Nondiscrimination in Enforcement of Discipline
Federal law applicable to programs or activities receiving Federal financial assistance prohibits school officials who are administering discipline from discriminating against students on the basis of race, color, national origin, or sex. Schools should therefore administer their discipline policies even-handedly, without regard to such considerations. Thus, as a general matter, students with similar disciplinary records who violate the same rule in the same way should be treated similarly. For example, if male and female students with no prior record of misbehavior are caught together smoking marijuana, it would not, in the absence of other relevant factors, be advisable for the school to suspend the male for 10 days while imposing only an afternoon detention on the female. Such divergent penalties for the same offense may be appropriate, however, if, for example, the student who received the harsher punishment had a history of misconduct or committed other infractions after this first confrontation with school authorities.
School officials should also be aware of and adhere to the special rules and procedures for the disciplining of handicapped students under the Education of the Handicapped Act, 20 USC § 1400-20, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 USC § 794.
(For legal citations, see reference section.)
RESOURCES
Specific Drugs and Their Effects
CANNABIS
Effects
All forms of cannabis have negative physical and mental effects. Several regularly observed physical effects of cannabis are a substantial increase in the heart rate, bloodshot eyes, a dry mouth and throat, and increased appetite.
Use of cannabis may impair or reduce short-term memory and comprehension, alter sense of time, and reduce ability to perform tasks requiring concentration and coordination, such as driving a car. Research also shows that students do not retain knowledge when they are "high." Motivation and cognition may be altered, making the acquisition of new information difficult. Marijuana can also produce paranoia and psychosis.
Because users often inhale the unfiltered smoke deeply and then hold it in their lungs as long as possible, marijuana is damaging to the lungs and pulmonary system. Marijuana smoke contains more cancer-causing agents than tobacco.
Long-term users of cannabis may develop psychological dependence and require more of the drug to get the same effect. The drug can become the center of their lives.
Marijuana
Pot
Grass
Weed
Reefer
Dope
Mary Jane
Sinsemilla
Acapulco Gold
Thai Sticks
Dried parsley mixed with stems that may include seeds
Eaten
Smoked
Tetrahydro-cannabinol
THC
Soft gelatin capsules
Taken orally
Smoked
Hashish
Hash
Brown or black cakes or balls
Eaten
Smoked
Hashish Oil
Hash Oil
Concentrated syrupy liquid varying in color from clear to black
Smoked—mixed with tobacco
INHALANTS
Effects
Immediate negative effects of inhalants include nausea, sneezing, coughing, nose-bleeds, fatigue, lack of coordination, and loss of appetite. Solvents and aerosol sprays also decrease the heart and respiratory rates, and impair judgment. Amyl and butyl nitrite cause rapid pulse, headaches, and involuntary passing of urine and feces. Long-term use may result in hepatitis or brain hemorrhage.
Deeply inhaling the vapors, or using large amounts over a short period of time, may result in disorientation, violent behavior, unconsciousness, or death. High concentrations of inhalants can cause suffocation by displacing the oxygen in the lungs or by depressing the central nervous system to the point that breathing stops.
Long-term use can cause weight loss, fatigue, electrolyte imbalance, and muscle fatigue. Repeated sniffing of concentrated vapors over time can permanently damage the nervous system.
Nitrous Oxide
Laughing gas
Whippets
Propellant for whipped cream in aerosol spray can
Small 8-gram metal cylinder sold with a balloon or pipe (buzz bomb)
Vapors inhaled
Amyl Nitrite
Poppers
Snappers
Clear yellowish liquid in ampules
Vapors inhaled
Butyl Nitrite
Rush
Bolt
Locker room
Bullet
Climax
Packaged in small bottles
Vapors inhaled
Chlorohydrocarbons
Aerosol sprays
Aerosol paint cans
Containers of cleaning fluid
Vapors inhaled
Hydrocarbons
Solvents
Cans of aerosol propellants, gasoline, glue, paint thinner
Vapors inhaled
STIMULANT: COCAINE
Effects
Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system. Its immediate effects include dilated pupils and elevated blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature. Occasional use can cause a stuffy or runny nose, while chronic use can ulcerate the mucous membrane of the nose. Injecting cocaine with unsterile equipment can cause AIDS, hepatitis, and other diseases. Preparation of freebase, which involves the use of volatile solvents, can result in death or injury from fire or explosion. Cocaine can produce psychological and physical dependency, a feeling that the user cannot function without the drug. In addition, tolerance develops rapidly.
Crack or freebase rock is extremely addictive, and its effects are felt within 10 seconds. The physical effects include dilated pupils, increased pulse rate, elevated blood pressure, insomnia, loss of appetite, tactile hallucinations, paranoia, and seizures.
The use of cocaine can cause death by disrupting the brain's control of the heart and respiration.
Cocaine
Coke
Snow
Flake
White
Blow
Nose Candy
Big C
Snowbirds
Lady
White crystalline powder, often diluted with other ingredients
Inhaled through nasal passages
Injected
Smoked
Crack or cocaine
Crack
Freebase rocks
Rock
Light brown or beige pellets—or crystalline rocks that resemble coagulated soap; often packaged in small vials
Smoked
OTHER STIMULANTS
Effects
Stimulants can cause increased heart and respiratory rates, elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils, and decreased appetite. In addition, users may experience sweating, headache, blurred vision, dizziness, sleeplessness, and anxiety. Extremely high doses can cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat, tremors, loss of coordination, and even physical collapse. An amphetamine injection creates a sudden increase in blood pressure that can result in stroke, very high fever, or heart failure.
In addition to the physical effects, users report feeling restless, anxious, and moody. Higher doses intensify the effects. Persons who use large amounts of amphetamines over a long period of time can develop an amphetamine psychosis that includes hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia. These symptoms usually disappear when drug use ceases.
Amphetamines
Speed
Uppers Pills
Ups Tablets
Black Beauties
Pep Pills
Copilots
Bumblebees
Hearts
Benzedrine
Dexedrine
Footballs
Biphetamine
Capsules
Taken orally
Injected
Inhaled through nasal passages
Methamphetamines
Crank
Crystal Meth
Crystal
Methedrine
Speed
White powder
Pills
A rock which resembles a block of paraffin
Taken orally
Injected
Inhaled through nasal passages
Additional
Stimulants
Ritalin
Cylert
Preludin
Didrex
Pre-State
Voranil
Tenuate
Tepanil
Pondimin
Sandrex
Plegine
Ionamin
Pills
Capsules
Tablets
Taken orally
Injected
DEPRESSANTS
Effects
The effects of depressants are in many ways similar to the effects of alcohol. Small amounts can produce calmness and relaxed muscles, but somewhat larger doses can cause slurred speech, staggering gait, and altered perception. Very large doses can cause respiratory depression, coma, and death. The combination of depressants and alcohol can multiply the effects of the drugs, thereby multiplying the risks.
The use of depressants can cause both physical and psychological dependence. Regular use over time may result in a tolerance to the drug, leading the user to increase the quantity consumed. When regular users suddenly stop taking large doses, they may develop withdrawal symptoms ranging from restlessness, insomnia, and anxiety to convulsions and death.
Babies born to mothers who abuse depressants during pregnancy may be physically dependent on the drugs and show withdrawal symptoms shortly after they are born. Birth defects and behavioral problems also may result.
Barbiturates
Downers
Barbs
Blue Devils
Red Devils
Yellow Jacket
Yellows
Nembutal
Seconal
Amytal
Tuinals
Red, yellow, blue, or red and blue capsules
Taken orally
Methaqualone
Quaaludes
Ludes
Sopors
Tablets
Taken orally
Tranquilizers
Valium
Librium
Equanil
Miltown
Serax
Tranxene
Tablets
Capsules
Taken orally
HALLUCINOGENS
Effects
Phencyhdine (PCP) interrupts the functions of the neocortex, the section of the brain that controls the intellect and keeps instincts in check. Because the drug blocks pain receptors, violent PCP episodes may result in self-inflicted injuries.
The effects of PCP vary, but users frequently report a sense of distance and estrangement. Time and body movement are slowed down. Muscular coordination worsens and senses are dulled. Speech is blocked and incoherent.
Chronic users of PCP report persistent memory problems and speech difficulties. Some of these effects may last 6 months to a year following prolonged daily use. Mood disorders—depression, anxiety, and violent behavior—also occur in later stages of chronic use, users often exhibit paranoid and violent behavior and experience hallucinations.
Large doses may produce convulsions and coma, heart and lung failure, or ruptured blood vessels in the brain.
Lysergic acid (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin cause illusions and hallucinations. The physical effects may include dilated pupils, elevated body temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, and tremors.
Sensations and feelings may change rapidly. It is common to have a bad psychological reaction to LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin. The user may experience panic, confusion, suspicion, anxiety, and loss of control. Delayed effects, or flashbacks, can occur even after use has ceased.
Phencychdine
PCP
Angel Dust
Loveboat
Lovely
Hog
Killer Weed
Liquid
Capsules
White crystalline powder
Pills
Taken orally
Injected
Smoked—can be sprayed on cigarettes, parsley, and marijuana
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
LSD
Acid
Green or Red Dragon
White Lightning
Blue Heaven
Sugar Cubes
Microdot
Brightly colored tablets
Impregnated blotter paper
Thin squares of gelatin
Clear liquid
Taken orally
Licked off paper
Gelatin and liquid can be put in the eyes
Mescaline and Peyote
Mesc
Buttons
Cactus
Hard brown discs
Tablets
Capsules
Discs—chewed, swallowed, or smoked
Tablets and capsules— taken orally
Psilocybin
Magic mushrooms
Mushrooms
Fresh or dried mushroom
Chewed and swallowed
NARCOTICS
Effects
Narcotics initially produce a feeling of euphoria that often is followed by drowsiness, nausea, and vomiting. Users also may experience constricted pupils, watery eyes, and itching. An overdose may produce slow and shallow breathing, clammy skin, convulsions, coma, and possibly death.
Tolerance to narcotics develops rapidly and dependence is likely. The use of contaminated syringes may result in diseases such as AIDS, endocarditis, and hepatitis. Addiction in pregnant women can lead to premature, stillborn, or addicted infants who experience severe withdrawal symptoms.
Heroin
Smack
Horse
Brown Sugar
Junk
Mud
Big H
Black Tar
Powder, white to dark brown
Tar-like substance
Injected
Inhaled through nasal passages
Smoked
Methadone
Dolophine
Methadose
Amidone
Solution
Taken orally
Injected
Codeine
Empirin compound with Codeine
Tylenol withCodeine
Codeine
Codeine in cough medicines
Dark liquid varying in thickness
Capsules
Tablets
Taken orally
Injected
Morphine
Pectoral syrup
White crystals
Hypodermic tablets
Injectable solutions
Injected
Taken orally
Smoked
Meperidine
Pethidine
Demerol
Mepergan
White powder
Solution
Tablets
Taken orally
Injected
Opium
Paregoric
Dover's Powder
Parepectolin
Dark brown chunks
Powder
Smoked
Eaten
Other Narcotics
Percocet
Percodan
Tussionex
Fentanyl
Darvon
Talwin
Lomotil
Tablets
Capsules
Liquid
Taken orally
Injected
DESIGNER DRUGS
Effects
Illegal drugs are defined in terms of their chemical formulas. To circumvent these legal restrictions, underground chemists modify the molecular structure of certain illegal drugs to produce analogs known as designer drugs. These drugs can be several hundred times stronger than the drugs they are designed to imitate.
The narcotic analogs can cause symptoms such as those seen in Parkinson's disease—uncontrollable tremors, drooling, impaired speech, paralysis, and irreversible brain damage. Analogs of amphetamines and methamphetamines cause nausea, blurred vision, chills or sweating, and faintness. Psychological effects include anxiety, depression, and paranoia. As little as one dose can cause brain damage. The analogs of phencyclidine cause illusions, hallucinations, and impaired perception.
Analogs of Fentanyl (Narcotic)
Synthetic Heroin
China White
White powder resembling heroin
Inhaled through nasal passages
Injected
Analogs of Meperidine (Narcotic)
Synthetic Heroin
MPTP (New Heroin)
MPPP
PEPAP
White powder
Inhaled through nasal passages
Injected
Analogs of Amphetamines and Methamphetamines (Hallucinogens)
MDMA (Ecstasy, XTC, Adam, Essence)
MDM
STP
PMA
2, 5-DMA
TMA
DOM
DOB
White powder
Tablets
Capsules
Taken orally
Injected
Inhaled through nasal passages
Analogs of Phencyclidine (PCP) (Hallucinogens)
PCPy
PCE
TCP
White powder
Taken orally
Injected
Smoked
Sources of Information
TOLLFREE INFORMATION
A national information and referral service that focuses primarily on preventing drug addiction in children and adolescents. By referral to the caller's "State networker" or a member group in the caller's community, NFP also provides assistance to anyone concerned about a child already using alcohol or drugs. Call between 9:00 am and 5:00 pm (Eastern time).
A national resource and information center, Parents' Resource Institute for Drug Education (PRIDE) refers concerned parents to parent groups in their State or local area, gives information on how parents can form a group in their community, provides telephone consulting and referrals to emergency health centers, and maintains a series of drug information tapes that callers can listen to, free-of-charge, by calling after 5:00 pm.
A national information service that provides technical assistance to individuals and groups wishing to start drug prevention programs. Currently, the program focuses on the establishment of the "Just Say No To Drugs" clubs.
NIDA Hotline is a confidential information and referral line that directs callers to cocaine abuse treatment centers in the local community. Free materials on drug abuse are also distributed in response to inquiries.
A round-the-clock information and referral service. Reformed cocaine addict counselors answer the phones, offer guidance, and refer drug users and parents to local public and private treatment centers and family learning centers.
GENERAL READINGS AND VIDEOTAPES
The publications in the following list that are followed by an (a) or (b) are available from these organizations:
(a) National Federation of Parents for Drug-Free Youth (NFP), 8730 Georgia Avenue, Suite 200, Silver Spring, MD 20910. Telephone tollfree nationwide 1-800-554-KIDS or, in the Washington, DC area, 585-KIDS.
(b) Parents' Resource Institute for Drug Education, Inc. (PRIDE), Woodruff Bldg., Suite 1002, 100 Edgewood Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30303. Telephone tollfree nationwide 1-800-241-9746.
Adolescent Drug and Alcohol Abuse, by Donald I. MacDonald, 1984. A 200-page book on stages of drug involvement, drugs, diagnosis, and treatment. The author, a pediatrician who experienced the problem in his own family, addresses physicians and parents. Year Book Publishers, 35 East Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL 60601. Telephone 1-800-621-9262. Paperback, $15.95.
Courtwatch Manual. A 111-page manual explains the court system, the criminal justice process, Courtwatch activities, and what can be done before and after a criminal is sentenced. Washington Legal Foundation, 1705 N Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. Enclose $2.00 for postage and handling.
Drug Use Among American High School Students, College Students, and Other Young Adults: National Trends Through 1985, by Jerald G. Bachman, Lloyd D. Johnson, and Patrick M. O'Malley, 1986. A 237-page book reporting on trends in drug use and attitudes of high school seniors, based on an annual survey conducted since 1975. The National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 20857, ADM 86-1450. Single copies are available free.
Getting Tough on Gateway Drugs, by Robert DuPont, Jr., 1984. A 330-page book describing the drug problem, the drug-dependence syndrome, the gateway drugs, and ways that families can prevent and treat drug problems. American Psychiatric Press Inc., paperback, $7.95 (a)(b).
Gone Way Down, Teenage Drug-Use Is a Disease, by Miller Newton, 1981. A 72-page book describing the stages of adolescent drug use. American Studies Press, paperback, $2.95(a).
How to Talk to Your Kids About Growing up Without Drugs and Alcohol.A videotape that offers a practical, easy-to-follow approach to improve family communications, particularly on the subject of adolescent drug and alcohol use. It includes interviews with experts in the field. $23.00(a).
Kids and Drugs: A Handbook for Parents and Professionals, by Joyce Tobias, 1986. A 96-page handbook about adolescent drug and alcohol use, the effects of drugs and the drug culture, stages of chemical use, parent groups and their creation and maintenance, and resources available to parents and professionals. PANDA Press, 4111 Watkins Trail, Annandale, VA 22003. Telephone (703) 750-9285, paperback, $3.95 (volume discounts).
Marijuana Alert, by Peggy Mann, 1985. A 526-page book about marijuana: the crisis, health hazards, and activities of parent groups, industry, and government. McGraw-Hill Paperbacks, $15.95(a)(b).
Not My Kid, by Beth Polson and Miller Newton, 1984. A 224-page guide for parents to aid in prevention, recognition, and treatment of adolescent chemical use. It is especially strong on overcoming denial and recognizing problems, with numerous personal vignettes. Avon Paperback Books, #69997-4, $2.95; hardcover, $15.95(b).
Parents, Peers and Pot, by Marsha Manatt, 1979. A 96-page book that recounts the evolution of the drug culture, the development of the first parent peer group, actions for parents to take, and information on marijuana. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, $3.00(b).
Parents, Peers and Pot II: Parents in Action, by Marsha Manatt, 1983. A 160-page book that describes the formation of parent groups in rural, suburban, and urban communities. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, $1.00(b).
Peer Pressure Reversal, by Sharon Scott, 1985. A 183-page guidebook for parents, teachers, and concerned citizens to enable them to provide peer pressure reversal skills to children. Human Resource Development Center, Amherst, MA, $9.95(a)(b).
Pot Safari, by Peggy Mann, 1982. For parents and teenagers. Distinguished research scientists are interviewed on the subject of marijuana. Woodmere Press, New York, NY, $6.95(a)(b).
Strategies for Controlling Adolescent Drug Use, by J. Michael Polich et al., 1984. A 196-page book that reviews the scientific literature on the nature of drug use and the effectiveness of drug law enforcement, treatment, and prevention programs. The Rand Corporation, 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90406-2138, paperback, $15.00.
Team Up for Drug Prevention With America's Young Athletes.A free booklet for coaches that includes alcohol and drug information, reasons why athletes use drugs, suggested activities for coaches, a prevention program, a survey for athletes and coaches, and sample letters to parents. Drug Enforcement Administration, Public Affairs Staff, 1405 I Street, NW, Washington, DC 20537.
FREE CATALOGS OF DRUG ABUSE PUBLICATIONS
COMP CARE PUBLICATIONS. A source for pamphlets, books, and charts on drug and alcohol abuse, chemical awareness, and self-help. Telephone 1-800-328-3330.
HAZELDEN EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS. A source for pamphlets and books on drug abuse and alcoholism and curriculum materials for drug prevention. Telephone 1-800-328-9000.
SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY RESOURCES
ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE EDUCATION PROGRAM, U.S. Department of Education. The "School Team" approach offered in this program is designed to develop the capability of local schools to prevent and reduce drug and alcohol abuse and associated disruptive behaviors. Five regional centers now provide training and technical assistance to local school districts that apply. For information, write to the U.S. Department of Education, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Education Program, 400 Maryland Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20202-4101.
AMERICAN COUNCIL ON DRUG EDUCATION (ACDE). ACDE organizes conferences; develops media campaigns; reviews scientific findings; publishes books, a quarterly newsletter, and education kits for physicians, schools, and libraries; and produces films. 5820 Hubbard Drive, Rockville, MD 20852. Telephone (301) 984-5700.
COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE, INC. This organization provides a newsletter and emergency news flashes that give extensive information on issues, ideas, and contacts. Provides a resource list and sells many pamphlets. Membership is $15.00. 57 Conant Street, Room 113, Danvers, MA 09123. Telephone (617) 774-2641.
FAMILIES IN ACTION. This organization maintains a drug information center with more than 100,000 documents. PublishesDrug Abuse Update, a 16-page newsletter containing abstracts of articles published in medical and academic journals and newspapers throughout the Nation. $10.00 for 4 issues. 3845 North Druid Hills Road, Suite 300, Decatur, GA 30033. Telephone (404) 325-5799.
NARCOTICS EDUCATION, INC. This organization publishes pamphlets, books, teaching aids, posters, audiovisual aids, and prevention magazines especially good for classroom use: WINNER for preteens and LISTEN for teens. 6830 Laurel Street, NW, Washington, DC 20012. Telephone 1-800-548-8700, or in the Washington, DC area, call 722-6740.
NATIONAL FEDERATION OF PARENTS FOR DRUG-FREE YOUTH (NFP). This national umbrella organization helps parent groups get started and stay in contact. Publishes a newsletter, legislative updates, resource lists for individuals and libraries, brochures, kits, and aTraining Manual for Drug-Free Youth Groups.It sells many books and offers discounts for group purchases. Conducts an annual conference. Membership: Individual $15.00, Group $35.00 (group membership offers tax-exemption). 8730 Georgia Avenue, Suite 200, Silver Spring, MD 20910. Telephone: Washington, DC area 585-KIDS, or toll-free HOTLINE 1-800-554-KIDS.
PARENTS' RESOURCE INSTITUTE FOR DRUG EDUCATION, INC. (PRIDE). This national resource and information center offers consultant services to parent groups, school personnel, and youth groups, and provides a drug use survey service. It conducts an annual conference; publishes a newsletter, youth group handbook, and many other publications; and sells and rents books, films, videos and slide programs. Membership $8.00. Woodruff Bldg., Suite 1002, 100 Edgewood Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30303. Telephone 1-800-241-9746.
TARGET. Conducted by the National Federation of State High School Associations, an organization of interscholastic activities associations, TARGET offers workshops, training seminars, and an information bank on chemical abuse and prevention. A computerized referral service to substance abuse literature and prevention programs will begin operating in 1987. National Federation of State High School Associations, 11724 Plaza Circle, P.O. Box 20626, Kansas City, MO 64195. Telephone (816) 464-5400.
TOUGHLOVE. This national self-help group for parents, children, and communities emphasizes cooperation, personal initiative, avoidance of blame, and action. It publishes a newsletter and a number of brochures and books and holds workshops across the country each year. P.O. Box 1069, Doylestown, PA 18901. Telephone (215) 348-7090.
U.S. CLEARINGHOUSES. (A publication list is available on request, along with placement on mailing list for new publications. Single copies are free.)
National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20852. Telephone (301) 468-2600.
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Room 10-A-43, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852. Telephone (301) 443-6500.
ADOLESCENT DRUG REHABILITATION PROGRAMS
To find programs, call your city or county substance abuse or mental health agency, hospitals, schools, local hotlines listed in the yellow pages, and the hotlines listed previously. It is best to visit prospective programs and to talk with people who have completed the program.
This section lists several unique national adolescent programs that illustrate the wide diversity of long-term intensive treatment programs available at low cost.
PALMER DRUG ABUSE PROGRAM (PDAP). PDAP is a free program supported by private donations and located mainly in southwestern, western, and midwestern States. It accepts out-of-town clients. It is a long-term out-patient counseling program with daycare capability based on the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). It uses recuperating users as peer counselors. The program also maintains parent groups that may be attended by parents who do not have children in the PDAP program. National Office: 3300 North A Street, Building 8, Suite 204, Midland, TX 79705. Telephone (915) 687-4311.
STRAIGHT INC. Located in selected States, primarily in the East and Midwest, the program accepts out-of-town clients. The program is a long term, highly structured outpatient program based on the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). During the early phase of the program, the new client lives in the home of another child advanced in the program. This family system provides positive role modeling, close supervision, and a 24-hour, drug-free environment at low cost. National Office: Straight Inc. National Training and Development Center, 3001 Gandy Blvd., P.O. Box 21686, St. Petersburg, FL 33742. Telephone (813) 576-8929.
TEEN CHALLENGE. This Christian-oriented residential program has facilities across the country and overseas. It serves young people with a variety of behavior problems besides drug use. Occupational skills are taught. National Office: Teen Challenge Training Center, Inc., P.O. Box 198, Rehrersburg, PA 19550. Telephone (717) 933-4181.
READINGS ON LEGAL ISSUES
American Public School Law, Alexander, Kern. 2d ed., St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company, 1985.
Education Law, Rapp, J. A. New York, NY: Matthew Bender and Company, Inc., 1986. A comprehensive, frequently updated, four-volume, looseleaf treatise on all issues of education law.
The Journal of Law and Educationincludes articles on a wide range of education issues and includes a section on recent developments in the law. It is published quarterly by Jefferson Law Book Company, P.O. Box 1936, Cincinnati, OH 45201.
The Law of Public Education, Reuter, E. Edmund. 3d ed. Mineola, NY: Foundation Press, 1985.
School Law Bulletinis a quarterly magazine published by the Institute of Government, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-6059.
School Law Newsis a newsletter that describes recent developments in the field. It is published by Capitol Publications, Inc., 1300 North 17th Street, Arlington, VA 22209.
The Schools and the Courtscontains briefs of selected court cases involving elementary and secondary schools. It is published quarterly by School Administration Publications, P.O. Box 8492, Asheville, NC 28814.
Specialty Law Digest: Education Casesis a monthly compilation of cases and comments published by the Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., Suite 204, 10301 University Avenue, NE, Blaine, MN 55433.
West's Education Law Reporterreprints the full text of Federal and State education law cases. Also included in this series are education articles and comments selected from legal periodicals. It is published by West Publishing Company, 50 W. Kellogg Blvd., P.O. Box 64526, St. Paul, MN 55164-0526.
OTHER SOURCES OF MATERIALS ON LEGAL ISSUES
COUNCIL OF SCHOOL ATTORNEYS, NATIONAL SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION provides a national forum on the practical legal problems faced by local public school districts and the attorneys who serve them. This organization conducts programs and seminars and publishes monographs on a wide range of legal issues affecting public school districts. 1680 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. Telephone (703) 838-NSBA.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS (NASSP) publishes periodic newsletters and monographs on legal issues, some of which relate to school discipline and student behavior. 1904 Association Drive, Reston, VA 22091. Telephone (703) 860-0200.
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ON LEGAL PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION (NOLPE) is a nonprofit, nonadvocacy organization that disseminates information about current issues in school law. NOLPE publishes newsletters, serials, books, and monographs on a variety of school law topics; hosts seminars; and serves as a clearinghouse for information on education law. 3601 Southwest 29th, Suite 223, Topeka, KS 66614. Telephone (913) 273-3550.
References
Children and Drugs
Friedman, Alfred. "Does Drug and Alcohol Use Lead to Failure to Graduate from High School?"Journal of Drug Education, Vol. 15(4), 1985.
Johnston, Lloyd D., Jerald G. Bachman, and Patrick M. O'Malley.Monitoring the Future Questionnaire Responses From the Nation's High School Seniors.Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, forthcoming (and unpublished information).
Tobias, Joyce M.Kids and Drugs.Annandale, VA, Panda Press, 1986.
Extent of Drug Use
Johnston, Lloyd D., Jerald G. Bachman, and Patrick M. O'Malley.Monitoring the Future Questionnaire Responses From the Nation's High School Seniors.Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research forthcoming (and unpublished information).
Johnston, Lloyd D., Patrick M. O'Malley and Jerald G. Bachman.Drug Use Among American High School Students, College Students, and Other Young Adults National Trends Through 1985.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1986 (ADM 86-1450).
Miller, Judith D., Ira H. Cisin, and Herbert I. Abelson.National Survey on Drug Abuse Main Findings, 1982.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983 (ADM) 83-1263.
National Center for Juvenile Justice.Delinquency in the United States, 1982.Pittsburgh, PA, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 1985.
National Police Agency of JapanDrug Problems in Japan.National Police Agency of Japan, 1985.
O. Malley, Patrick M., Jerald G. Bachman, and Lloyd D. Johnston.Student Drug Use in America Differences Among High Schools.Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, (unpublished) preliminary draft.
Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency.Japan Statistics Yearbook, 1985, 1985.
Washton, Arnold M., and Mark S. Gold. "Recent Trends in Cocaine Abuse A View from the National Hotline, 800-COCAINE,"Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, forthcoming.