Eugenius IV. (cardinal Julian) advises Uladislaus to break faith with Amurath, ii. 105;its fatal consequences, 106;other instances of his perfidy, 210notee;his contests with the councils, 247;his deposition by the council of Basle, 247 andnoteq.
Euric, harsh treatment of his catholic subjects by, i. 3notef.
False Decretals. SeeIsidore.
Famines in the middle ages, frequency and extreme severity of, i. 328.
Felix V. (pope), election and supersession of, ii. 248.
Ferdinand confirmed in his succession to the crown of Naples, i. 494;attempt of John of Calabria to oust him,ib.;his odious rule, 503 andnote.
Ferdinand I. of Aragon, independence of the Catalans towards, ii. 57.
Ferdinand II. of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, ii. 18;they succeed to the Castilian throne,ib.;Ferdinand invested with the crown of Aragon, 42;arrangement of the united governments, 58, 59;conquest of Granada, 59, 60.
Ferdinand III. of Castile, capture of Cordova by, ii. 9.
Ferdinand IV. of Castile, prevalence of civil dissensions in the reign of, ii. 12, 13;his gross violation of justice and remarkable death, 36.
Feudal system, rise of the, i. 145;nature of alodial and salic lands, 147-149 andnotes;distinction of laws, 151;origin of nobility, 157-159, 189;fiscal lands or benefices, their nature, condition, and, extent, 159, 160;introduction of subinfeudation, 161;origin of feudal tenures, 163;custom of personal commendation, 164;its character,ib., 165;edict of Conrad II., 166, 167, andnotes;principle of a feudal relation, 167;rights and duties of vassals,ib.;ceremonies of homage, fealty, and investiture, 169;obligations of the vassal to his lord, 170;military service, its conditions and extent, 171 andnotes;feudal incidents: origin of reliefs, 172, 173;of fines on alienation, 174;the custom offréragein France, 176;escheats and forfeitures, 177;objects for which aids were levied,ib.;limitations thereof by Magna Charta, 178;institution of wardships,ib.;their vexatious character in later times, 179;extortionate and oppressive practices relative to marriages, 179, 180;introduction of improper feuds, 181;fiefs of office, their nature and variety, 181, 182 andnotes;feudal law-books, 182;the Milanese collection, 183;difference between that and the French and English systems, 183, 184;the feudal system not of Roman origin, 185, 186;localities over which it extended, 187, 188;privileges of nobility, 191-194;difference between a Frenchroturierand an Englishcommoner, 191notep;condition of the clergy, 195, 196;of the classes below the gentry, 196;assemblies of the barons, 219;the cours plénières, 220, 248;legislative and judicial assemblies [seeLegislation,States-General,Justice];decline of the feudal system, 249;its causes: increase of the domains of the crown, 253, 254;rise of the chartered towns, 255-261 [seeTowns];commutation of military service, 261 [seeMilitary Systems];decay of feudal principles, 268;influence of feudalism upon the institutions of England and France, 269;civil freedom promoted by it, 270;its tendency to exalt warlike habits, 271;its value as an element of discipline,ib.;and as producing sentiments of loyalty, 272;themundium, 318note;essentials of the feudal system, 319;its principles aristocratic and exclusive, 321;Guizot's description of a feudal castle, 322;laxity of feudal tenures in Italy, 365;question of their existence in England prior to the Conquest, ii. 293-301;feudalism under the Normans, 314;innovation introduced by William I., 315;difference between the feudal policy of England and France, 316, 318;tenure of folcland and bocland, 406-410;abuses of feudal rights, iii.150.
Feuds, nature of, and derivation of the word, i. 316.
Fiefs. SeeBenefices,Feudal System.
Field of March (or Champ de Mars), origin of the assemblies so termed, i. 212, 213;their character, 213, 214;not attended by the Roman inhabitants of Gaul, 282;how often held, 308.
Field Sports. SeeSports.
Fines, extent and singularity of, under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 320.
Fire-arms. SeeMilitary Systems.
Fiscal lands. SeeBenefices.
Flanders, fraudulent conduct of Philip IV. towards the count of, i. 44;successful resistance of its people,ib.;large capture of gilt spurs by them,ib. notea;their commerce with England, 54;their rebellion against count Louis, 66, 67 andnotes;their insubordination, 92;their resistance to taxation, 93 andnote;their woollen manufacture, iii.318,319;their settlement in England,320noteh;its policy relative thereto,321andnoteo.SeeTrade.
Florence, curtailment of the power of, by Frederic Barbarossa, i. 420;exclusion of the Ghibelins from offices of trust,ib.;Dante's simile relative to its unsettled state,ib.;corporations of the citizens, 421;its magistracy,ib.;curious mode of election, 422;the consiglio di popolo, 423;defiance of law by the nobility, 424;Giano della Bella reduces them to obedience, 424, 425;rise of the plebeian aristocracy, 426;Walter de Brienne invested with extraordinary powers, 427;his tyranny and excesses, 428;his overthrow, 429;singular ordinances relative to the nobles, 430;machinations of the Guelfs and persecutions of the Ghibelins, 431-433 andnotec;prostration of the Guelfs, 434;insurrection of the Ciompi and elevation of Lando, 435;his judicious administration, 436;restoration of the Guelfs, 437;comparative security of the Florentines, 438;their territorial acquisitions, revenue, population, &c., 439, 440 andnotes;Pisa bought by them, 443;further disquietudes in their government, 496;rise of the Medici [seeMedici];first Florentine voyage to Alexandria, 499 andnote;Florentine bankers and their transactions, iii.340andnotes.
Folcland, nature of, ii. 406.
Foreigners invested with power in Italian states, i. 397, 416, 421, 427, 449.
Forest laws of the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 312;mitigation of their severity, iii.150;punishments inflicted,311.
Fortescue (Sir John), on the English constitution, iii.154.
France, policy observed in the territorial division of, i. 4notei;insignificance of its early monarchs, 6 andnotem;loss of the English possessions in, 27;increase of the French domains, 42-45;its state at the commencement of hostilities by Edward III., 51;its condition after the battle of Poitiers, 56;assembly of the States-General,ib.;desolation of the kingdom by famine, 57 andnote;ravaged by banditti, 58;the Jacquerie insurrection,ib.andnotek;state of the country under Charles V. and VI., 65, 66;under Charles VII., 77, 84;consolidation of its dominions, 100;its historians, 101notem;its deplorable state under Charles the Bald, 135;its provincial government under the Merovingian kings, 152;succession to its monarchy, 154 and 217note;its progress from weakness to strength, 204;revenue of its kings, how raised, 208;its coinage, 210, 211;taxation, 211, 212;its constitution never afreeone, 229noteb;designs of its kings upon Naples, 503et seq.
Franconia, rise of the House of, ii. 68;its extinction, 71.
Frankfort, council of. SeeCouncil.
Franks, territories occupied by the, i. 2 andnotec;their probable origin,NoteII. 104, 105;their position under Pepin, 117, 118;their promise to Pepin, 127, 154;character of their church dignitaries, 150noteq;increase of the power of their kings, 155;serfdom and villenage amongst them, 198-200;extent to which they participated in legislation, 213 andnote;origin of the Ripuarian Franks and Salian Franks, 279;their numbers during the reign of Clovis, 291, 292;presumed infrequency of marriages between them and the Romans, 296;extent of power possessed by their kings, 301-309.
Fredegonde, queen. SeeChilperic.
Frederic I. (Frederic Barbarossa), third crusade undertaken by, i. 40;title conferred by him on the archbishop of Lyons, 45;commencement of his career in Italy, 371;he besieges Milan, 372;subjugation and second rise of its citizens,ib.;destruction of their city, 373;league of Lombardy against him, 374;his defeat and flight, 375;peace of Constance, 376;his policy relative to Sicily, 378;his response to Roman oratory, 415 andnote;his accession to the German throne, ii. 73;Henry the Lion's ingratitude towards him, 74 andnotey;he institutes the law of defiance, 95;his forced submission to pope Adrian IV., 195;his limitation on the acquisition of property by the clergy, 227;his intellectual acquirements, iii.286noted;his patronage of learning,422.
Frederic II., position of, at his accession, i. 385;cause of his excommunication by Gregory IX., 386;rancour of papal writers against him,ib. notec;result of his crusade, 387;his wars with the Lombards,ib.;his successes and defeats, 390;animosity of the popes towards him, 390, 391;sentence of the council of Lyons against him, 391;his accession to the German throne, ii. 75;his deposition, 76;he restrains the right of defiance, 96;his imperial tribunal, 97;his poetry, iii.442.
Frederic III. of Germany, character of the reign of, ii. 88 andnote;his significant motto, 89notei;objects of his diets, 96, 97;he betrays the empire to the pope, 253.
Freemasonry, and its connection with architecture, iii.359notek.
Freemen, existence of, prior to the tenth century, i. 323;alodial proprietors evidently of this class, 324;other freemen, 325;consequence of their marriage with serfs, 333.
Fregosi and Adorni factions, i. 496.
Froissart, value of the Chronicles of, i. 67notex.
Fulk's saucy reproof of Louis IV., iii.286notee.
Gandia (duke of), claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41;his death and failure of his son,ib. notee.
Gaul invaded by Clovis, i. 2;condition of its Roman natives, 149;privileges of the "conviva regis," 150noter, 281 andnotee;retention of their own laws by the Romans, 282;their cities, 286;their subjection to taxation, 287;their accession to high offices, 293;their right to adopt the laws of the Franks, 293, 294;presumed infrequency of marriage between the two races, 296.
Genoa, early history of, i. 444;her wars with Pisa and Venice,ib.;victory of her fleet over Pisani, 445;insolence of her admiral towards the Venetian ambassadors, 446;her subsequent reverses, 447;surrender of her forces to Venice, 448;decline of her power, 449;her government and its various changes,ib.;dissensions of the Guelfs and Ghibelins, 450;her first doge, 451;frequent revolutions of her citizens,ib.;the Adorni and Fregosi factions, 496;commercial dealings of the Genoese, iii.329;their position in Constantinople,330;their manufactures,331;their money transactions,337,340;state security taken by their bankers,341.
Germany conquered by Charlemagne, i. 9, 10;held by Louis his grandson, 16;passes away from his family, 17;its Hungarian assailants, 19;its first apostles, 121;political state of ancient Germany, 145;mode in which kings were chosen,ib.;lands in conquered provinces, how-divided, 146;customs respecting alodial and salic lands, 147-149 andnotes;superior position of its rulers as compared with those of France, 204;causes of the reversal of this state of things,ib.;degree of reliance due to Tacitus's accounts of German institutions, 273-275;character of its governments, 302;limited power of its kings, 302-304;its position at the death of Charles the Fat, ii. 66;election of its emperors, in whom vested, 77-80;partitions of territory amongst its princes, 83, 84;importance of its free cities, 90;privileges conferred on them,ib.;their warfare with the nobles, 91;the sanctuary of the palisades, 92;league of the cities,ib.;polity of the principalities, 93;extent of the imperial domains,ib.;their gradual alienation by the emperors,ib.;the diet of Worms and its results, 94-98;limits of the German empire at various periods, 100;absence of towns, iii.312;pre-eminence of its robber chiefs,314.SeeDiet,Justice.
Ghent, populousness and impregnability of, i. 92, 93;policy of its people relative to taxation, 93note;its trading eminence, iii.319;its houses and population,320notef.
Ghibelins, origin of the word, ii. 73.SeeGuelfs.
Giovanni di Vicenza, singular success of the exhortations of, i. 403;result of his attempts at sovereignty, 404.
Gloucester, duke of (temp.Richard II.), speaks for the parliament, iii.67,68notec;made lord appellant,72;reinstated in the council,73;his animosity towards the duke of Lancaster,74,75;his seizure by the king,76;his murder and posthumous attainder,ib.
Godfrey of Boulogne, eastern domains assigned to, i. 38;his reasons for refusing the title of king,ib. noteg;his feats of strength,ib. noteh.
Granada, fertility and importance of, ii. 60;its unavailing resistance to Ferdinand,ib.
Gratian, character of the Decretum compiled by, ii. 203.
Greek church, marriage of priests permitted by the, ii. 176.
Greek empire, degeneracy of the, ii. 120;its theological dissensions,ib.;revival of its power, 124;tactics of its emperors, 125 andnoten;exploits of celebrated usurpers, 126;results of the first crusade, 127;expeditions of Alexius Comnenus, 128;sacking of the capital, 128-130;partition of the empire, 130;its declining state, 132;lukewarmness of the western Christians, 135;fall of the empire, 136;the last of the Cæsars,ib.;Greek anti-exportation anecdote, iii.315notea.SeeConstantinople.
Gregory I., character of, ii. 161;he establishes the appellant jurisdiction, 162,noter.
Gregory II., design of, for placing Rome under Charles Martel's protection, i. 122.
Gregory IV. and V., submission of, to imperial authority, ii. 182.
Gregory VII., projection of the crusades by, i. 34;his obligations to the countess Matilda, 380;his ascendency over the clergy, ii. 183, 184;elected pope, 184;his differences with, and excommunication of, Henry IV. of Germany, 184, 185 andnote;rigorous humiliation imposed by him on Henry, 186;his exile and death, 187;his declaration against investitures, 189;his illimitable ambition and arrogance, 192;his despotism towards ecclesiastics, 193;his arrogance eclipsed by Innocent III., 228.
Gregory IX., excommunications of Frederic II. by, i. 387, 391;his further designs against Frederic,ib.;Decretals published by his order, ii. 203;his encroachments on the English church, 212;his pretext for levying contributions, 216;immense sum extorted by him from England, 217.
Gregory X., tax levied on the church by, ii. 218.
Gregory XI. reinstates the papal court at Rome, ii. 240.
Gregory XII. elected and deposed, ii. 242.
Grimoald, usurpation of supreme power by, i. 6.
Grostete (Robert, bishop of Lincoln), notices of, ii. 217notef;iii.429notek,464.
Guarnieri (duke), systematic levy of contributions by, i. 471;success of his operations,ib.
Guelfs and Ghibelins, origin of the rival factions of, i. 382;their German antecedents, 383 andnote;characteristics of the two parties, 384;irrationality of the distinctions, 406;temporary union of the factions,ib.;expulsion of the Ghibelins from Florence, 407;revival of their party, 410;origin of the name Guelfs, ii. 73;SeeFlorence,Genoa.
Gui de Lusignan, cause of his flight from France, i. 36.
Guienne, seized by Philip IV., i. 43;restored to England, 44;insurrection of its people against Charles VII., 86 andnote;suspicious death of Charles duke of, 89 andnote.
Guiscard (Robert), territorial conquests of, i. 363;he takes Leo IX. prisoner,ib.;his English opponents at Constantinople, ii. 307.
Guiscard (Roger), conquers Sicily, i. 363;declared king by Innocent II., 364;he shelters Gregory VII., ii. 187;he subjugates Amalfi, iii.328;he introduces silk manufactures at Palermo,331.
Gunpowder. SeeMilitary Systems.
Hair, length of, a mark of nobility, i. 310;Childebert's proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311note.
Hanse towns, confederacy of the, iii.325.
Haroun Alraschid, magnificence of the rule of, ii. 121;African principalities in his reign, 122.
Hastings, lord (temp.Edward IV.), receives bribes from Louis XI., i. 90;his reason for refusing to give receipts for the same,ib. noteq.
Hawkwood (Sir John), military renown acquired by, i. 472;gratitude of the Florentines towards him,ib.;his skill as a general, 473.
Haxey (Thomas), surrendered by the commons to the vengeance of Richard II., iii.76,102;important principles involved in his case,76notes.
Henry II. of Castile rebels against Peter the Cruel, ii. 14;his defeat and subsequent victory, 15;his vow to preserve justice, 36.
Henry III. of Castile marries John of Gaunt's daughter, ii. 15.
Henry IV. of Castile, despicable character of, ii. 17;deposed by a conspiracy of nobles,ib.;futile efforts of his daughter to succeed him, 18;contests after his death,ib.;his reproof by the Cortes of Ocana, 33.
Henry I. of England, extortions on the church by, ii. 216.
Henry II. marries the repudiated wife of Louis VII., i. 25;opposes the tyranny of the church of Rome, ii. 222;cause of his dispute with Thomas à Becket, 223.
Henry III. allows Italian priests in English benefices, ii. 213;abets papal taxation on the clergy, 217;his submissiveness, 226;provisions contained in his charter, 327, 328;worthlessness of his character, 329;his perjuries, 330;his pecuniary difficulties and extortions, 331;his expensive foreign projects, 332;demands of the pope and resolute conduct of the barons, 333;his quarrel with, the earl of Pembroke, iii.164.
Henry IV., policy and views of, towards France, i. 65, 74;circumstances attending his succession, iii.81;invalidity of his hereditary title,82;his tactics towards the parliament,83;aid granted to him in 1400,85;policy of the commons towards him,86,87;limitations imposed on him,93,94;he comes to terms with them,94.SeeBolingbroke.
Henry V., his exorbitant demands on proposing to marry Catherine of France, i. 74 andnoten;invasion of France by,ib.andnoteo;his negotiations with the duke of Burgundy, 75;his marriage and death, 76;life subsidies granted to him, iii.87;improbability of his alleged dissoluteness,96;his claims on popular affection,ib.;his clemency to the earl of March,194.
Henry VI., parliamentary policy during the minority of, iii.97,98;unpopularity of his marriage,98;his conduct on Suffolk's impeachment,99;state of the kingdom during his minority,183;his imbecility,ib.;solemnities observed in nominating a regency during his infancy,186-190;provisions in consequence of his mental infirmities,190-194.