FOOTNOTES:[AG]The vote for Belgium is estimated. The Liberals and the Socialists combined at the last election in opposition to the Clericals, and together polled over 1,200,000 votes. The British Socialist Year Book, 1913, estimates the total Socialist vote at about 600,000.[AH]Above data taken from International News Letter of National Trade Union Centers, Berlin, May 30, 1913.[AI]"The general strike," Engels said, "is in Bakounin's program the lever which must be applied in order to inaugurate the social revolution.... The proposition is far from being new; some French socialists, and, after them, some Belgian socialists have since 1848 shown a partiality for riding this beast of parade." This appeared in a series of articles written forDer Volksstaatin 1873 and republished in the pamphlet "Bakunisten an der Arbeit."
[AG]The vote for Belgium is estimated. The Liberals and the Socialists combined at the last election in opposition to the Clericals, and together polled over 1,200,000 votes. The British Socialist Year Book, 1913, estimates the total Socialist vote at about 600,000.
[AG]The vote for Belgium is estimated. The Liberals and the Socialists combined at the last election in opposition to the Clericals, and together polled over 1,200,000 votes. The British Socialist Year Book, 1913, estimates the total Socialist vote at about 600,000.
[AH]Above data taken from International News Letter of National Trade Union Centers, Berlin, May 30, 1913.
[AH]Above data taken from International News Letter of National Trade Union Centers, Berlin, May 30, 1913.
[AI]"The general strike," Engels said, "is in Bakounin's program the lever which must be applied in order to inaugurate the social revolution.... The proposition is far from being new; some French socialists, and, after them, some Belgian socialists have since 1848 shown a partiality for riding this beast of parade." This appeared in a series of articles written forDer Volksstaatin 1873 and republished in the pamphlet "Bakunisten an der Arbeit."
[AI]"The general strike," Engels said, "is in Bakounin's program the lever which must be applied in order to inaugurate the social revolution.... The proposition is far from being new; some French socialists, and, after them, some Belgian socialists have since 1848 shown a partiality for riding this beast of parade." This appeared in a series of articles written forDer Volksstaatin 1873 and republished in the pamphlet "Bakunisten an der Arbeit."
(1)Macaulay, Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays: The Earl of Chatham, p. 3.
(1)Macaulay, Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays: The Earl of Chatham, p. 3.
(2)Bakounin,Œuvres, Vol. III, p. 21. (P. V, Stock, Paris, 1912-1913.)
(2)Bakounin,Œuvres, Vol. III, p. 21. (P. V, Stock, Paris, 1912-1913.)
(3)Idem, Vol. II, p. xiv.
(3)Idem, Vol. II, p. xiv.
(4)Idem, Vol. II, p. xlvii.
(4)Idem, Vol. II, p. xlvii.
(5)L'Alliance de la Démocratie Socialiste et l'Association Internationale des Travailleurs, p. 121. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.) A. Darson, London, and Otto Meissner, Hamburg, 1873.
(5)L'Alliance de la Démocratie Socialiste et l'Association Internationale des Travailleurs, p. 121. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.) A. Darson, London, and Otto Meissner, Hamburg, 1873.
(6)Idem, p. 125. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(6)Idem, p. 125. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(7)Idem, p. 128. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(7)Idem, p. 128. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(8)Idem, p. 11. (The Secret Alliance.)
(8)Idem, p. 11. (The Secret Alliance.)
(9)Idem, p. 129. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(9)Idem, p. 129. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(10)Bakounin,op. cit., Vol. II, p. viii.
(10)Bakounin,op. cit., Vol. II, p. viii.
(11)L'Alliance, etc., p. 95.
(11)L'Alliance, etc., p. 95.
(12)Bakounin,op. cit., Vol. II, p. viii.
(12)Bakounin,op. cit., Vol. II, p. viii.
(13)Idem, Vol. II, p. xxiii.
(13)Idem, Vol. II, p. xxiii.
(14)Quoted inL'Alliance, etc., p. 112.
(14)Quoted inL'Alliance, etc., p. 112.
(15)Idem, p. 117.
(15)Idem, p. 117.
(16)L'Alliance, etc., p. 129. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(16)L'Alliance, etc., p. 129. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(17)Idem, pp. 128-129. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(17)Idem, pp. 128-129. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(18)Idem, p. 132. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(18)Idem, p. 132. (Secret Statutes of the Alliance.)
(19)Cf.Guillaume,L'Internationale; documents et souvenirs(1864-1878). Vol. I, p. 131. (Édouard Cornély et Cie., Paris, 1905-1910.)
(19)Cf.Guillaume,L'Internationale; documents et souvenirs(1864-1878). Vol. I, p. 131. (Édouard Cornély et Cie., Paris, 1905-1910.)
(20)Cf. Idem, Vol. I, pp. 132-133, for entire program.
(20)Cf. Idem, Vol. I, pp. 132-133, for entire program.
(21)Bakounin,op. cit., Vol. V, p. 53.
(21)Bakounin,op. cit., Vol. V, p. 53.
(22)L'Alliance, etc., pp. 64-65.
(22)L'Alliance, etc., pp. 64-65.
(23)Idem, p. 65 (quotations from The Principles of the Revolution).
(23)Idem, p. 65 (quotations from The Principles of the Revolution).
(24)Idem, p. 66 (The Principles of the Revolution).
(24)Idem, p. 66 (The Principles of the Revolution).
(25)Idem, p. 68 (The Principles of the Revolution).
(25)Idem, p. 68 (The Principles of the Revolution).
(26)Idem, pp. 90-92.
(26)Idem, pp. 90-92.
(27)Idem, pp. 93-94.
(27)Idem, pp. 93-94.
(28)Idem, pp. 94-95.
(28)Idem, pp. 94-95.
(29)Idem, p. 95.
(29)Idem, p. 95.
(30)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. II, p. 60.
(30)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. II, p. 60.
(31)Idem, Vol. II, pp. 61-63.
(31)Idem, Vol. II, pp. 61-63.
(32)Idem, Vol. III, p. 312.
(32)Idem, Vol. III, p. 312.
(1)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. II, p. 90.
(1)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. II, p. 90.
(2)Lefrançais,Mémoires d'un révolutionnaire, p. 348 (Paris).
(2)Lefrançais,Mémoires d'un révolutionnaire, p. 348 (Paris).
(3)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. II, p. 92 (Oscar Testut).
(3)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. II, p. 92 (Oscar Testut).
(4)Idem, Vol. II, p. 92.
(4)Idem, Vol. II, p. 92.
(5)Idem, Vol. II, p. 93.
(5)Idem, Vol. II, p. 93.
(6)Idem, Vol. II. pp. 94-95.
(6)Idem, Vol. II. pp. 94-95.
(7)Idem, Vol. II, p. 96.
(7)Idem, Vol. II, p. 96.
(8)Idem, Vol. II, p. 96.
(8)Idem, Vol. II, p. 96.
(9)Idem, Vol. II, p. 96.
(9)Idem, Vol. II, p. 96.
(10)Idem, Vol. II, p. 97.
(10)Idem, Vol. II, p. 97.
(11)Idem, Vol. II, p. 97.
(11)Idem, Vol. II, p. 97.
(12)Idem, Vol. II, p. 97.
(12)Idem, Vol. II, p. 97.
(13)Idem, Vol. II, pp. 98-99.
(13)Idem, Vol. II, pp. 98-99.
(14)Idem, Vol. II, p. 98.
(14)Idem, Vol. II, p. 98.
(15)Quoted byIdem, Vol. II, p. 101. Cf. The Social Democrat, April 15, 1903.
(15)Quoted byIdem, Vol. II, p. 101. Cf. The Social Democrat, April 15, 1903.
(16)L'Alliance, etc., p. 21.
(16)L'Alliance, etc., p. 21.
(17)Marx, The Commune of Paris (Bax's translation), p. 123. (Twentieth Century Press, Ltd., London, 1895.)
(17)Marx, The Commune of Paris (Bax's translation), p. 123. (Twentieth Century Press, Ltd., London, 1895.)
(18)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. III, p. 100.
(18)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. III, p. 100.
(19)Idem, Vol. III, p. 98.
(19)Idem, Vol. III, p. 98.
(20)Bakunisten an der Arbeit, I, by Frederick Engels, printed inDer Volksstaat, October 31, 1873, No. 105.
(20)Bakunisten an der Arbeit, I, by Frederick Engels, printed inDer Volksstaat, October 31, 1873, No. 105.
(21)Quoted by Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. III, p. 154.
(21)Quoted by Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. III, p. 154.
(22)Idem, Vol. III, p. 100.
(22)Idem, Vol. III, p. 100.
(23)Idem, Vol. III, p. 204.
(23)Idem, Vol. III, p. 204.
(24)Idem, Vol. III, p. 207.
(24)Idem, Vol. III, p. 207.
(25)Idem, Vol. III, p. 208.
(25)Idem, Vol. III, p. 208.
(26)Idem, Vol. III, p. 186.
(26)Idem, Vol. III, p. 186.
(27)Idem, Vol. III, p. 186.
(27)Idem, Vol. III, p. 186.
(28)Idem, Vol. III, p. 146.
(28)Idem, Vol. III, p. 146.
(29)Idem, Vol. III, p. 237.
(29)Idem, Vol. III, p. 237.
(1)Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist, p. 394. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, 1899.)
(1)Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist, p. 394. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, 1899.)
(2)Idem, p. 287.
(2)Idem, p. 287.
(3)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. IV, pp. 113-114.
(3)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. IV, pp. 113-114.
(4)Idem, Vol. IV, p. 225.
(4)Idem, Vol. IV, p. 225.
(5)Idem, Vol. IV, p. 225.
(5)Idem, Vol. IV, p. 225.
(6)Idem, Vol. IV, p. 226.
(6)Idem, Vol. IV, p. 226.
(7)Kropotkin,Paroles d'un révolté, pp. 285-288 (E. Flammarion, Paris, 1885).
(7)Kropotkin,Paroles d'un révolté, pp. 285-288 (E. Flammarion, Paris, 1885).
(8)L'Alliance, etc., p. 65 (The Principles of the Revolution).
(8)L'Alliance, etc., p. 65 (The Principles of the Revolution).
(9)Prolo,Les Anarchistes, pp. 14-15 (Marcel Rivière et Cie., Paris, 1912);orGuillaume,op. cit., Vol. IV, pp. 160-168.
(9)Prolo,Les Anarchistes, pp. 14-15 (Marcel Rivière et Cie., Paris, 1912);orGuillaume,op. cit., Vol. IV, pp. 160-168.
(10)Prolo,op. cit., pp. 15-17;orGuillaume,op. cit., Vol. IV, pp. 184-188.
(10)Prolo,op. cit., pp. 15-17;orGuillaume,op. cit., Vol. IV, pp. 184-188.
(11)Bebel, My Life, p. 330 (Chicago University Press, 1912).
(11)Bebel, My Life, p. 330 (Chicago University Press, 1912).
(12)Zenker, Anarchism: A Criticism and History of the Anarchist Theory, p. 282 (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1901).
(12)Zenker, Anarchism: A Criticism and History of the Anarchist Theory, p. 282 (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1901).
(13)Idem, pp. 294-295.
(13)Idem, pp. 294-295.
(14)Kropotkin,op. cit., pp. 448-449.
(14)Kropotkin,op. cit., pp. 448-449.
(15)Zenker,op. cit., p. 286.
(15)Zenker,op. cit., p. 286.
(1)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. IV, p. 209.
(1)Guillaume,op. cit., Vol. IV, p. 209.
(2)Idem, Vol. IV, p. 227.
(2)Idem, Vol. IV, p. 227.
(3)Quoted by Zenker,op. cit., pp. 235-236.
(3)Quoted by Zenker,op. cit., pp. 235-236.
(4)Zenker,op. cit., pp. 282-283.
(4)Zenker,op. cit., pp. 282-283.
(5)Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, p. 47 (Mother Earth Publishing Co., New York, 1911).
(5)Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, p. 47 (Mother Earth Publishing Co., New York, 1911).
(6)Quoted in History of Socialism in the United States, p.219 (Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1910), by Morris Hillquit, who gives a fuller account of this period.
(6)Quoted in History of Socialism in the United States, p.219 (Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1910), by Morris Hillquit, who gives a fuller account of this period.
(7)Quoted by Ely, The Labor Movement in America, p. 262 (Thomas Y. Crowell, New York, 3d ed., 1910).
(7)Quoted by Ely, The Labor Movement in America, p. 262 (Thomas Y. Crowell, New York, 3d ed., 1910).
(8)Idem, p. 263.
(8)Idem, p. 263.
(9)The Chicago Martyrs, p. 30 (Free Society Publishing Co., San Francisco, 1899).
(9)The Chicago Martyrs, p. 30 (Free Society Publishing Co., San Francisco, 1899).
(10)Reprinted in Instead of a Book, by Benjamin R. Tucker, pp. 429-432 (Benj. R. Tucker, New York, 1897).
(10)Reprinted in Instead of a Book, by Benjamin R. Tucker, pp. 429-432 (Benj. R. Tucker, New York, 1897).
(11)Idem, p. 429.
(11)Idem, p. 429.
(12)Bebel, My Life, p. 237.
(12)Bebel, My Life, p. 237.
(13)Alexander Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist, p. 7 (Mother Earth Publishing Company, New York, 1912).
(13)Alexander Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist, p. 7 (Mother Earth Publishing Company, New York, 1912).
(1)Quoted by Prolo,Les Anarchistes, p. 44.
(1)Quoted by Prolo,Les Anarchistes, p. 44.
(2)Prolo,op. cit., p. 45.
(2)Prolo,op. cit., p. 45.
(3)Quoted fromL'Éclairby Prolo,op. cit., p. 46.
(3)Quoted fromL'Éclairby Prolo,op. cit., p. 46.
(4)Quoted by Prolo,op. cit., p. 47.
(4)Quoted by Prolo,op. cit., p. 47.
(5)Quoted byIdem, p. 47.
(5)Quoted byIdem, p. 47.
(6)Quoted byIdem, p. 4.
(6)Quoted byIdem, p. 4.
(7)Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, p. 101.
(7)Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, p. 101.
(8)Idem, pp. 99-100.
(8)Idem, pp. 99-100.
(9)Idem, pp. 102-103.
(9)Idem, pp. 102-103.
(10)Prolo,op. cit., p. 52.
(10)Prolo,op. cit., p. 52.
(11)Idem, pp. 54-55.
(11)Idem, pp. 54-55.
(12)Pall Mall Gazette, April 29, 1912.
(12)Pall Mall Gazette, April 29, 1912.
(1)Emma Goldman,op. cit., p. 98.
(1)Emma Goldman,op. cit., p. 98.
(2)Idem, p. 113.
(2)Idem, p. 113.
(3)Idem, pp. 113-114.
(3)Idem, pp. 113-114.
(4)Percy Bysshe Shelley, Julian and Maddalo.
(4)Percy Bysshe Shelley, Julian and Maddalo.
(5)Idem.
(5)Idem.
(6)Angiolillo, quoted by Goldman,op. cit., pp. 104-105.
(6)Angiolillo, quoted by Goldman,op. cit., pp. 104-105.
(7)Goldman,op. cit., p. 103.
(7)Goldman,op. cit., p. 103.
(8)The Chicago Martyrs, p. 30.
(8)The Chicago Martyrs, p. 30.
(9)Alfred Tennyson, The Vision of Sin, IV.
(9)Alfred Tennyson, The Vision of Sin, IV.
(10)Lombroso,Les Anarchistes, pp. 184, 181-183, 196 (Flammarion, Paris, 1896).
(10)Lombroso,Les Anarchistes, pp. 184, 181-183, 196 (Flammarion, Paris, 1896).
(11)Idem, pp. 205-207.
(11)Idem, pp. 205-207.
(12)Quoted by Lombroso,op. cit., p. 207.
(12)Quoted by Lombroso,op. cit., p. 207.
(13)Zenker,op. cit., pp. 306-307.
(13)Zenker,op. cit., pp. 306-307.
(14)Bebel,Attentate und Sozialdemokratie, p. 6, a speech delivered at Berlin, November 2, 1898 (Vorwärts, Berlin, 1905).
(14)Bebel,Attentate und Sozialdemokratie, p. 6, a speech delivered at Berlin, November 2, 1898 (Vorwärts, Berlin, 1905).
(15)The Chicago Martyrs, p. 130.
(15)The Chicago Martyrs, p. 130.
(16)Idem, p. 16.
(16)Idem, p. 16.
(17)Idem, p. 62.
(17)Idem, p. 62.
(18)Max Stirner, The Ego and His Own, p. 477 (A. C. Fifield, London, 1912).
(18)Max Stirner, The Ego and His Own, p. 477 (A. C. Fifield, London, 1912).
(19)Idem, p. 425.
(19)Idem, p. 425.
(20)Idem, p. 394.
(20)Idem, p. 394.
(21)Lombroso,op. cit., pp. 52-54.
(21)Lombroso,op. cit., pp. 52-54.
(22)Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, p. 29 (C. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1906).
(22)Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, p. 29 (C. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1906).
(23)Reprinted in Guesde'sQuatre ans de lutte des classes, pp. 88-91 (G. Jacques et Cie., Paris, 1901).
(23)Reprinted in Guesde'sQuatre ans de lutte des classes, pp. 88-91 (G. Jacques et Cie., Paris, 1901).
(24)Idem, p. 92.
(24)Idem, p. 92.
(25)Bebel,Attentate und Sozialdemokratie, pp. 12-14.
(25)Bebel,Attentate und Sozialdemokratie, pp. 12-14.
(26)Idem, p. 1.
(26)Idem, p. 1.
(27)Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, pp. 92-93.
(27)Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, pp. 92-93.
(28)Idem, pp. 85-86.
(28)Idem, pp. 85-86.
(29)This is a translation of an editorial that has appeared in various foreign newspapers and also, it is said, in theIllinois Staats-Zeitung;Cf.De Leon, SocialismversusAnarchism, p. 61 (New York Labor News Company, New York).
(29)This is a translation of an editorial that has appeared in various foreign newspapers and also, it is said, in theIllinois Staats-Zeitung;Cf.De Leon, SocialismversusAnarchism, p. 61 (New York Labor News Company, New York).
(1)L'Alliance de la Démocratie Socialiste, etc., p. 48.
(1)L'Alliance de la Démocratie Socialiste, etc., p. 48.
(2)George Brandes, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Vol. VI (The Macmillan Company, New York, 1906).
(2)George Brandes, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Vol. VI (The Macmillan Company, New York, 1906).
(3)Engels in the introduction toRévélations sur le Procès des Communistes, published together with, and under the title of, Marx'sL'Allemagne en 1848, p. 268 (Schleicher Frères, Paris, 1901).
(3)Engels in the introduction toRévélations sur le Procès des Communistes, published together with, and under the title of, Marx'sL'Allemagne en 1848, p. 268 (Schleicher Frères, Paris, 1901).
(4)Idem, p. 268.
(4)Idem, p. 268.
(5)Idem, pp. 268-269. My italics.
(5)Idem, pp. 268-269. My italics.
(6)Idem, pp. 269-270.
(6)Idem, pp. 269-270.
(7)Communist Manifesto, p. 12.
(7)Communist Manifesto, p. 12.
(8)Idem, p. 44.
(8)Idem, p. 44.
(9)Idem, p. 15.
(9)Idem, p. 15.
(10)Idem, p. 25.
(10)Idem, p. 25.
(11)Idem, p. 25.
(11)Idem, p. 25.
(12)Idem, p. 26.
(12)Idem, p. 26.
(13)Idem, p. 30.
(13)Idem, p. 30.
(14)Idem, p. 44.
(14)Idem, p. 44.
(15)Idem, pp. 42, 46.
(15)Idem, pp. 42, 46.
(16)Engels,op. cit., p. 287.
(16)Engels,op. cit., p. 287.
(17)Idem, p. 287.
(17)Idem, p. 287.
(18)Quoted by Engels inop. cit., p. 297.
(18)Quoted by Engels inop. cit., p. 297.
(19)Albion W. Small, Socialism in the Light of Social Science, reprinted from theAmerican journal of Sociology, Vol. XVII, No. 6 (May, 1912), p. 810.
(19)Albion W. Small, Socialism in the Light of Social Science, reprinted from theAmerican journal of Sociology, Vol. XVII, No. 6 (May, 1912), p. 810.
(20)Communist Manifesto, pp. 12, 13.
(20)Communist Manifesto, pp. 12, 13.
(21)Albion W. Small, article cited, p. 812.
(21)Albion W. Small, article cited, p. 812.
(22)Idem, p. 812.
(22)Idem, p. 812.
(23)Address and Provisional Rules of the International Working Men's Association (London, 1864), p. 12.
(23)Address and Provisional Rules of the International Working Men's Association (London, 1864), p. 12.
(24)Letter of Marx's of October 9, 1866, published in theNeue Zeit, April 12, 1902.
(24)Letter of Marx's of October 9, 1866, published in theNeue Zeit, April 12, 1902.
(25)Address and Provisional Rules of the International Working Men's Association (London, 1864), p. 9.
(25)Address and Provisional Rules of the International Working Men's Association (London, 1864), p. 9.
(26)Idem, p. 9.
(26)Idem, p. 9.
(27)Idem, p. 10.
(27)Idem, p. 10.
(28)Idem, p. 11.
(28)Idem, p. 11.
(29)Engels,op. cit., p. 287.
(29)Engels,op. cit., p. 287.
(30)Marx,L'Allemagne en 1848, p. 188.
(30)Marx,L'Allemagne en 1848, p. 188.
(31)Letter of October 9, 1866, published in theNeue Zeit, April 12, 1902.
(31)Letter of October 9, 1866, published in theNeue Zeit, April 12, 1902.
(32)Quoted by Jaeckh, The International, p. 32 (Twentieth Century Press, Ltd., London).
(32)Quoted by Jaeckh, The International, p. 32 (Twentieth Century Press, Ltd., London).