denies discriminations,235;pleasant relations with competitors,243;dividends of,246;political power of,260,372-404;and press, in Pennsylvania,160;in Buffalo,298;in Toledo,317,327;defeated in suits on patents,290;brings suits to embarrass competitors,290;buys from the court suits against itself,293;refuses to meet competitive prices,299;abandons suit against Toledo in United States Supreme Court,331;detectives of, in Wall Street,334;evangelical and explosive,358;natural-gas companies, profits of, at Toledo,362;spends money in elections,386;members of, interested in subsidy legislation,390;acts with both political parties,403;defence before Bremen congress,406;its success explained by the president,407;has State inspectors in its pay,411;restricts production,420;buys Baltimore refineries,421;binds dealers not to buy of its competitors,425;oil made scarce by,68,420-29;price of oil under,67,420-29,431n.;drives out schooners,433;controls 90 per cent. of industry,433;pushing into every part of the world,434;owns no oil lands in 1880,434;large buyer of oil lands,434;favored by Canadian government,435;in Germany,437;sells refined oil in Europe cheaper than crude,439;in France,440;denial of negotiations with Russian oil-men,442;admits negotiations with Russian oil-men,442;reasons for war upon independents,455;and Extradition Treaty with Russia,448;prosperous during panic,455;growth of capitalization of,457;produces "infinitesimal amount" of oil,463;not an inventor, producer, pioneer, or capitalist,464;produces poverty,464-65;principals of, not practical oil-men,466,467;members of, deny rebates,476;secrecy as to ownership of certain shares,487.Oil, regions, early prosperity of,42,43;public disorder in,43;producers refuse to sell to members of South Improvement Company,56;running on the ground,91,105,106,164;European congress on poor quality of American,406;test of, lowered in Great Britain,408;financial distress in 1879-92,455-56.Pacific Mail Steamship Company, report on bribery of Congress by,394.Pacific Railway officials admit rebates,480.Packers' Combination at Chicago investigated by Congress,33.Paint, to conceal numbers of tank-cars,235.Pall Mall Gazetteon prices of refined and crude oil,439.Panics in oil,43.Parker district, on verge of civil war,106.Pastor, visit from the,294.Payne, Henry B., objects to investigation of railroads,70,372;election of, to the Senate of the United States,374;candidate for President,387;votes against Interstate Commerce Commission bill,388;solicits Democratic votes in the Senate for confirmation of Republican nominee,400.Peckham, S.F., United States Census report on petroleum,39,41;on railroads and tank-cars,228.Pennsylvania, Constitution of 1873 disobeyed by the railroads,18;Legislature nullifies Constitution in interest of railroads,18;uprising of 1872,54;Constitutional Convention, 1873,54;Commonwealth of,vs.Pennsylvania Railroadet al., 1879,94;Secretary of Internal Affairs hung in effigy,105;Attorney-General brings tax suit against Standard Oil Company,169;Legislature investigates Standard Oil Company tax case,176;Supreme Court of, delays hearing on appeal of independents,447;Constitution on railroads,451;Secretary of Internal Affairs on relations of railroads and oil combination,477.Pennsylvania Railroad and South Improvement Company,48;and Improvement Company charters,55;put under bond not to refine,79;keeps faith "some months,"84;reaches out for control of oil trade,87;carries oil at eight cents a barrel less than nothing,88;sells its refineries and pipe lines,88;contracts to give a tenth of all oil freights to oil combination,89;pledges not to compete with oil combination,89;withdraws rates from independent refiners,90;officials threaten independent pipe lines,91;officials recommend "fix-up" with the oil combination to independent shippers,90,91;increases rates, refuses cars, to independent shippers,91;refuses to haul cars owned by independent shippers,92;refuses a business of ten thousand barrels of oil a day,93;Commonwealth of Pennsylvaniavs., 1879,94;pays American Transfer Company three months' back pay,99;refuses to furnish cars to oil producers,106;officials testify to war on Tidewater Pipe Line,109;discriminations against refineries using the Tidewater,110;Titusville and Oil City Independent Refiners' Associationsvs.,118,165;renews broken promises of equal rates,119;makes war on refiners it invited to rebuild,120;secret contract of 1885, with oil combination,120;guaranteed 26 per cent. of seaboard oil traffic by oil combination,121;refuses to produce contract with oil combination,121;and oil combination advance rail and pipe rates,122;oil rates of, extortionate,123;counsel of, bullies Interstate Commerce Commission,124;perverts decision of Interstate Commerce Commission,131;increases rates to barrel shippers,131;ignores directions of Interstate Commerce Commission,133-34;refuses to haul tank-cars for independents,140;Interstate Commerce Commission delays for two years to enforce law against,147;gets another rehearing from Interstate Commerce Commission,150;said to run Supreme Court of Pennsylvania,181;divides the coal business of Pennsylvania among three dealers,490.Perth Amboy, independent shipments from,135.Peru,441.Petroleum, combination in,38-493;De Witt Clinton's suggestion,38;early manufacture of,38,44;Reichenbach's prediction,38;in exhibitions of 1839 and 1851,39;early American refiners,39;early American manufacturers ready for new supply of oil,40;price of, in 1862,40.Petroleum Producers' Union, report of General Council of, on attempts to lessen production of oil,153.Phantom Party, in McKean County,105.Philadelphia, Sharplessvs.,315.Phillips, Wendell, on Pennsylvania Railroad,147.Piano-makers' combination,5.Pilots, Brotherhood of Steamboat, protest against foreign engineers,399.Pioneer refiner of Cleveland,73.Pipe lines, origin of,41;first laid by Van Syckel,41;Pennsylvania Free Pipe Line law worthless,57;to Cleveland,65;number of, in 1874,84;Eighty per cent. of, died in 1874-5,84;pool of 1874,86;frozen out,87;bankrupt, bought up by oil trust,87;Equitable Pipe Line proposed,91;independent, threatened by Pennsylvania Railroad,91;United Pipe Lines, owned by the oil combination,101;industry closed to the people, 1877,104;refuse to carry oil unless sold to oil combination,104;of oil combination refuse to pipe,106;Tidewater, first to seaboard,107;rates cut by oil combination in war with Tidewater,109;to seaboard not built first by the oil combination,116;competitors of the railway,116;New YorkSunon,117;pool with railroads,121;cost of service,122;rates of, advanced by oil combination,125,126;profits of,126;rates higher under the oil combination,125,126;independent, to seaboard projected in 1887,152;in 1892,160;oil combination lays, upon railroad right of way,162;refuse to take oil, 1893,164;independent, transport refined oil,165;built by George Rice,208;independent, destroyed by Erie Railroad by force,291;Toledo builds better than private company,360;bill for free, defeated by the Ohio Legislature,385;independent, and Russian-American monopoly,445;independent, consolidate in 1894,446;independent, cut,447.(See Tidewater Pipe Line).Policemen, coal and iron,18.Politics of business,403.Pool, steamship,395;for sale of oil,420.Poor'sRailroad Manual, railroad interests of members of oil combination,460.Pork, combination of packers of,36.Postal subsidy law, passed,389-400;payment under,396;Postmaster-General makes subsidy contracts,390;his relations to those who receive postal subsidies,403.Poverty, abolition of,526.Premium on oil advanced,144.President of the oil combination denies contracts with railroads,51;on "ways of making money you know nothing of,"52;the "only party that would buy,"52;offers 50 cents on the dollar,52;explains its origin,53;testifies about Southern Improvement Company,59;member of South Improvement Company,60;denies contracts to restrict competition,61;testifies to "very small profit,"67;argues for restriction of production,68;denies that it gets cheaper freights,70;testifies as to secret of success,80;testifies that it likes competition,87;knew about freight rates,96;cannot recall discriminating freight rates,96;frequents office of Erie Railroad,102;denies pool with the Tidewater Pipe Line,113;sole attorney of the trust,114;denies any connection with National Transit Company,114;denies the "shut-down" of 1887,158;described by Van Syckel,184;interview about rebates on Rice's business,207;on pleasant relations with competitors,243;testifies the oil trust is not a manufacturing company,272;testifies to reports by subordinate companies,274;does not know about monthly reports by subordinate companies,274;explains its success,407;on its cheapness,420;in the commission business,432;on its ownership of oil lands,434;its properties "not yet" sufficiently numerous,454;testifies to shares in the trust owned by trustees individually,458;"does not know,"467-68;made attorney of the trust,470.President of the Standard Oil Company denies ownership of company by Standard Oil Trust,458.Press, and oil combination,160,298,317,327;use of, to make subsidy popular,392;Philadelphia, on Russian Extradition Treaty,448.Price of oil advances under restraint of trade,66,67;under oil combination,67,420,431n.;manipulated by oil combination,104;in Ohio,107;in New York and Europe,164;higher for crude than for refined oil,164;manipulation of,210;lowered by competition,281,294;advances after Baltimore consolidation,421;regulated by committee,421;in New York, fixed by oil combination,423;in Texas, independent of competition,423;evidence gathered by Congress,423-24;put higher after "wars" than before,424;fixation of,425;E. Benjamin Andrews on,430n.;New YorkDaily Commercial Bulletinon,430n.;under trusts,431n.;decline in Germany,438;refined oil lower than crude,439;under monopoly,502.Private enterprise and public,311.Producers of oil, and South Improvement Company,54;organization in Pennsylvania,56;embargo broken,57;Union, report, 1872,60;forced to sell oil to trust,104;forced to sell below market price,105;lose their land,434.Producers and Refiners' Oil Company, Limited, Cartervs.,164,446.Production restricted,72;in Ohio,107;at Oil City and Titusville,143;by shut-down of 1887,153,157;cheapness of,217,429,445.Profits of natural-gas company, at Toledo,362.Property, "is monopoly,"37;of the combinations,513.Prosperity, early, in oil regions,42,43.Public powers and property, private use of,523.Publication of railroad tariff, how evaded,230.Punishment nominal,292.Quality, deterioration of, under monopoly,405-19;of oil in Germany,438.Quinby, District Attorney,247-98.Railroads, northwestern, combination with elevators,5;buying bituminous coal lands,11;buying iron and timber lands,12;refuse cars to independent coal shippers,12;crushing independent coal producers,13;monopolize anthracite coal,11,14;raise freights to prevent settlement of coal strike, 1871,16;forbidden in Pennsylvania to own or operate coal-mines,18;disregard Interstate Commerce Commission's decision on coal rates,19;and elevators combined in Minnesota,31;northwestern, coerce grain buyers,31;northwestern, fix the price of wheat,31;give discriminating rates to dressed-beef men,36;contract with South Improvement Company,45;contract to overcome competition for preferred shippers,48;as detectives,48;advance freight rates on oil 100 per cent.,50;grant special privileges to railroad directors,54;lobbying at Harrisburg,55;rebates to oil combination,69;facilities controlled by oil combination,76;carry crude oil to Cleveland for preferred shippers without charge,85;force Cleveland refiners into unnatural equality,85;how they equalize persons and places,86;make war on Pennsylvania Railroad for oil combination,87;of New York received $40,000,000 of public cash,97;tribute paid by, to American Transfer Company,99;pay American Transfer Company on oil not handled by it,100;officials members of American Transfer Company,100;oil terminal facilities transferred to oil combination,101;fight Tidewater Pipe Line for the oil combination,108;lose $10,000,000 in war against Tidewater Pipe Line,109;will not tell how low rates were made against Tidewater Pipe Line,109;give use of their lands to pipe lines of oil combination,116;give oil combination money to build pipe lines,116,118;pool with pipe lines of the oil trust,118;officials drive business from railroads to competing pipe line,119,134;broken pledges of, to independent refiners,119;pool with pipe lines,121;make war on barrel-shippers,129,132;carry tank-cars free,131;increase freight rate on barrels,131,132;increase freight rates at instance of the oil combination,132;raise freights without legal notice,136,218;vary rates according to destination beyond their lines,137;mistakes not corrected,138;destroy barrel shipments,138;promises of reparation unfulfilled,139;make rates that prohibit traffic,139;surrender terminals to oil combination,140,142;relations with oil trust collusive,143;litigation before Interstate Commerce Commission prompted by oil combination,144;disobey Interstate Commerce Commission's decision,149,218;oppose new independent pipe line to seaboard,160;give use of lands to pipe lines of the oil trust,162;officials wasting stockholders' money in hopeless litigation,163;force Joshua Merrill out of business,189;consult with oil combination about raising rates against independents,200;make rates that prohibit traffic at Marietta,201,203;refuse rates to Marietta refiners,202;officials refuse to testify in Ohio in 1879,202;increase rates 333 per cent. to one shipper,217;deny discrimination,218;make their favorites "sole people,"219;consult with preferred shippers as to freight rates to competitors,219;refuse to answer letters of shippers,220,227;charge more for the shorter hauls,221,222,223;"mistakes" for favored shippers,223,234;officials refuse to testify before Congress,224;"illegal" refusal to give rates,224,227;refuse to answer questions about tank-car rates,228;make charges regardless of quantity for preferred shippers,229;haul tank-cars free for preferred shippers,229;evasions of the law regarding publication of tariffs,230;misstate tank-car rates to shippers,230;make rates to preferred shippers "astonishingly low,"232;refuse to give rates,233;pay preferred shippers mileage,233;conceal mileage from independent shippers,233;