JOCUND Joc"und, Etym: [L. jocundus, jucundus, orig., helpful, fr. juvare to help. See Aid.]
Defn: Merry; cheerful; gay; airy; lively; sportive.Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on themisty mountain tops. Shak.Rural sports and jocund strains. Prior.— Joc"und*ly, adv.— Joc"und*ness, n.
JOCUNDJoc"und, adv.
Defn: Merrily; cheerfully. Gray.
JOCUNDITYJo*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. jocunditas jucunditas. See Jocund, and cf.Jucundity.]
Defn: The state or quality of being jocund; gayety; sportiveness.
JOEJoe, n.
Defn: See Johannes.
JOE MILLER Joe" Mil"ler. Etym: [From Joseph Miller, a comic actor, whose name was attached, after his death, to a popular jest book published in 1739.]
Defn: A jest book; a stale jest; a worn-out joke. [Colloq.] It is an old Joe Miller in whist circles, that there are only two reasons that can justify you in not returning trumps to your partner's lead; i. e., first, sudden illness; secondly, having none. Pole.
JOE-PYE WEEDJoe`-Pye" weed`. (Bot.)
Defn: A tall composite plant of the genus Eupatorium (E. purpureum), with purplish flowers, and whorled leaves.
JOG Jog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Jogging.] Etym: [OE. joggen; cf. W. gogi to shake, and also E. shog, shock, v.]
1. To push or shake with the elbow or hand; to jostle; esp., to push or touch, in order to give notice, to excite one's attention, or to warn. Now leaps he upright, jogs me, and cries: Do you see Yonder well- favored youth Donne. Sudden I jogged Ulysses, who was laid Fast by my side. Pope.
2. To suggest to; to notify; to remind; to call the attention of; as, to jog the memory.
3. To cause to jog; to drive at a jog, as a horse. See Jog, v. i.
JOGJog, v. i.
Defn: To move by jogs or small shocks, like those of a slow trot; tomove slowly, leisurely, or monotonously; — usually with on,sometimes with over.Jog on, jog on, the footpath way. Shak.So hung his destiny, never to rot,While he might still jog on and keep his trot. Milton.The good old ways our sires jogged safely over. R. Browning.
JOGJog, n.
1. A slight shake; a shake or push intended to give notice or awaken attention; a push; a jolt. To give them by turns an invisible jog. Swift.
2. A rub; a slight stop; an obstruction; hence, an irregularity in motion of from; a hitch; a break in the direction of a line or the surface of a plane. Glanvill. Jog trot, a slow, regular, jolting gait; hence, a routine habit or method, persistently adhered to. T. Hook.
JOGGERJog"ger, n.
Defn: One who jogs. Dryden.
JOGGINGJog"ging, n.
Defn: The act of giving a jog or jogs; traveling at a jog.
JOGGLEJog"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Joggling.]Etym: [Freq. of jog.]
1. To shake slightly; to push suddenly but slightly, so as to cause to shake or totter; to jostle; to jog.
2. (Arch.)
Defn: To join by means of joggles, so as to prevent sliding apart; sometimes, loosely, to dowel. The struts of a roof are joggled into the truss posts. Gwilt.
JOGGLEJog"gle, v. i.
Defn: To shake or totter; to slip out of place.
JOGGLEJog"gle, n. [Arch.]
Defn: A notch or tooth in the joining surface of any piece of building material to prevent slipping; sometimes, but incorrectly, applied to a separate piece fitted into two adjacent stones, or the like. Joggle joint (Arch.), a joint in any kind of building material, where the joining surfaces are made with joggles.
JOHANNEANJo`han*ne"an, a.
Defn: Of or pertaining to John, esp. to the Apostle John or his writings. M. Stuart.
JOHANNES Jo*han"nes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Y, Y, i. e., one whom Jehovah has blessed; hence F. Jean, E. John.] (Numis.)
Defn: A Portuguese gold coin of the value of eight dollars, named from the figure of King John which it bears;- often contracted into joe; as, a joe, or a half joe.
JOHANNISBERGERJo*han"nis*ber`ger, n. Etym: [G.]
Defn: A fine white wine produced on the estate of Schloss (or Castle)Johannisberg, on the Rhine.
JOHNJohn, n. Etym: [See Johannes.]
Defn: A proper name of a man. John-apple, a sort of apple ripe about St. John's Day. Same as Apple-john. — John Bull, an ideal personification of the typical characteristics of an Englishman, or of the English people. — John Bullism, English character. W. Irving. — John Doe (Law), the name formerly given to the fictitious plaintiff in an action of ejectment. Mozley & W. — John Doree, John Dory. Etym: [John (or F. jaune yellow) + Doree, Dory.] (Zoöl.) An oval, compressed, European food fish (Zeus faber). Its color is yellow and olive, with golden, silvery, and blue reflections. It has a round dark spot on each side. Called also dory, doree, and St. Peter's fish.
JOHNADREAMSJohn"a*dreams`, n.
Defn: A dreamy, idle fellow. Shak.
JOHNNYJohn"ny, n.; pl. Johnnies (.
1. A familiar diminutive of John.
2. (Zoöl.)
Defn: A sculpin. [Local cant] Johny Crapaud (, a jocose designation of a Frenchman, or of the French people, collectively.
JOHNNYCAKEJohn"ny*cake`, n.
Defn: A kind of bread made of the meal of maize (Indian corn), mixed with water or milk, etc., and baked. [U.S.] J. Barlow.
JOHNSONESEJohn`son*ese", n.
Defn: The literary style of Dr. Samuel Johnson, or one formed in imitation of it; an inflated, stilted, or pompous style, affecting classical words. E. Everett.
JOHNSON GRASS John"son grass`. Etym: [Named after W. Johnson of Alabama, who planted it about 1840-1845.] (Bot.)
Defn: A tall perennial grass (Sorghum Halepense), valuable in the Southern and Western States for pasture and hay. The rootstocks are large and juicy and are eagerly sought by swine. Called also Cuba grass, Means grass, Evergreen millet, and Arabian millet.
JOHNSONIANJohn*so"ni*an, a.
Defn: Pertaining to or resembling Dr. Johnson or his style; pompous; inflated.
JOHNSONIANISMJohn*so"ni*an*ism, n.
Defn: A manner of acting or of writing peculiar to, or characteristic of, Dr. Johnson. [Written also Johnsonism.]
JOHN'S-WORTJohn's"-wort`, n.
Defn: See St. John's-wort.
JOINJoin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joined; p. pr. & vb. n. Joining.] Etym:[OE. joinen, joignen, F. joindre, fr. L. jungere to yoke, bindtogether, join; akin to jugum yoke. See Yoke, and cf. Conjugal,Junction, Junta.]
1. To bring together, literally or figuratively; to place in contact; to connect; to couple; to unite; to combine; to associate; to add; to append. Woe unto them that join house to house. Is. v. 8. Held up his left hand, which did flame and burn Like twenty torches joined. Shak. Thy tuneful voice with numbers join. Dryden.
2. To associate one's self to; to be or become connected with; to league one's self with; to unite with; as, to join a party; to join the church. We jointly now to join no other head. Dryden.
3. To unite in marriage.He that joineth his virgin in matrimony. Wyclif.What, therefore, God hath joined together, let not man put asunder.Matt. xix. 6.
4. To enjoin upon; to command. [Obs. & R.] They join them penance, as they call it. Tyndale.
5. To accept, or engage in, as a contest; as, to join encounter, battle, issue. Milton. To join battle, To join issue. See under Battle, Issue.
Syn. — To add; annex; unite; connect; combine; consociate; couple; link; append. See Add.
JOINJoin, v. i.
Defn: To be contiguous, close, or in contact; to come together; to unite; to mingle; to form a union; as, the hones of the skull join; two rivers join. Whose house joined hard to the synagogue. Acts xviii. 7. Should we again break thy commandments, and join in affinity with the people of these abominations Ezra ix. 14. Nature and fortune joined to make thee great. Shak.
JOINJoin, n. (Geom.)
Defn: The line joining two points; the point common to two intersecting lines. Henrici.
JOINANTJoin"ant, a. Etym: [OF. & F. joignant, p. pr. of joindre to join.]
Defn: Adjoining. [Obs.] Chaucer.
JOINDERJoin"der, n. Etym: [F. joindre. See Join, v. t.]
1. The act of joining; a putting together; conjunction. Confirmed by mutual joinder of your hands. Shak.
2. (Law) (a) A joining of parties as plaintiffs or defendants in a suit. (b) Acceptance of an issue tendered in law or fact. (c) A joining of causes of action or defense in civil suits or criminal prosecutions.
JOINERJoin"er, n.
1. One who, or that which, joins.
2. One whose occupation is to construct articles by joining pieces of wood; a mechanic who does the woodwork (as doors, stairs, etc.) necessary for the finishing of buildings. "One Snug, the joiner." Shak.
3. A wood-working machine, for sawing, plaining, mortising, tenoning, grooving, etc.
Syn.— See Carpenter.
JOINERYJoin"er*y, n.
Defn: The art, or trade, of a joiner; the work of a joiner.A piece of joinery . . . whimsically dovetailed. Burke.
JOINHANDJoin"hand`, n.
Defn: Writing in which letters are joined in words; — distinguished from writing in single letters. Addison.
JOINTJoint, n. Etym: [F. joint, fr. joindre, p. p. joint. See Join.]
1. The place or part where two things or parts are joined or united; the union of two or more smooth or even surfaces admitting of a close-fitting or junction; junction as, a joint between two pieces of timber; a joint in a pipe.
2. A joining of two things or parts so as to admit of motion; an articulation, whether movable or not; a hinge; as, the knee joint; a node or joint of a stem; a ball and socket joint. See Articulation. A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel, Must glove this hand. Shak. To tear thee joint by joint. Milton.
3. The part or space included between two joints, knots, nodes, or articulations; as, a joint of cane or of a grass stem; a joint of the leg.
4. Any one of the large pieces of meat, as cut into portions by the butcher for roasting.
5. (Geol.)
Defn: A plane of fracture, or divisional plane, of a rock transverse to the stratification.
6. (Arch.)
Defn: The space between the adjacent surfaces of two bodies joined and held together, as by means of cement, mortar, etc.; as, a thin joint.
7. The means whereby the meeting surfaces of pieces in a structure are secured together. Coursing joint (Masonry), the mortar joint between two courses of bricks or stones. — Fish joint, Miter joint, Universal joint, etc. See under Fish, Miter, etc. — Joint bolt, a bolt for fastening two pieces, as of wood, one endwise to the other, having a nut embedded in one of the pieces. — Joint chair (Railroad), the chair that supports the ends of abutting rails. — Joint coupling, a universal joint for coupling shafting. See under Universal. — Joint hinge, a hinge having long leaves; a strap hinge. — Joint splice, a reënforce at a joint, to sustain the parts in their true relation. — Joint stool. (a) A stool consisting of jointed parts; a folding stool. Shak. (b) A block for supporting the end of a piece at a joint; a joint chair. — Out of joint, out of place; dislocated, as when the head of a bone slips from its socket; hence, not working well together; disordered. "The time is out of joint." Shak.
JOINTJoint, a. Etym: [F., p. p. of joindre. See Join.]
1. Joined; united; combined; concerted; as joint action.
2. Involving the united activity of two or more; done or produced by two or more working together. I read this joint effusion twice over. T. Hook.
3. United, joined, or sharing with another or with others; not solitary in interest or action; holding in common with an associate, or with associates; acting together; as, joint heir; joint creditor; joint debtor, etc. "Joint tenants of the world." Donne.
4. Shared by, or affecting two or more; held in common; as, joint property; a joint bond. A joint burden laid upon us all. Shak. Joint committee (Parliamentary Practice), a committee composed of members of the two houses of a legislative body, for the appointment of which concurrent resolutions of the two houses are necessary. Cushing. — Joint meeting, or Joint session, the meeting or session of two distinct bodies as one; as, a joint meeting of committees representing different corporations; a joint session of both branches of a State legislature to chose a United States senator. "Such joint meeting shall not be dissolved until the electoral votes are all counted and the result declared." Joint Rules of Congress, U. S. — Joint resolution (Parliamentary Practice), a resolution adopted concurrently by the two branches of a legislative body. "By the constitution of the United States and the rules of the two houses, no absolute distinction is made between bills and joint resolutions." Barclay (Digest). — Joint rule (Parliamentary Practice), a rule of proceeding adopted by the concurrent action of both branches of a legislative assembly. "Resolved, by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), that the sixteenth and seventeenth joint rules be suspended for the remainder of the session." Journal H. of R., U. S. — Joint and several (Law), a phrase signifying that the debt, credit, obligation, etc., to which it is applied is held in such a way that the parties in interest are engaged both together and individually thus a joint and several debt is one for which all the debtors may be sued together or either of them individually. — Joint stock, stock held in company. — Joint-stock company (Law), a species of partnership, consisting generally of a large number of members, having a capital divided, or agreed to be divided, into shares, the shares owned by any member being usually transferable without the consent of the rest. — Joint tenancy (Law), a tenure by two or more persons of estate by unity of interest, title, time, and possession, under which the survivor takes the whole. Blackstone. — Joint tenant (Law), one who holds an estate by joint tenancy.
JOINTJoint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jointing.]
1. To unite by a joint or joints; to fit together; to prepare so as to fit together; as, to joint boards. Pierced through the yielding planks of jointed wood. Pope.
2. To join; to connect; to unite; to combine. Jointing their force 'gainst Cæsar. Shak.
3. To provide with a joint or joints; to articulate. The fingers are jointed together for motion. Ray.
4. To separate the joints; of; to divide at the joint or joints; to disjoint; to cut up into joints, as meat. "He joints the neck. Dryden. Quartering, jointing, seething, and roasting. Holland.
JOINTJoint, v. i.
Defn: To fit as if by joints; to coalesce as joints do; as, the stones joint, neatly.
JOINTEDJoint"ed, a.
Defn: Having joints; articulated; full of nodes; knotty; as, a jointed doll; jointed structure. "The jointed herbage." J. Philips. — Joint"ed*ly, adv.
JOINTERJoint"er, n.
1. One who, or that which, joints.
2. A plane for smoothing the surfaces of pieces which are to be accurately joined; especially: (a) The longest plane used by a joiner. (b) (Coopering) A long stationary plane, for plaining the edges of barrel staves.
3. (Masonry) (a) A bent piece of iron inserted to strengthen the joints of a wall. (b) A tool for pointing the joints in brickwork.
JOINT-FIRJoint"-fir`, n. (Bot.)
Defn: A genus (Ephedra) of leafless shrubs, with the stems conspicuously jointed; — called also shrubby horsetail. There are about thirty species, of which two or three are found from Texas to California.
JOINTINGJoint"ing, n.
Defn: The act or process of making a joint; also, the joints thus produced. Jointing machine, a planing machine for wood used in furniture and piano factories, etc. — Jointing plane. See Jointer, 2. — Jointing rule (Masonry), a long straight rule, used by bricklayers for securing straight joints and faces.
JOINTLESSJoint"less, a.
Defn: Without a joint; rigid; stiff.
JOINTLYJoint"ly, adv.
Defn: In a joint manner; together; unitedly; in concert; notseparately.Then jointly to the ground their knees they bow. Shak.
JOINTRESSJoint"ress, n. (Law)
Defn: A woman who has a jointure. [Written also jointuress.]Blackstone.
JOINTURE Join"ture, n. Etym: [F. jointure a joint, orig., a joining, L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Juncture.]
1. A joining; a joint. [Obs.]
2. (Law)
Defn: An estate settled on a wife, which she is to enjoy after husband's decease, for her own life at least, in satisfaction of dower. The jointure that your king must make, Which with her dowry shall be counterpoised. Shak.
JOINTUREJoin"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointured; p. pr. & vb. n.Jointuring.]
Defn: To settle a jointure upon.
JOINTURELESSJoin"ture*less, a.
Defn: Having no jointure.
JOINTURESSJoin"tur*ess, n.
Defn: See Jointress. Bouvier.
JOINTWEEDJoint"weed`, n. (Bot.)
Defn: A slender, nearly leafless, American herb (Polygonum articulatum), with jointed spikes of small flowers.
JOINTWORMJoint"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)
Defn: The larva of a small, hymenopterous fly (Eurytoma hordei), which is found in gall-like swellings on the stalks of wheat, usually at or just above the first joint. In some parts of America it does great damage to the crop.
JOIST Joist, n. Etym: [OE. giste, OF. giste, F. gîte, fr. gesir to lie, F. gésir. See Gist.] (Arch.)
Defn: A piece of timber laid horizontally, or nearly so, to which the planks of the floor, or the laths or furring strips of a ceiling, are nailed; — called, according to its position or use, binding joist, bridging joist, ceiling joist, trimming joist, etc. See Illust. of Double-framed floor, under Double, a.
JOISTJoist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Joisting.]
Defn: To fit or furnish with joists. Johnson.
JOKEJoke, n. Etym: [L. jocus. Cf Jeopardy, Jocular, Juggler.]
1. Something said for the sake of exciting a laugh; something witty or sportive (commonly indicating more of hilarity or humor than jest); a jest; a witticism; as, to crack good-natured jokes. And gentle dullness ever loves a joke. Pope. Or witty joke our airy senses moves To pleasant laughter. Gay.
2. Something not said seriously, or not actually meant; somethingdone in sport.Inclose whole downs in walls, 't is all a joke. Pope.In joke, in jest; sportively; not meant seriously.— Practical joke. See under Practical.
JOKEJoke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joked; p. pr. & vb. n. Joking.]
Defn: To make merry with; to make jokes upon; to rally; to banter; as, to joke a comrade.
JOKEJoke, v. i. Etym: [L. jocari.]
Defn: To do something for sport, or as a joke; to be merry in wordsor actions; to jest.He laughed, shouted, joked, and swore. Macaulay.
Syn.— To jest; sport; rally; banter. See Jest.
JOKERJok"er, n.
1. One who makes jokes or jests.
2. (Card Playing)
Defn: See Rest bower, under 2d Bower.
JOKINGLYJok"ing*ly, adv.
Defn: In a joking way; sportively.
JOLE; JOLLJole, Joll, v. t. & n.
Defn: Same as Jowl. Shak.
JOLIFJol*if", a. Etym: [See Jolly.]
Defn: Joyful; merry; pleasant; jolly. [Obs.] Chaucer.
JOLLIFICATIONJol`li*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Jolly + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make.See -fy.]
Defn: A merrymaking; noisy festivity. [Colloq.]We have had a jollification or so together. Sir W. Scott.
JOLLILYJol"li*ly, adv.
Defn: In a jolly manner.
JOLLIMENTJol"li*ment, n.
Defn: Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.
JOLLINESSJol"li*ness, n.
Defn: Jollity; noisy mirth. Chaucer.
JOLLITYJol"li*ty, n. Etym: [From Jolly: cf. OF. jolieté, joliveté.]
Defn: Noisy mirth; gayety; merriment; festivity; boisterousenjoyment. Chaucer.All now was turned to jollity and game. Milton.He with a proud jollity commanded him to leave that quarrel only forhim, who was only worthy to enter into it. Sir P. Sidney.
Syn.— Merriment; mirth; gayety; festivity; hilarity.
JOLLY Jol"ly, a. [Compar. Jollier; superl. Jolliest.] Etym: [OF. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, F. joli pretty; of Scand. origin, akin to E. yule; cf. Icel. j yule, Christmass feast. See Yule.]
1. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joyous; merry; mirthful. Like a jolly troop of huntsmen. Shak. "A jolly place," said he, "in times of old! But something ails it now: the spot is cursed." Wordsworth.
2. Expressing mirth, or inspiring it; exciting mirth and gayety. And with his jolly pipe delights the groves. Prior. Their jolly notes they chanted loud and clear. Fairfax.
3. Of fine appearance; handsome; excellent; lively; agreeable; pleasant. "A jolly cool wind." Sir T. North. [Now mostly colloq.] Full jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit. Spenser. The coachman is swelled into jolly dimensions. W. Irving.
JOLLY-BOAT Jol"ly-boat`, n. Etym: [A corruption of Dan. jolle yawl, or of D. jol yawl + E. boat. See Yawl the boat.] (Naut.)
Defn: A boat of medium size belonging to a ship.
JOLLYHEADJol"ly*head, n.
Defn: Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.
JOLTJolt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jolting.] Etym:[Prob. fr. jole, joll, jowl, and orig. meaning, to knock on the head.See Jowl.]
Defn: To shake with short, abrupt risings and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough ground; as, the coach jolts.
JOLTJolt, v. t.
Defn: To cause to shake with a sudden up and down motion, as in a carriage going over rough ground, or on a high-trotting horse; as, the horse jolts the rider; fast driving jolts the carriage and the passengers.
JOLTJolt, n.
Defn: A sudden shock or jerk; a jolting motion, as in a carriage moving over rough ground. The first jolt had like to have shaken me out. Swift.
JOLTERJolt"er, n.
Defn: One who, or that which, jolts.
JOLTERHEAD; JOLTHEADJolt"er*head`, Jolt"head`, n. Etym: [See Jolt, Jowl.]
Defn: A dunce; a blockhead. Sir T. North.
JOLTINGLYJolt"ing*ly, adv.
Defn: In a jolting manner.
JOLTYJolt"y, a.
Defn: That jolts; as, a jolty coach. [Colloq.]
JONAHJo"nah, n.
Defn: The Hebrew prophet, who was cast overboard as one who endangered the ship; hence, any person whose presence is unpropitious. Jonah crab (Zoöl.), a large crab (Cancer borealis) of the eastern coast of the United States, sometimes found between tides, but usually in deep water.
JONESIANJo*ne"sian, a.
Defn: Of or pertaining to Jones. The Jonesian system, a system of transliterating Oriental words by English letters, invented by Sir William Jones.
JONGLEUR; JONGLERJon"gleur, Jon"gler, n. Etym: [F. jongleur. See Juggler.]
1. In the Middle Ages, a court attendant or other person who, for hire, recited or sang verses, usually of his own composition. See Troubadour. Vivacity and picturesquenees of the jongleur's verse. J R. Green.
2. A juggler; a conjuror. See Juggler. Milton.
JONQUIL; JONQUILLE Jon"quil, Jon"quille, n. Etym: [F. jonquille, fr. L. juncus a rush, because it has rushlike leaves.] (Bot.)
Defn: A bulbous plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Jonquilla), allied to the daffodil. It has long, rushlike leaves, and yellow or white fragrant flowers. The root has emetic properties. It is sometimes called the rush-leaved daffodil. See Illust. of Corona.
JORAMJo"ram, n.
Defn: See Jorum.
JORDAN; JORDEN Jor"dan, Jor"den, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. the river Jordan, and shortened fr. Jordan bottle a bottle of water from the Jordan, brought back by pilgrims.]
1. A pot or vessel with a large neck, formerly used by physicians and alchemists. [Obs.] Halliwell.
2. A chamber pot. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.
JORUMJo"rum, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupted fr. jorden an earthen pot.]
Defn: A large drinking vessel; also, its contents. [Colloq. Eng.]Forby.
JOSEPHJo"seph, n.
Defn: An outer garment worn in the 18th century; esp., a woman's riding habit, buttoned down the front. Fairholt.
JOSEPH'S FLOWERJo"seph's flow"er. (Bot.)
Defn: A composite herb (Tragopogon pratensis), of the same genus as the salsify.
JOSOJo"so, n. (Zoöl.)
Defn: A small gudgeon.
JOSSJoss, n. Etym: [Chinese, corrupt. fr. Pg. deos God, L. deus.]
Defn: A Chinese household divinity; a Chinese idol. "Critic in jars and josses." Colman (1761). Joss house, a Chinese temple or house for the Chinese mode of worship. — Joss stick, a reed covered with a paste made of the dust of odoriferous woods, or a cylinder made wholly of the paste; — burned by the Chinese before an idol.
JOSSAJos"sa, interj.
Defn: A command to a horse, probably meaning "stand still." [Obs.]Chaucer.
JOSS PAPERJoss paper.
Defn: Gold and silver paper burned by the Chinese, in the form of coins or ingots, in worship and at funerals.
JOSTLEJos"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jostled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jostling.]Etym: [A dim. of joust, just, v. See Joust, and cf. Justle.] [Writtenalso justle.]
Defn: To run against and shake; to push out of the way; to elbow; to hustle; to disturb by crowding; to crowd against. "Bullies jostled him." Macaulay. Systems of movement, physical, intellectual, and moral, which are perpetually jostling each other. I. Taylor.
JOSTLEJos"tle, v. i.
Defn: To push; to crowd; to hustle.None jostle with him for the wall. Lamb.
JOSTLEJos"tle, n.
Defn: A conflict by collisions; a crowding or bumping together;interference.The jostle of South African nationalities and civilization. TheNation.
JOSTLEMENTJos"tle*ment, n.
Defn: Crowding; hustling.
JOTJot, n. Etym: [L. iota, Gr. i. Heb. y), the smallest letter of theGreek alphabet. Cf. Iota.]
Defn: An iota; a point; a tittle; the smallest particle. Cf. Bit, n.Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wisepass from the law, till all be fulfilled. Matt. v. 18.Neither will they bate One jot of ceremony. Shak.
JOTJot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jotting.]
Defn: To set down; to make a brief note of; — usually followed by down.
JOTTERJot"ter, n.
1. One who jots down memoranda.
2. A memorandum book.
JOUGSJougs, n. Etym: [F. joug a yoke, L. jugum. See Yoke.]
Defn: An iron collar fastened to a wall or post, formerly used inScotland as a kind of pillory. [Written also juggs.] See Juke. Sir W.Scott.
JOUISSANCE Jou"is*sance, n. Etym: [F., fr. jouir to enjoy, fr. L. gaudere to rejoice.]
Defn: Jollity; merriment. [Obs.] Spenser.
JOUKJouk, v. i.
Defn: See Juke.
JOULJoul, v. t.
Defn: See Jowl.
JOULEJoule, n. Etym: [From the distinguished English physicist, James P.Joule.] (Physics.)
Defn: A unit of work which is equal to 107 units of work in the C. G. S. system of units (ergs), and is practically equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an electric current of one ampere in a resistance of one ohm. One joule is approximately equal to 0.738 foot pounds. Joule's equivalent. See under Equivalent, n.
JOULEMETERJoule"me`ter, n.
Defn: An integrating wattmeter for measuring the energy in joules expended in an electric circuit or developed by a machine.
JOULE'S CYCLEJoule's cycle. (Thermodynamics)
Defn: The cycle for the air engine proposed by Joule. In it air is taken by a pump from a cold chamber and compressed adiabatically until its pressure is eqal to that of the air in a hot chamber, into which it is then delivered, thereby displacing an equal amount of hot air into the engine cylinder. Here it expands adiabatically to the temperature of the cold chamber into which it is finally exhausted. This cycle, reversed, is used in refrigerating machines.
JOULE'S LAWJoule's law.
1. (Elec.)
Defn: The law that the rate at which heat is produced in any part of an electric circuit is measured by the product of the square of the current into the resistance of that part of the circuit. If the current (i) is constant for an interval of time (t), the energy (H) in heat units equals i2Rt, R being resistance.
2. (Thermodynamics) The law that there is no change of temperature when a gas expands without doing external work and without receiving or rejecting heat.
JOUNCEJounce, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Jouncing.]Etym: [Cf. Jaunce.]
Defn: To jolt; to shake, especially by rough riding or by driving over obstructions.
JOUNCEJounce, n.
Defn: A jolt; a shake; a hard trot.
JOURNAL Jour"nal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. diurnalis diurnal, fr. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. See Diurnal.]
Defn: Daily; diurnal. [Obs.]Whiles from their journal labors they did rest. Spenser.
JOURNALJour"nal, n. Etym: [F. journal. See Journal, a.]
1. A diary; an account of daily transactions and events. Specifically: (a) (Bookkeeping) A book of accounts, in which is entered a condensed and grouped statement of the daily transactions. (b) (Naut.) A daily register of the ship's course and distance, the winds, weather, incidents of the voyage, etc. (c) (Legislature) The record of daily proceedings, kept by the clerk. (d) A newspaper published daily; by extension, a weekly newspaper or any periodical publication, giving an account of passing events, the proceedings and memoirs of societies, etc. ; a periodical; a magazine.
2. That which has occurred in a day; a day's work or travel; a day's journey. [Obs. & R.] B. Jonson.
3. (Mach.)
Defn: That portion of a rotating piece, as a shaft, axle, spindle, etc., which turns in a bearing or box. See Illust. of Axle box. Journal box, or Journal bearing (Mach.) the carrier of a journal; the box in which the journal of a shaft, axle, or pin turns.
JOURNALISMJour"nal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. journalisme.]
1. The keeping of a journal or diary. [Obs.]
2. The periodical collection and publication of current news; the business of managing, editing, or writing for, journals or newspapers; as, political journalism. Journalism is now truly an estate of the realm. Ed. Rev.
JOURNALISTJour"nal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. journaliste.]
1. One who keeps a journal or diary. [Obs.] Mickle.
2. The conductor of a public journal, or one whose business it to write for a public journal; an editorial or other professional writer for a periodical. Addison.
JOURNALISTICJour"nal*is"tic, a.
Defn: Pertaining to journals or to journalists; contained in, or characteristic of, the public journals; as journalistic literature or enterprise.
JOURNALIZEJour"nal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Journalized; p. pr. & vb. n.Journalizing.]
Defn: To enter or record in a journal or diary. Johnson.
JOURNALIZEJour"nal*ize, v. i.
Defn: to conduct or contribute to a public journal; to follow the profession of a journalist.
JOURNEY Jour"ney, n.; pl. Journeys. Etym: [OE. jornee, journee, prop., a day's journey, OF. jornée, jurnée, a day, a day's work of journey, F. journée, fr. OF. jorn, jurn, jor a day, F. jour, fr. L. diurnus. See Journal.]
1. The travel or work of a day. [Obs.] Chaucer. We have yet large day, for scarce the sun Hath finished half his journey. Milton.
2. Travel or passage from one place to another; hence, figuratively,a passage through life.The good man . . . is gone a long journey. Prov. vii. 19.We must all have the same journey's end. Bp. Stillingfleet.
Syn. — Tour; excursion; trip; expedition; pilgrimage. — Journey, Tour, Excursion, Pilgrimage. The word journey suggests the idea of a somewhat prolonged traveling for a specific object, leading a person to pass directly from one point to another. In a tour, we take a roundabout course from place to place, more commonly for pleasure, though sometimes on business. An excursion is usually a brief tour or trip for pleasure, health, etc. In a pilgrimage we travel to a place hallowed by our religions affections, or by some train of sacred or tender associations. A journey on important business; the tour of Europe; an excursion to the lakes; a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
JOURNEYJour"ney, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Journeyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Journeying.]
Defn: To travel from place to place; to go from home to a distance.Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south. Gen. xii. 9.
JOURNEYJour"ney, v. t.
Defn: To traverse; to travel over or through. [R.] "I journeyed many a land." Sir W. Scott.
JOURNEY-BATEDJour"ney-bat`ed, a.
Defn: Worn out with journeying. [Obs.] Shak.
JOURNEYERJour"ney*er, n.
Defn: One who journeys.
JOURNEYMANJour"ney*man, n.; pl. Journeymen (.
Defn: Formerly, a man hired to work by the day; now, commonly, one who has mastered a handicraft or trade; — distinguished from apprentice and from master workman. I have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men, and not made them well. Shak.
JOURNEYWORKJour"ney*work`, n.
Defn: Originally, work done by the day; work done by a journeyman at his trade.
JOUST Joust, v. i. Etym: [OE. justen, jousten, OF. jouster, jouster, joster, F. jouter, fr. L. juxta near to, nigh, from the root of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Jostle.]
Defn: To engage in mock combat on horseback, as two knights in the lists; to tilt. [Written also just.] For the whole army to joust and tourney. Holland.
JOUST Joust, n. Etym: [OE. juste, jouste, OF. juste, jouste, joste, F. joute. See Joust, v. i.]
Defn: A tilting match; a mock combat on horseback between two knights in the lists or inclosed field. [Written also just.] Gorgeous knights at joust and tournament. Milton.
JOUSTERJoust"er, n.
Defn: One who jousts or tilts.
JOVEJove, n. Etym: [L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, OL. Jovis, nom. & gen. forDjovis; akin to E. Tuesday. See Tuesday, and cf. Jupiter.]
1. The chief divinity of the ancient Romans; Jupiter.
2. (Astron.)
Defn: The planet Jupiter. [R.] Pope.
3. (Alchemy)
Defn: The metal tin. Bird of Jove, the eagle.
JOVIAL Jo"vi*al, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. Jovialis pertaining to Jove. The planet Jupiter was thought to make those born under it joyful or jovial. See Jove.]
1. Of or pertaining to the god, or the planet, Jupiter. [Obs.] Our jovial star reigned at his birth. Shak. The fixed stars astrologically differenced by the planets, and esteemed Martial or Jovial according to the colors whereby they answer these planets. Sir T. Browne.
2. Sunny; serene. [Obs.] "The heavens always joviall." Spenser.
3. Gay; merry; joyous; jolly; mirth-inspiring; hilarious; characterized by mirth or jollity; as, a jovial youth; a jovial company; a jovial poem. Be bright and jovial among your guests. Shak. His odes are some of them panegyrical, others moral; the rest are jovial or bacchanalian. Dryden.
Note: This word is a relic of the belief in planetary influence.Other examples are saturnine, mercurial, martial, lunatic, etc.
Syn.— Merry; joyous; gay; festive; mirthful; gleeful; jolly; hilarious.
JOVIALISTJo"vi*al*ist, n.
Defn: One who lives a jovial life. Bp. Hall.
JOVIALITYJo`vi*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jovialité.]
Defn: The quality or state of being jovial. Sir T. Herbert.
JOVIALLYJo"vi*al*ly, adv.
Defn: In a jovial manner; merrily; gayly. B. Jonson.
JOVIALNESSJo"vi*al*ness, n.
Defn: Noisy mirth; joviality. Hewyt.
JOVIALTYJo"vi*al*ty, n.
Defn: Joviality. [R.] Barrow.
JOVIANJo"vi*an, a.
Defn: Of or pertaining to Jove, or Jupiter (either the deity or the planet).
JOVICENTRICJo`vi*cen"tric, a. Etym: [See Jove, and Center.] (Astron.)
Defn: Revolving around the planet Jupiter; appearing as viewed fromJupiter. [R.] J. R. Hind.
JOVINIANISTJo*vin"ian*ist, n. (Script. Hist.)
Defn: An adherent to the doctrines of Jovinian, a monk of the fourth century, who denied the virginity of Mary, and opposed the asceticism of his time.
JOWLJowl, n. Etym: [For older chole, chaul, AS. ceaft jaw. Cf. Chaps.]
Defn: The cheek; the jaw. [Written also jole, choule, chowle, and geoule.] Cheek by jowl, with the cheeks close together; side by side; in close proximity. "I will go with three cheek by jole." Shak. " Sits cheek by jowl." Dryden.
JOWLJowl, v. t.
Defn: To throw, dash, or knock. [Obs.]How the knave jowls it to the ground. Shak.
JOWLERJowl"er, n. (Zoöl.)
Defn: A dog with large jowls, as the beagle.
JOWTERJow"ter, n.
Defn: A mounted peddler of fish; — called also jouster. [Obs.]Carew.
JOYJoy, n. Etym: [OE. joye, OF. joye, joie, goie, F. joie, L. gaudia,pl. of gaudium joy, fr. gaudere to rejoice, to be glad; cf. Gr. Gaud,Jewel.]
1. The passion or emotion excited by the acquisition or expectation of good; pleasurable feelings or emotions caused by success, good fortune, and the like, or by a rational prospect of possessing what we love or desire; gladness; exhilaration of spirits; delight. Her heavenly form beheld, all wished her joy. Dryden. Glides the smooth current of domestic joy. Johnson. Who, for the joy that was set before him, endured the cross, despising the shame. Heb. xii. 2. Tears of true joy for his return. Shak. Joy is a delight of the mind, from the consideration of the present or assured approaching possession of a good. Locke.
2. That which causes joy or happiness. For ye are our glory and joy. 1 Thess. ii. 20. A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Keats.
3. The sign or exhibition of joy; gayety; mirth; merriment;festivity.Such joy made Una, when her knight she found. Spenser.The roofs with joy resound. Dryden.
Note: Joy is used in composition, esp. with participles, to from many self-explaining compounds; as, joy-hells, joy-ringing, joy-inspiring, joy-resounding, etc.
Syn. — Gladness; pleasure; delight; happiness; exultation; transport; felicity; ecstasy; rapture; bliss; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity; hilarity.
JOY Joy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Joyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Joying.] Etym: [OF. joir, F. jouir. See Joy, n.]
Defn: To rejoice; to be glad; to delight; to exult.I will joy in the God of my salvation. Hab. iii. 18.In whose sight all things joy. Milton.
JOYJoy, v. t.
1. To give joy to; to congratulate. [Obs.] "Joy us of our conquest." Dryden. To joy the friend, or grapple with the foe. Prior.
2. To gladden; to make joyful; to exhilarate. [Obs.] Neither pleasure's art can joy my spirits. Shak.
3. To enjoy. [Obs.] See Enjoy. Who might have lived and joyed immortal bliss. Milton.
JOYANCEJoy"ance, n. Etym: [OF. joiance.]
Defn: Enjoyment; gayety; festivity; joyfulness. Spenser.Some days of joyance are decreed to all. Byron.From what hid fountains doth thy joyance flow Trench.
JOYANCYJoy"an*cy, n.
Defn: Joyance. [R.] Carlyle.
JOYFULJoy"ful, a.
Defn: Full of joy; having or causing joy; very glad; as, a joyfulheart. "Joyful tidings." Shak.My soul shall be joyful in my God. Is. lxi. 10.Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life. Pope.— Joy"ful*ly, adv.— Joy"ful*ness, n.
JOYLESSJoy"less, a.
Defn: Not having joy; not causing joy; unenjoyable.— Joy"less*ly, adv.— Joy"less*ness, n.With downcast eyes the joyless victor sat. Dryden.Youth and health and war are joyless to him. Addison.[He] pining for the lass, Is joyless of the grove, and spurns thegrowing grass. Dryden.
JOYOUSJoy"ous, a. Etym: [OE. joyous, joious, joios, F. joyeux.See Joy.]
Defn: Glad; gay; merry; joyful; also, affording or inspiring joy;with of before the word or words expressing the cause of joy.Is this your joyous city Is. xxiii. 7.They all as glad as birds of joyous prime. Spenser.And joyous of our conquest early won. Dryden.
Syn.— Merry; lively; blithe; gleeful; gay; glad; mirthful; sportive;festive; joyful; happy; blissful; charming; delightful.— Joy"ous*ly, adv.— Joy"ous*ness, n.
JOYSOMEJoy"some (, a.
Defn: Causing joyfulness. [R.]This all joysome grove. T. Browne.
JUBJub, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupted fr. jug.]
Defn: A vessel for holding ale or wine; a jug. [Obs.] Chaucer.
JUBAJu"ba, n.; pl. Jubæ (-be). Etym: [L., a mane.]
1. (Zoöl.)
Defn: The mane of an animal.
2. (Bot.)
Defn: A loose panicle, the axis of which falls to pieces, as in certain grasses.
JUBATEJu"bate, a. Etym: [L. jubatus having a mane.] (Zoöl.)
Defn: Fringed with long, pendent hair.
JUBBAH; JUBBEH; JOOBBEHJub"bah, n. Also Jub"beh, Joob"beh. [Hind. jubba, fr. Ar. jubbah.]
Defn: A long outer garment worn by both sexes of Mohammedans of the better class.
JUBE Ju`bé", n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) (a) chancel screen or rood screen. (b) gallery above such a screen, from which certain parts of the service were formerly read. See Rood loft, under Rood.
JUBILANT Ju"bi*lant, a. Etym: [L. jubilans, -antis, p. pr. of jubilare to shout for joy: cf. F. jubila. See Jubilate.]
Defn: Uttering songs of triumph; shouting with joy; triumphant; exulting. "The jubilant age." Coleridge. While the bright pomp ascended jubilant. Milton.
JUBILANTLYJu"bi*lant*ly, adv.
Defn: In a jubilant manner.
JUBILARJu"bi*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. jubilaire.]
Defn: Pertaining to, or having the character of, a jubilee. [R.] Bp.Hall.
JUBILATEJu`bi*la"te, n. Etym: [L., imperat. of jubilare to shout for joy.]
1. The third Sunday after Easter; — so called because the introit is the 66th Psalm, which, in the Latin version, begins with the words, "Jubilate Deo."
2. A name of the 100th Psalm; — so called from its opening word in the Latin version.
JUBILATEJu"bi*late, v. i. Etym: [L. jubilatus, p. p. of jubilare.]
Defn: To exult; to rejoice. [R.] De Quincey.
JUBILATIONJu`bi*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. jubilatio: cf. F. jubilation.]
Defn: A triumphant shouting; rejoicing; exultation. "Jubilations and hallelujahs." South.
JUBILEE Ju"bi*lee, n. Etym: [F. jubilé, L. jubilaeus, Gr. y the blast of a trumpet, also the grand sabbatical year, which was announced by sound of trumpet.]
1. (Jewish Hist.)
Defn: Every fiftieth year, being the year following the completion of each seventh sabbath of years, at which time all the slaves of Hebrew blood were liberated, and all lands which had been alienated during the whole period reverted to their former owners. [In this sense spelled also, in some English Bibles, jubile.] Lev. xxv. 8-17.
2. The joyful commemoration held on the fiftieth anniversary of any event; as, the jubilee of Queen Victoria's reign; the jubilee of the American Board of Missions.
3. (R. C. Ch.)
Defn: A church solemnity or ceremony celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, originally of one hundred years, but latterly of twenty- five; a plenary and extraordinary indulgence grated by the sovereign pontiff to the universal church. One invariable condition of granting this indulgence is the confession of sins and receiving of the eucharist.
4. A season of general joy. The town was all a jubilee of feasts. Dryden.
5. A state of joy or exultation. [R.] "In the jubilee of his spirits." Sir W. Scott.
JUCUNDITYJu*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. jucunditas, from jucundus.]
Defn: Pleasantness; agreeableness. See Jocundity. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
JUDAHITEJu"dah*ite, n.
Defn: One of the tribe of Judah; a member of the kingdom of Judah; aJew. Kitto.
JUDAIC; JUDAICALJu*da"ic, Ju*da"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. Judaïcus, fr. Judaea, the countryJudea: cf. F. Judaïque. See Jew.]
Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jews. "The natural or Judaical [religion]." South.
JUDAICALLYJu*da"ic*al*ly, adv.
Defn: After the Jewish manner. Milton.
JUDAISMJu"da*ism, n. Etym: [L. Judaïsmus: cf. F. judaïsme.]
1. The religious doctrines and rites of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses. J. S. Mill.
2. Conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies.
JUDAISTJu"da*ist, n.
Defn: One who believes and practices Judaism.
JUDAISTICJu`da*is"tic, a.
Defn: Of or pertaining to Judaism.
JUDAIZATIONJu`da*i*za"tion, n.
Defn: The act of Judaizing; a conforming to the Jewish religion or ritual. [R.]
JUDAIZEJu"da*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judaized; p. pr. & vb. n. Judaizing.]Etym: [Cf. F. judaïser.]
Defn: To conform to the doctrines, observances, or methods of the Jews; to inculcate or impose Judaism. They . . . prevailed on the Galatians to Judaize so far as to observe the rites of Moses in various instances. They were Judaizing doctors, who taught the observation of the Mosaic law. Bp. Bull.
JUDAIZEJu"da*ize, v. t.
Defn: To impose Jewish observances or rites upon; to convert toJudaism.The heretical Theodotion, the Judaized Symmachus. Milton.
JUDAIZERJu"da*i`zer, n.
Defn: One who conforms to or inculcates Judaism; specifically, pl. (Ch. Hist.), those Jews who accepted Christianity but still adhered to the law of Moses and worshiped in the temple at Jerusalem.
JUDAIZERSJu"da*iz`ers (ju"day*iz`erz), n. pl.
Defn: See Raskolnik.
JUDASJu"das, n.
Defn: The disciple who betrayed Christ. Hence: A treacherous person; one who betrays under the semblance of friendship. — a.
Defn: Treacherous; betraying. Judas hole, a peephole or secret opening for spying. — Judas kiss, a deceitful and treacherous kiss. — Judas tree (Bot.), a leguminous tree of the genus Cercis, with pretty, rose-colored flowers in clusters along the branches. Judas is said to have hanged himself on a tree of this genus (C. Siliquastrum). C. Canadensis and C. occidentalis are the American species, and are called also redbud.
JUDAS-COLOREDJu"das-col`ored, a.
Defn: Red; — from a tradition that Judas Iscariot had red hair andbeard.There's treachery in that Judas-colored beard. Dryden.
JUDDOCK Jud"dock, n. Etym: [For judcock; jud (equiv. to Prov. E. gid a jacksnipe, W. giach snipe) + cock.] (Zoöl.)
Defn: See Jacksnipe.
JUDEANJu*de"an, a. Etym: [L. Judaeus. See Jew.]
Defn: Of or pertaining to Judea.— n.
Defn: A native of Judea; a Jew.
JUDGE Judge, n. Etym: [OE. juge, OF. & F. juge, fr. OF. jugier, F. juger, to judge. See Judge, v. i.]
1. (Law)
Defn: A public officer who is invested with authority to hear and determine litigated causes, and to administer justice between parties in courts held for that purpose. The parts of a judge in hearing are four: to direct the evidence; to moderate length, repetition, or impertinency of speech; to recapitulate, select, and collate the material points of that which hath been said; and to give the rule or sentence. Bacon.
2. One who has skill, knowledge, or experience, sufficient to decide on the merits of a question, or on the quality or value of anything; one who discerns properties or relations with skill and readiness; a connoisseur; an expert; a critic. A man who is no judge of law may be a good judge of poetry, or eloquence, or of the merits of a painting. Dryden.
3. A person appointed to decide in aas, a judge in a horse race.
4. (Jewish Hist.)
Defn: One of supreme magistrates, with both civil and military powers, who governed Israel for more than four hundred years.
5. pl.
Defn: The title of the seventh book of the Old Testament; the Book of Judges. Judge Advocate (Mil. & Nav.), a person appointed to act as prosecutor at a court-martial; he acts as the representative of the government, as the responsible adviser of the court, and also, to a certain extent, as counsel for the accused, when he has no other counsel. — Judge-Advocate General, in the United States, the title of two officers, one attached to the War Department and having the rank of brigadier general, the other attached to the Navy Department and having the rank of colonel of marines or captain in the navy. The first is chief of the Bureau of Military Justice of the army, the other performs a similar duty for the navy. In England, the designation of a member of the ministry who is the legal adviser of the secretary of state for war, and supreme judge of the proceedings of courts-martial.
Syn. — Judge, Umpire, Arbitrator, Referee. A judge, in the legal sense, is a magistrate appointed to determine questions of law. An umpire is a person selected to decide between two or more who contend for a prize. An arbitrator is one chosen to allot to two contestants their portion of a claim, usually on grounds of equity and common sense. A referee is one to whom a case is referred for final adjustment. Arbitrations and references are sometimes voluntary, sometimes appointed by a court.
JUDGEJudge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judged; p. pr. & vb. n. Judging.] Etym:[OE. jugen, OF. jugier, F. juger, L. judicare, fr. judex judge; juslaw or right + dicare to proclaim, pronounce, akin to dicere to say.See Just, a., and Diction, and cf. Judicial.]
1. To hear and determine, as in causes on trial; to decide as a judge; to give judgment; to pass sentence. The Lord judge between thee and me. Gen. xvi. 5. Father, who art judge Of all things made, and judgest only right! Milton.
2. To assume the right to pass judgment on another; to sit in judgment or commendation; to criticise or pass adverse judgment upon others. See Judge, v. t., 3. Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all. Shak.
3. To compare facts or ideas, and perceive their relations and attributes, and thus distinguish truth from falsehood; to determine; to discern; to distinguish; to form an opinion about. Judge not according to the appearance. John vii. 24. She is wise if I can judge of her. Shak.
JUDGEJudge, v. t.
1. To hear and determine by authority, as a case before a court, or a controversy between two parties. "Chaos [shall] judge the strife." Milton.
2. To examine and pass sentence on; to try; to doom.God shall judge the righteous and the wicked. Eccl. iii. 7.To bring my whole cause 'fore his holiness, And to be judged by him.Shak.
3. To arrogate judicial authority over; to sit in judgment upon; to be censorious toward. Judge not, that ye be not judged. Matt. vii. 1.
4. To determine upon or deliberation; to esteem; to think; to reckon. If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord. Acts xvi. 15.
5. To exercise the functions of a magistrate over; to govern. [Obs.] Make us a king to judge us. 1 Sam. viii. 5.
JUDGE-MADEJudge"-made`, a.
Defn: Created by judges or judicial decision; — applied esp. to law applied or established by the judicial interpretation of statutes so as extend or restrict their scope, as to meet new cases, to provide new or better remedies, etc., and often used opprobriously of acts of judicial interpretation considered as doing this.
The law of the 13th century was judge-made law in a fuller and more literal sense than the law of any succeeding century has been. Sir Frederick Pollock.
JUDGERJudg"er, n.
Defn: One who judges. Sir K. Digby.
JUDGESHIPJudge"ship, n.
Defn: The office of a judge.
JUDGMENTJudg"ment, n. Etym: [OE. jugement, F. jugement, LL. judicamentum, fr.L. judicare. See Judge, v. i.]
1. The act of judging; the operation of the mind, involving comparison and discrimination, by which a knowledge of the values and relations of thins, whether of moral qualities, intellectual concepts, logical propositions, or material facts, is obtained; as, by careful judgment he avoided the peril; by a series of wrong judgments he forfeited confidence. I oughte deme, of skilful jugement, That in the salte sea my wife is deed. Chaucer.
2. The power or faculty of performing such operations (see 1); esp., when unqualified, the faculty of judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely; good sense; as, a man of judgment; a politician without judgment. He shall judge thy people with righteousness and thy poor with judgment. Ps. lxxii. 2. Hernia. I would my father look'd but with my eyes. Theseus. Rather your eyes must with his judgment look. Shak.
3. The conclusion or result of judging; an opinion; a decision. She in my judgment was as fair as you. Shak. Who first his judgment asked, and then a place. Pope.
4. The act of determining, as in courts of law, what is conformable to law and justice; also, the determination, decision, or sentence of a court, or of a judge; the mandate or sentence of God as the judge of all. In judgments between rich and poor, consider not what the poor man needs, but what is his own. Jer. Taylor. Most heartily I do beseech the court To give the judgment. Shak.
5. (Philos.) (a) That act of the mind by which two notions or ideas which are apprehended as distinct are compared for the purpose of ascertaining their agreement or disagreement. See 1. The comparison may be threefold: (1) Of individual objects forming a concept. (2) Of concepts giving what is technically called a judgment. (3) Of two judgments giving an inference. Judgments have been further classed as analytic, synthetic, and identical. (b) That power or faculty by which knowledge dependent upon comparison and discrimination is acquired. See 2. A judgment is the mental act by which one thing is affirmed or denied of another. Sir W. Hamilton. The power by which we are enabled to perceive what is true or false, probable or improbable, is called by logicians the faculty of judgment. Stewart.
6. A calamity regarded as sent by God, by way of recompense for wrong committed; a providential punishment. "Judgments are prepared for scorners." Prov. xix. 29. "This judgment of the heavens that makes us tremble." Shak.