FOOTNOTES:[1]I am perfectly aware that the term "Radical" (in its first form, "Radical Reformer") does not appear until a few years later; but I use it here and in the following chapters because there is no other word which expresses the same meaning.[2]See Vivenot, i, 176–81; Beer, "Leopold II, Franz II, und Catharina," 140et seq.; Clapham, "Causes of the War of 1792," ch. iv.[3]B.M. Add. MSS., 34438; Vivenot, i, 185, 186. "He [the Emperor] was extremely agitated when he gave me the letter for the King" (Elgin to Grenville, 7th July, in "Dropmore P.," ii, 126).[4]B.M. Add. MSS., 34438.[5]Ibid.Grenville to Ewart, 26th July. Calonne for some little time resided at Wimbledon House. His letters to Pitt show that he met with frequent rebuffs; but he had one interview with him early in June 1790. I have found no details of it.[6]"Diary and Corresp. of Fersen," 121.[7]Arneth, "Marie Antoinette, Joseph II, und Leopold II," 148, 152.[8]Mr. Nisbet Bain (op. cit., ii, 129) accuses Pitt and his colleagues of waiving aside a proposed visit of Gustavus III to London, because "they had no desire to meet face to face a monarch they had already twice deceived." Mr. Bain must refer to the charges (invented at St Petersburg) that Pitt had egged Gustavus on to war against Russia, and then deserted him. In the former volume (chapters xxi-iii) I proved the falsity of those charges. It would be more correct to say that Gustavus deserted England.[9]B.M. Add. MSS., 34438.[10]Martens, v, 236–9; "F.O.," Prussia, 22. Ewart to Grenville, 4th August.[11]On 15th August Prussia renounced her alliance with Turkey (Vivenot, i, 225).[12]Sybel, bk. ii, ch. vi; Vivenot, i, 235, 243.[13]"Dropmore P.," ii, 192.[14]G. Rose, "Diaries," i, 111.[15]Arneth, 206, 210; Vivenot, i, 270.[16]Burke ("Corresp.," iii, 308, 342, 346) shows that Mercy d'Argenteau, after his brief mission to London, spread the slander. Pitt and Grenville said nothing decisive to him on this or any other topic. Kaunitz partly adopted the charge. (See Vivenot, i, 272.)[17]"F.O.," Russia, 22. Grenville to Whitworth, 27th October, and W. to G., 14th October 1791.[18]Larivière, "Cath. II et la Rév. franç.," 88–90, 110–17.[19]Burke's "Works," iii, 8, 369 (Bohn edit.).[20]"Parl. Hist.," xxviii, 1–41.[21]T. Walker, "Review of ... political events in Manchester (1789–1794)."[22]T. Walker, "Review of ... political events in Manchester (1789–1794)," 452–79. I cannot agree with Mr. J. R. le B. Hammond ("Fox," 76) that Pitt now spoke as the avowed enemy of parliamentary reform. Indeed, he never spoke in that sense, but opposed it as inopportune.[23]Rutt, "Mems. of Priestly," ii, 25. As is well known, Burke's "Reflections on the Fr. Rev.," was in part an answer to Dr. Price's sermon of 4th November 1789 in the Old Jewry chapel, to the Society for celebrating the Revolution of 1688.[24]It was more of a club than the branches of the "Society for Constitutional Information," which did good work in 1780–4, but expired in 1784 owing to the disgust of reformers at the Fox–North Coalition—so Place asserts (B.M. Add. MSS., 27808).[25]T. Walker,op. cit., 18, 19.[26]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 488–510.[27]Ibid., 113–9.[28]M. D. Conway, "Life of T. Paine," i, 284.[29]Burke's Works, iii, 76 (Bohn edit.).[30]Ibid., iii, 12. So, too, on 30th August 1791 Priestley wrote that Pitt had shown himself unfavourable to their cause (Rutt, "Life of Priestley," ii, 145).[31]Prior, "Life of Burke," 322, who states very incorrectly that not one of them has survived.[32]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 19.[33]Ibid.As late as 9th August a proclamation was posted about Birmingham: "The friends of the good cause are requested to meet us at Revolution Place to-morrow night at 11 o'clock in order to fix upon those persons who are to be the future objects of our malice." Of course this was but an incitation to plunder. See Massey, iii, 462–6, on the Birmingham riots.[34]"Dropmore P.," ii, 133, 136; "Parl. Hist.," xxix, 1464.[35]Burke "Reflections on the Fr. Rev.," 39 (Mr. Payne's edit.).[36]Conway,op. cit., ii, 330. The printer and publisher were prosecuted later on, as well as Paine, who fled to France.[37]"Mem. of T. Hardy," by himself (Lond., 1832).[38]Leslie Stephen, "The Eng. Utilitarians," i, 121. I fully admit that the Chartist leaders in 1838 went back to the Westminster programme of 1780. See "The Life and Struggles of William Lovett"; but the spirit and methods of the new agitation were wholly different. On this topic I feel compelled to differ from Mr. J. L. le B. Hammond ("Fox," ch. v,ad init.). Mr. C. B. R. Kent ("The English Radicals," 156) states the case correctly.[39]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 1303–9.[40]"Application of Barruel's 'Memoirs of Jacobinism' to the Secret Societies of Ireland and Great Britain," 32–3.[41]"Application of Barruel's 'Memoirs of Jacobinism' to the Secret Societies of Ireland and Great Britain," Introduction, p. x.[42]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 20.[43]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 810–15.[44]Ibid., 834.[45]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 551–602, 1404–31.[46]Stanhope, ii, 148–50, and App., xv.[47]Twiss, "Life of Lord Eldon," ch. x.[48]Fitzmaurice, "Shelburne," iii, 500–4; Salomon, "Pitt," 596. The King later on teased the Duke of Leeds by a more compromising overture.[49]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 454–64.[50]"Leeds Mem.," 188.[51]Ibid., 194.[52]"Auckland Journals," ii, 417, 418.[53]Pitt MSS., 103.[54]I accept, with some qualification, Mr. Oscar Browning's explanation, that Lord Loughborough had exaggerated the accounts of his interviews with Pitt and the Whig leaders. (see "Leeds Mem.," 197, note).[55]Stanhope, ii, 160.[56]"Bland Burges P.," 208.[57]Stanhope, "Miscellanies," ii, 57–63. Letter of Canning to W. Sturges Bourne, 3rd September 1792. This interview is not referred to by Mr. H. W. V. Temperley ("Canning," ch. ii), Mr. Sichel ("Sheridan"), Captain Bagot ("Canning and his Friends"), or E. Festing ("Frere and his Friends"). In "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies" I shall publish new letters of Canning. One, dated 15th March 1793, declines an offer of Portland to bring him into Parliament.[58]Pallain, "La Mission de Talleyrand à Londres," 41.[59]Keith's "Mems.," ii, 494. Keith to Grenville, 14th January 1792.[60]"Gower's Despatches," 142, 143, 145, 149.[61]Pallain, pp. xv-xviii.[62]Pallain, 56, 57.[63]Pallain, 106, 107.[64]"Wealth of Nations," bk. iv, ch. iii.[65]"Gower's Despatches," 165, 171.[66]Sorel, ii, 216.[67]Fersen, "Diary" (Eng. edit.), 255.[68]Clapham, "Causes of the War of 1792," 231.[69]On the Tobago proposal see "Dropmore P.," ii, 260.[70]Pallain, 215–9. The original is in Pitt MSS., 333.[71]Fersen, "Diary" (Eng. edit.), 316, 319.[72]"Dropmore P.," ii, 267. See, too, further details in "Dumouriez and the Defence of England against Napoleon," by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley.[73]Pitt MSS., 333. Chauvelin to Dumouriez, 28th April.[74]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 1522.[75]"Rights of Man," pt. ii, ch. v.[76]"Dropmore P.," ii, 282; "Auckland Journals," ii, 410.[77]"Ann. Reg." (1792), 178–82, 225–32; Sorel, ii, 445–54; Heidrich, pt. ii, ch. ii. I fully agree with Dr. Salomon ("Pitt," 537) as to the sincerity of Pitt's desire for neutrality.[78]Sybel, ii, 142.[79]For the discussions between the three Powers on Poland see Heidrich, 165–219; and Salomon, "Das Politische System des jüngeren Pitt und die zweite Teilung Polens" (Berlin, 1895).[80]"F. O.," Poland, 6. Hailes to Grenville, 16th and 27th June 1792.[81]"Dropmore P.," ii, 142; see, too, ii, 279.[82]"Mems. of Fox," iii, 18.[83]Aulard, "La Rév. Franç.," 270–2.[84]"Dropmore P.," ii, 291.[85]"Bland Burges P.," 207, 211.[86]Dumont, "Souvenirs"; Bulwer Lytton, "Hist. Characters" (Talleyrand).[87]W. A. Miles, "Corresp.," i, 349–51; Sorel, iii, 18–20.[88]Burke, "Corresp.," iv, 7.[89]Sorel, iii, 139.[90]Carlyle, "Fr. Rev.," iii, bk. i, ch. vi.[91]"Mems. of Romilly," i, 351, 352.[92]"Dropmore P.," ii, 318.[93]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 19, 20.[94]Ibid.In all, 3,772 French refugees landed in September 1792 ("Ann. Reg." 39). The first subscription for them realized £1,468. Burke gave £20.[95]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 21; Twiss, "Life of Lord Eldon," i, 218; "Bland Burges P.," 203. Our agent, Munro, on 17th December 1792 reported from Paris: "Dr. Maxwell has at last obtained a company in the French service, and I understand is soon to leave this to join the army" (Gower's "Despatches," 260). Mr. Elgar has not been able to trace him afterwards.[96]Massey, iv, 45. This was said to be spoken to Bland Burges; but the papers of the latter (p. 204) contain no reference to it.[97]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 21.[98]Ibid.[99]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 21.[100]Miles ("Corresp.," 333) states that the editors of the "Argus" and "Morning Chronicle" were regularly paid by the French Embassy and were often there.[101]"Bland Burges P.," 227–9.[102]Virgil, "Georgics," i, 463–5. "Who would dare call the sun a liar? In truth, he often warns of the approach of hidden seditions and of the swellings of treachery and strifes yet unseen."[103]"F. O.," France, 40.[104]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 22.[105]"Dropmore P.," ii, 322.[106]"Auckland Journals," ii, 449, 455; "Dropmore P.," ii, 324.[107]Sorel, iii, 143.[108]"Auckland Journals," ii, 465.[109]On 24th November Noël wrote from London to Lebrun: "Tous les symptômes annoncent que les mouvements révolutionnaires ne peuvent être éloignés." Quoted by Sorel, iii, 214. See, too, Ernouf's "Maret," p. 84.[110]"Auckland Journals," ii, 481. Tomline, iii, 458, 459. Burke's unfortunate phrase in the "Reflections": "Learning will be cast into the mire and trodden down under the hoofs of a swinish multitude."[111]B.M. Place MSS., vol. entitled "Libel, Sedition, Treason, Persecution."[112]"Moniteur," 29th November 1792.[113]"Residence in France in 1792–5," by an English Lady, i, 190–2.[114]Auckland says ("Journals," ii, 473) he has seen Paris bulletins and letters which counted absolutely on a revolt in England.[115]"Dropmore P.," ii, 344. Grenville to Auckland, 27th November.[116]Ibid., 351–2.[117]Salomon, "Pitt," 599.[118]Rojas, "Miranda dans la Rév. Franç.," 3–4.[119]"Dropmore P.," ii, 339, 341, 343; "Auckland Journals," ii, 471; Lecky, vi, 70–4.[120]"F. O.," Holland, 20.[121]"F. O.," Austria, 31, 32. See, too, Vivenot, ii, 446, 447.[122]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 89, 90.[123]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 89, 90. This despatch, and the letter of the Prince of Orange referred to above, correct the statement of Mr. Browning ("Varennes," etc., 191) and Mr. Hammond ("Fox," 257), that the Dutch did not call upon us for help. This was asserted by Lord Lansdowne on 21st December, but his information was unofficial and is refuted by that given above.[124]Marsh, "Politics of Great Britain and France," i, 260–2. The militia were not called out in Surrey, Herts, Berks, and Bucks ("Dropmore P.," ii, 348).[125]Pretyman MSS.[126]Pitt to Westmorland, 14th October and 18th November 1792, in Salomon, "Pitt" (App.); "Dropmore P.," ii, 318, 320–3, 328, 330, 333, 336; "Mems. of Lord Ed. Fitzgerald," 155–60.[127]Pretyman MSS.[128]"F. O.," France, 40. For Grenville's account of the interview, see "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies."[129]Miles, "Correspondence," ii, 46; see, too, Ernouf, "Maret," 89, 95. This corrects the mis-statement of Lecky (vi, 94) on this topic.[130]Ernouf, "Maret," 90.[131]"Ann. Reg." (1792), 190–3; Ernouf, "Maret," 94–8.[132]"F. O.," Holland, 41; B.M. Add. MSS., 34446. Grenville to Auckland, 4th December.[133]"F. O.," Holland, 42. Auckland to Grenville, 7th and 8th December 1792. See, too, Miles, "Correspondence," i, 382; Sorel, iii, 224.[134]Sorel, iii, 204, 224.[135]Vivenot, ii, 393.[136]Sorel, iii, 225, 226.[137]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 388, 389.[138]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 385–7.[139]B.M. Add. MSS., 34446.[140]Pitt MSS., 245. Published in "Napoleon and the Invasion of England," by H. E. Wheeler and A. M. Broadley, ii, App.[141]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 475.[142]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 19–21.[143]Miles ("Corresp.," i, 391), who also asserts that Sheridan echoed words used by the French agent, Noël.[144]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 478–81.[145]"Life and Letters of Earl Minto," ii, 82.[146]Chuquet, "Jemappes," 196–7, shows that the urgent needs of the army in Belgium were theraison d'êtreof the decree.[147]"Dropmore P.," ii, 359–62; "Parl. Hist.," xxx, 126.[148]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 137–46.[149]"Méms. tirés des Papiers d'un homme d'Etat," ii, 100. This false assertion was adopted by Malouet ("Méms.," ii, 201), whence it has been copied largely, without examination of the debate itself.[150]Godoy, "Mems.," i, ch. vi.[151]"F. O.," Spain, 25, 26.[152]"F. O.," France, 40.[153]"F. O.," France, 40, 41.[154]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 398–400. Unfortunately, Lord Acton ("Lects. on the French Rev.," 253) accepted the stories against Pitt. He states that Danton secretly offered to save Louis for £40,000; that Lansdowne, Sheridan, and Fox urged Pitt to interpose; and that Pitt informed Maret that he did not do so because the execution of Louis would ruin the Whigs. I must reply that Lord Fitzmaurice assures me there is no sign that the first Lord Lansdowne urged Pitt to bribe the Convention, though in the debate of 21st December 1792 he suggested the sending an ambassador to Paris to improve the relations of the two lands, and assuage the hostility to Louis. Further, Danton could scarcely have made that offer; for he left Paris for Belgium on 1st December, and did not return till 14th January, after which he was engrossed in the last illness of his wife. Danton's name was dragged into the affair probably by mistake for Dannon (see Belloc, "Danton," 200). Lastly, as Maret left London on 19th December, and did not return until 30th January, he did not see Pitt at the crucial time of the trial. And would Pitt have made so damaging a remark to a Frenchman? Is it not obviously a Whig slander?
FOOTNOTES:
[1]I am perfectly aware that the term "Radical" (in its first form, "Radical Reformer") does not appear until a few years later; but I use it here and in the following chapters because there is no other word which expresses the same meaning.
[1]I am perfectly aware that the term "Radical" (in its first form, "Radical Reformer") does not appear until a few years later; but I use it here and in the following chapters because there is no other word which expresses the same meaning.
[2]See Vivenot, i, 176–81; Beer, "Leopold II, Franz II, und Catharina," 140et seq.; Clapham, "Causes of the War of 1792," ch. iv.
[2]See Vivenot, i, 176–81; Beer, "Leopold II, Franz II, und Catharina," 140et seq.; Clapham, "Causes of the War of 1792," ch. iv.
[3]B.M. Add. MSS., 34438; Vivenot, i, 185, 186. "He [the Emperor] was extremely agitated when he gave me the letter for the King" (Elgin to Grenville, 7th July, in "Dropmore P.," ii, 126).
[3]B.M. Add. MSS., 34438; Vivenot, i, 185, 186. "He [the Emperor] was extremely agitated when he gave me the letter for the King" (Elgin to Grenville, 7th July, in "Dropmore P.," ii, 126).
[4]B.M. Add. MSS., 34438.
[4]B.M. Add. MSS., 34438.
[5]Ibid.Grenville to Ewart, 26th July. Calonne for some little time resided at Wimbledon House. His letters to Pitt show that he met with frequent rebuffs; but he had one interview with him early in June 1790. I have found no details of it.
[5]Ibid.Grenville to Ewart, 26th July. Calonne for some little time resided at Wimbledon House. His letters to Pitt show that he met with frequent rebuffs; but he had one interview with him early in June 1790. I have found no details of it.
[6]"Diary and Corresp. of Fersen," 121.
[6]"Diary and Corresp. of Fersen," 121.
[7]Arneth, "Marie Antoinette, Joseph II, und Leopold II," 148, 152.
[7]Arneth, "Marie Antoinette, Joseph II, und Leopold II," 148, 152.
[8]Mr. Nisbet Bain (op. cit., ii, 129) accuses Pitt and his colleagues of waiving aside a proposed visit of Gustavus III to London, because "they had no desire to meet face to face a monarch they had already twice deceived." Mr. Bain must refer to the charges (invented at St Petersburg) that Pitt had egged Gustavus on to war against Russia, and then deserted him. In the former volume (chapters xxi-iii) I proved the falsity of those charges. It would be more correct to say that Gustavus deserted England.
[8]Mr. Nisbet Bain (op. cit., ii, 129) accuses Pitt and his colleagues of waiving aside a proposed visit of Gustavus III to London, because "they had no desire to meet face to face a monarch they had already twice deceived." Mr. Bain must refer to the charges (invented at St Petersburg) that Pitt had egged Gustavus on to war against Russia, and then deserted him. In the former volume (chapters xxi-iii) I proved the falsity of those charges. It would be more correct to say that Gustavus deserted England.
[9]B.M. Add. MSS., 34438.
[9]B.M. Add. MSS., 34438.
[10]Martens, v, 236–9; "F.O.," Prussia, 22. Ewart to Grenville, 4th August.
[10]Martens, v, 236–9; "F.O.," Prussia, 22. Ewart to Grenville, 4th August.
[11]On 15th August Prussia renounced her alliance with Turkey (Vivenot, i, 225).
[11]On 15th August Prussia renounced her alliance with Turkey (Vivenot, i, 225).
[12]Sybel, bk. ii, ch. vi; Vivenot, i, 235, 243.
[12]Sybel, bk. ii, ch. vi; Vivenot, i, 235, 243.
[13]"Dropmore P.," ii, 192.
[13]"Dropmore P.," ii, 192.
[14]G. Rose, "Diaries," i, 111.
[14]G. Rose, "Diaries," i, 111.
[15]Arneth, 206, 210; Vivenot, i, 270.
[15]Arneth, 206, 210; Vivenot, i, 270.
[16]Burke ("Corresp.," iii, 308, 342, 346) shows that Mercy d'Argenteau, after his brief mission to London, spread the slander. Pitt and Grenville said nothing decisive to him on this or any other topic. Kaunitz partly adopted the charge. (See Vivenot, i, 272.)
[16]Burke ("Corresp.," iii, 308, 342, 346) shows that Mercy d'Argenteau, after his brief mission to London, spread the slander. Pitt and Grenville said nothing decisive to him on this or any other topic. Kaunitz partly adopted the charge. (See Vivenot, i, 272.)
[17]"F.O.," Russia, 22. Grenville to Whitworth, 27th October, and W. to G., 14th October 1791.
[17]"F.O.," Russia, 22. Grenville to Whitworth, 27th October, and W. to G., 14th October 1791.
[18]Larivière, "Cath. II et la Rév. franç.," 88–90, 110–17.
[18]Larivière, "Cath. II et la Rév. franç.," 88–90, 110–17.
[19]Burke's "Works," iii, 8, 369 (Bohn edit.).
[19]Burke's "Works," iii, 8, 369 (Bohn edit.).
[20]"Parl. Hist.," xxviii, 1–41.
[20]"Parl. Hist.," xxviii, 1–41.
[21]T. Walker, "Review of ... political events in Manchester (1789–1794)."
[21]T. Walker, "Review of ... political events in Manchester (1789–1794)."
[22]T. Walker, "Review of ... political events in Manchester (1789–1794)," 452–79. I cannot agree with Mr. J. R. le B. Hammond ("Fox," 76) that Pitt now spoke as the avowed enemy of parliamentary reform. Indeed, he never spoke in that sense, but opposed it as inopportune.
[22]T. Walker, "Review of ... political events in Manchester (1789–1794)," 452–79. I cannot agree with Mr. J. R. le B. Hammond ("Fox," 76) that Pitt now spoke as the avowed enemy of parliamentary reform. Indeed, he never spoke in that sense, but opposed it as inopportune.
[23]Rutt, "Mems. of Priestly," ii, 25. As is well known, Burke's "Reflections on the Fr. Rev.," was in part an answer to Dr. Price's sermon of 4th November 1789 in the Old Jewry chapel, to the Society for celebrating the Revolution of 1688.
[23]Rutt, "Mems. of Priestly," ii, 25. As is well known, Burke's "Reflections on the Fr. Rev.," was in part an answer to Dr. Price's sermon of 4th November 1789 in the Old Jewry chapel, to the Society for celebrating the Revolution of 1688.
[24]It was more of a club than the branches of the "Society for Constitutional Information," which did good work in 1780–4, but expired in 1784 owing to the disgust of reformers at the Fox–North Coalition—so Place asserts (B.M. Add. MSS., 27808).
[24]It was more of a club than the branches of the "Society for Constitutional Information," which did good work in 1780–4, but expired in 1784 owing to the disgust of reformers at the Fox–North Coalition—so Place asserts (B.M. Add. MSS., 27808).
[25]T. Walker,op. cit., 18, 19.
[25]T. Walker,op. cit., 18, 19.
[26]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 488–510.
[26]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 488–510.
[27]Ibid., 113–9.
[27]Ibid., 113–9.
[28]M. D. Conway, "Life of T. Paine," i, 284.
[28]M. D. Conway, "Life of T. Paine," i, 284.
[29]Burke's Works, iii, 76 (Bohn edit.).
[29]Burke's Works, iii, 76 (Bohn edit.).
[30]Ibid., iii, 12. So, too, on 30th August 1791 Priestley wrote that Pitt had shown himself unfavourable to their cause (Rutt, "Life of Priestley," ii, 145).
[30]Ibid., iii, 12. So, too, on 30th August 1791 Priestley wrote that Pitt had shown himself unfavourable to their cause (Rutt, "Life of Priestley," ii, 145).
[31]Prior, "Life of Burke," 322, who states very incorrectly that not one of them has survived.
[31]Prior, "Life of Burke," 322, who states very incorrectly that not one of them has survived.
[32]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 19.
[32]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 19.
[33]Ibid.As late as 9th August a proclamation was posted about Birmingham: "The friends of the good cause are requested to meet us at Revolution Place to-morrow night at 11 o'clock in order to fix upon those persons who are to be the future objects of our malice." Of course this was but an incitation to plunder. See Massey, iii, 462–6, on the Birmingham riots.
[33]Ibid.As late as 9th August a proclamation was posted about Birmingham: "The friends of the good cause are requested to meet us at Revolution Place to-morrow night at 11 o'clock in order to fix upon those persons who are to be the future objects of our malice." Of course this was but an incitation to plunder. See Massey, iii, 462–6, on the Birmingham riots.
[34]"Dropmore P.," ii, 133, 136; "Parl. Hist.," xxix, 1464.
[34]"Dropmore P.," ii, 133, 136; "Parl. Hist.," xxix, 1464.
[35]Burke "Reflections on the Fr. Rev.," 39 (Mr. Payne's edit.).
[35]Burke "Reflections on the Fr. Rev.," 39 (Mr. Payne's edit.).
[36]Conway,op. cit., ii, 330. The printer and publisher were prosecuted later on, as well as Paine, who fled to France.
[36]Conway,op. cit., ii, 330. The printer and publisher were prosecuted later on, as well as Paine, who fled to France.
[37]"Mem. of T. Hardy," by himself (Lond., 1832).
[37]"Mem. of T. Hardy," by himself (Lond., 1832).
[38]Leslie Stephen, "The Eng. Utilitarians," i, 121. I fully admit that the Chartist leaders in 1838 went back to the Westminster programme of 1780. See "The Life and Struggles of William Lovett"; but the spirit and methods of the new agitation were wholly different. On this topic I feel compelled to differ from Mr. J. L. le B. Hammond ("Fox," ch. v,ad init.). Mr. C. B. R. Kent ("The English Radicals," 156) states the case correctly.
[38]Leslie Stephen, "The Eng. Utilitarians," i, 121. I fully admit that the Chartist leaders in 1838 went back to the Westminster programme of 1780. See "The Life and Struggles of William Lovett"; but the spirit and methods of the new agitation were wholly different. On this topic I feel compelled to differ from Mr. J. L. le B. Hammond ("Fox," ch. v,ad init.). Mr. C. B. R. Kent ("The English Radicals," 156) states the case correctly.
[39]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 1303–9.
[39]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 1303–9.
[40]"Application of Barruel's 'Memoirs of Jacobinism' to the Secret Societies of Ireland and Great Britain," 32–3.
[40]"Application of Barruel's 'Memoirs of Jacobinism' to the Secret Societies of Ireland and Great Britain," 32–3.
[41]"Application of Barruel's 'Memoirs of Jacobinism' to the Secret Societies of Ireland and Great Britain," Introduction, p. x.
[41]"Application of Barruel's 'Memoirs of Jacobinism' to the Secret Societies of Ireland and Great Britain," Introduction, p. x.
[42]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 20.
[42]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 20.
[43]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 810–15.
[43]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 810–15.
[44]Ibid., 834.
[44]Ibid., 834.
[45]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 551–602, 1404–31.
[45]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 551–602, 1404–31.
[46]Stanhope, ii, 148–50, and App., xv.
[46]Stanhope, ii, 148–50, and App., xv.
[47]Twiss, "Life of Lord Eldon," ch. x.
[47]Twiss, "Life of Lord Eldon," ch. x.
[48]Fitzmaurice, "Shelburne," iii, 500–4; Salomon, "Pitt," 596. The King later on teased the Duke of Leeds by a more compromising overture.
[48]Fitzmaurice, "Shelburne," iii, 500–4; Salomon, "Pitt," 596. The King later on teased the Duke of Leeds by a more compromising overture.
[49]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 454–64.
[49]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 454–64.
[50]"Leeds Mem.," 188.
[50]"Leeds Mem.," 188.
[51]Ibid., 194.
[51]Ibid., 194.
[52]"Auckland Journals," ii, 417, 418.
[52]"Auckland Journals," ii, 417, 418.
[53]Pitt MSS., 103.
[53]Pitt MSS., 103.
[54]I accept, with some qualification, Mr. Oscar Browning's explanation, that Lord Loughborough had exaggerated the accounts of his interviews with Pitt and the Whig leaders. (see "Leeds Mem.," 197, note).
[54]I accept, with some qualification, Mr. Oscar Browning's explanation, that Lord Loughborough had exaggerated the accounts of his interviews with Pitt and the Whig leaders. (see "Leeds Mem.," 197, note).
[55]Stanhope, ii, 160.
[55]Stanhope, ii, 160.
[56]"Bland Burges P.," 208.
[56]"Bland Burges P.," 208.
[57]Stanhope, "Miscellanies," ii, 57–63. Letter of Canning to W. Sturges Bourne, 3rd September 1792. This interview is not referred to by Mr. H. W. V. Temperley ("Canning," ch. ii), Mr. Sichel ("Sheridan"), Captain Bagot ("Canning and his Friends"), or E. Festing ("Frere and his Friends"). In "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies" I shall publish new letters of Canning. One, dated 15th March 1793, declines an offer of Portland to bring him into Parliament.
[57]Stanhope, "Miscellanies," ii, 57–63. Letter of Canning to W. Sturges Bourne, 3rd September 1792. This interview is not referred to by Mr. H. W. V. Temperley ("Canning," ch. ii), Mr. Sichel ("Sheridan"), Captain Bagot ("Canning and his Friends"), or E. Festing ("Frere and his Friends"). In "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies" I shall publish new letters of Canning. One, dated 15th March 1793, declines an offer of Portland to bring him into Parliament.
[58]Pallain, "La Mission de Talleyrand à Londres," 41.
[58]Pallain, "La Mission de Talleyrand à Londres," 41.
[59]Keith's "Mems.," ii, 494. Keith to Grenville, 14th January 1792.
[59]Keith's "Mems.," ii, 494. Keith to Grenville, 14th January 1792.
[60]"Gower's Despatches," 142, 143, 145, 149.
[60]"Gower's Despatches," 142, 143, 145, 149.
[61]Pallain, pp. xv-xviii.
[61]Pallain, pp. xv-xviii.
[62]Pallain, 56, 57.
[62]Pallain, 56, 57.
[63]Pallain, 106, 107.
[63]Pallain, 106, 107.
[64]"Wealth of Nations," bk. iv, ch. iii.
[64]"Wealth of Nations," bk. iv, ch. iii.
[65]"Gower's Despatches," 165, 171.
[65]"Gower's Despatches," 165, 171.
[66]Sorel, ii, 216.
[66]Sorel, ii, 216.
[67]Fersen, "Diary" (Eng. edit.), 255.
[67]Fersen, "Diary" (Eng. edit.), 255.
[68]Clapham, "Causes of the War of 1792," 231.
[68]Clapham, "Causes of the War of 1792," 231.
[69]On the Tobago proposal see "Dropmore P.," ii, 260.
[69]On the Tobago proposal see "Dropmore P.," ii, 260.
[70]Pallain, 215–9. The original is in Pitt MSS., 333.
[70]Pallain, 215–9. The original is in Pitt MSS., 333.
[71]Fersen, "Diary" (Eng. edit.), 316, 319.
[71]Fersen, "Diary" (Eng. edit.), 316, 319.
[72]"Dropmore P.," ii, 267. See, too, further details in "Dumouriez and the Defence of England against Napoleon," by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley.
[72]"Dropmore P.," ii, 267. See, too, further details in "Dumouriez and the Defence of England against Napoleon," by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley.
[73]Pitt MSS., 333. Chauvelin to Dumouriez, 28th April.
[73]Pitt MSS., 333. Chauvelin to Dumouriez, 28th April.
[74]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 1522.
[74]"Parl. Hist.," xxix, 1522.
[75]"Rights of Man," pt. ii, ch. v.
[75]"Rights of Man," pt. ii, ch. v.
[76]"Dropmore P.," ii, 282; "Auckland Journals," ii, 410.
[76]"Dropmore P.," ii, 282; "Auckland Journals," ii, 410.
[77]"Ann. Reg." (1792), 178–82, 225–32; Sorel, ii, 445–54; Heidrich, pt. ii, ch. ii. I fully agree with Dr. Salomon ("Pitt," 537) as to the sincerity of Pitt's desire for neutrality.
[77]"Ann. Reg." (1792), 178–82, 225–32; Sorel, ii, 445–54; Heidrich, pt. ii, ch. ii. I fully agree with Dr. Salomon ("Pitt," 537) as to the sincerity of Pitt's desire for neutrality.
[78]Sybel, ii, 142.
[78]Sybel, ii, 142.
[79]For the discussions between the three Powers on Poland see Heidrich, 165–219; and Salomon, "Das Politische System des jüngeren Pitt und die zweite Teilung Polens" (Berlin, 1895).
[79]For the discussions between the three Powers on Poland see Heidrich, 165–219; and Salomon, "Das Politische System des jüngeren Pitt und die zweite Teilung Polens" (Berlin, 1895).
[80]"F. O.," Poland, 6. Hailes to Grenville, 16th and 27th June 1792.
[80]"F. O.," Poland, 6. Hailes to Grenville, 16th and 27th June 1792.
[81]"Dropmore P.," ii, 142; see, too, ii, 279.
[81]"Dropmore P.," ii, 142; see, too, ii, 279.
[82]"Mems. of Fox," iii, 18.
[82]"Mems. of Fox," iii, 18.
[83]Aulard, "La Rév. Franç.," 270–2.
[83]Aulard, "La Rév. Franç.," 270–2.
[84]"Dropmore P.," ii, 291.
[84]"Dropmore P.," ii, 291.
[85]"Bland Burges P.," 207, 211.
[85]"Bland Burges P.," 207, 211.
[86]Dumont, "Souvenirs"; Bulwer Lytton, "Hist. Characters" (Talleyrand).
[86]Dumont, "Souvenirs"; Bulwer Lytton, "Hist. Characters" (Talleyrand).
[87]W. A. Miles, "Corresp.," i, 349–51; Sorel, iii, 18–20.
[87]W. A. Miles, "Corresp.," i, 349–51; Sorel, iii, 18–20.
[88]Burke, "Corresp.," iv, 7.
[88]Burke, "Corresp.," iv, 7.
[89]Sorel, iii, 139.
[89]Sorel, iii, 139.
[90]Carlyle, "Fr. Rev.," iii, bk. i, ch. vi.
[90]Carlyle, "Fr. Rev.," iii, bk. i, ch. vi.
[91]"Mems. of Romilly," i, 351, 352.
[91]"Mems. of Romilly," i, 351, 352.
[92]"Dropmore P.," ii, 318.
[92]"Dropmore P.," ii, 318.
[93]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 19, 20.
[93]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 19, 20.
[94]Ibid.In all, 3,772 French refugees landed in September 1792 ("Ann. Reg." 39). The first subscription for them realized £1,468. Burke gave £20.
[94]Ibid.In all, 3,772 French refugees landed in September 1792 ("Ann. Reg." 39). The first subscription for them realized £1,468. Burke gave £20.
[95]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 21; Twiss, "Life of Lord Eldon," i, 218; "Bland Burges P.," 203. Our agent, Munro, on 17th December 1792 reported from Paris: "Dr. Maxwell has at last obtained a company in the French service, and I understand is soon to leave this to join the army" (Gower's "Despatches," 260). Mr. Elgar has not been able to trace him afterwards.
[95]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 21; Twiss, "Life of Lord Eldon," i, 218; "Bland Burges P.," 203. Our agent, Munro, on 17th December 1792 reported from Paris: "Dr. Maxwell has at last obtained a company in the French service, and I understand is soon to leave this to join the army" (Gower's "Despatches," 260). Mr. Elgar has not been able to trace him afterwards.
[96]Massey, iv, 45. This was said to be spoken to Bland Burges; but the papers of the latter (p. 204) contain no reference to it.
[96]Massey, iv, 45. This was said to be spoken to Bland Burges; but the papers of the latter (p. 204) contain no reference to it.
[97]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 21.
[97]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 21.
[98]Ibid.
[98]Ibid.
[99]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 21.
[99]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 21.
[100]Miles ("Corresp.," 333) states that the editors of the "Argus" and "Morning Chronicle" were regularly paid by the French Embassy and were often there.
[100]Miles ("Corresp.," 333) states that the editors of the "Argus" and "Morning Chronicle" were regularly paid by the French Embassy and were often there.
[101]"Bland Burges P.," 227–9.
[101]"Bland Burges P.," 227–9.
[102]Virgil, "Georgics," i, 463–5. "Who would dare call the sun a liar? In truth, he often warns of the approach of hidden seditions and of the swellings of treachery and strifes yet unseen."
[102]Virgil, "Georgics," i, 463–5. "Who would dare call the sun a liar? In truth, he often warns of the approach of hidden seditions and of the swellings of treachery and strifes yet unseen."
[103]"F. O.," France, 40.
[103]"F. O.," France, 40.
[104]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 22.
[104]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 22.
[105]"Dropmore P.," ii, 322.
[105]"Dropmore P.," ii, 322.
[106]"Auckland Journals," ii, 449, 455; "Dropmore P.," ii, 324.
[106]"Auckland Journals," ii, 449, 455; "Dropmore P.," ii, 324.
[107]Sorel, iii, 143.
[107]Sorel, iii, 143.
[108]"Auckland Journals," ii, 465.
[108]"Auckland Journals," ii, 465.
[109]On 24th November Noël wrote from London to Lebrun: "Tous les symptômes annoncent que les mouvements révolutionnaires ne peuvent être éloignés." Quoted by Sorel, iii, 214. See, too, Ernouf's "Maret," p. 84.
[109]On 24th November Noël wrote from London to Lebrun: "Tous les symptômes annoncent que les mouvements révolutionnaires ne peuvent être éloignés." Quoted by Sorel, iii, 214. See, too, Ernouf's "Maret," p. 84.
[110]"Auckland Journals," ii, 481. Tomline, iii, 458, 459. Burke's unfortunate phrase in the "Reflections": "Learning will be cast into the mire and trodden down under the hoofs of a swinish multitude."
[110]"Auckland Journals," ii, 481. Tomline, iii, 458, 459. Burke's unfortunate phrase in the "Reflections": "Learning will be cast into the mire and trodden down under the hoofs of a swinish multitude."
[111]B.M. Place MSS., vol. entitled "Libel, Sedition, Treason, Persecution."
[111]B.M. Place MSS., vol. entitled "Libel, Sedition, Treason, Persecution."
[112]"Moniteur," 29th November 1792.
[112]"Moniteur," 29th November 1792.
[113]"Residence in France in 1792–5," by an English Lady, i, 190–2.
[113]"Residence in France in 1792–5," by an English Lady, i, 190–2.
[114]Auckland says ("Journals," ii, 473) he has seen Paris bulletins and letters which counted absolutely on a revolt in England.
[114]Auckland says ("Journals," ii, 473) he has seen Paris bulletins and letters which counted absolutely on a revolt in England.
[115]"Dropmore P.," ii, 344. Grenville to Auckland, 27th November.
[115]"Dropmore P.," ii, 344. Grenville to Auckland, 27th November.
[116]Ibid., 351–2.
[116]Ibid., 351–2.
[117]Salomon, "Pitt," 599.
[117]Salomon, "Pitt," 599.
[118]Rojas, "Miranda dans la Rév. Franç.," 3–4.
[118]Rojas, "Miranda dans la Rév. Franç.," 3–4.
[119]"Dropmore P.," ii, 339, 341, 343; "Auckland Journals," ii, 471; Lecky, vi, 70–4.
[119]"Dropmore P.," ii, 339, 341, 343; "Auckland Journals," ii, 471; Lecky, vi, 70–4.
[120]"F. O.," Holland, 20.
[120]"F. O.," Holland, 20.
[121]"F. O.," Austria, 31, 32. See, too, Vivenot, ii, 446, 447.
[121]"F. O.," Austria, 31, 32. See, too, Vivenot, ii, 446, 447.
[122]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 89, 90.
[122]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 89, 90.
[123]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 89, 90. This despatch, and the letter of the Prince of Orange referred to above, correct the statement of Mr. Browning ("Varennes," etc., 191) and Mr. Hammond ("Fox," 257), that the Dutch did not call upon us for help. This was asserted by Lord Lansdowne on 21st December, but his information was unofficial and is refuted by that given above.
[123]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 89, 90. This despatch, and the letter of the Prince of Orange referred to above, correct the statement of Mr. Browning ("Varennes," etc., 191) and Mr. Hammond ("Fox," 257), that the Dutch did not call upon us for help. This was asserted by Lord Lansdowne on 21st December, but his information was unofficial and is refuted by that given above.
[124]Marsh, "Politics of Great Britain and France," i, 260–2. The militia were not called out in Surrey, Herts, Berks, and Bucks ("Dropmore P.," ii, 348).
[124]Marsh, "Politics of Great Britain and France," i, 260–2. The militia were not called out in Surrey, Herts, Berks, and Bucks ("Dropmore P.," ii, 348).
[125]Pretyman MSS.
[125]Pretyman MSS.
[126]Pitt to Westmorland, 14th October and 18th November 1792, in Salomon, "Pitt" (App.); "Dropmore P.," ii, 318, 320–3, 328, 330, 333, 336; "Mems. of Lord Ed. Fitzgerald," 155–60.
[126]Pitt to Westmorland, 14th October and 18th November 1792, in Salomon, "Pitt" (App.); "Dropmore P.," ii, 318, 320–3, 328, 330, 333, 336; "Mems. of Lord Ed. Fitzgerald," 155–60.
[127]Pretyman MSS.
[127]Pretyman MSS.
[128]"F. O.," France, 40. For Grenville's account of the interview, see "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies."
[128]"F. O.," France, 40. For Grenville's account of the interview, see "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies."
[129]Miles, "Correspondence," ii, 46; see, too, Ernouf, "Maret," 89, 95. This corrects the mis-statement of Lecky (vi, 94) on this topic.
[129]Miles, "Correspondence," ii, 46; see, too, Ernouf, "Maret," 89, 95. This corrects the mis-statement of Lecky (vi, 94) on this topic.
[130]Ernouf, "Maret," 90.
[130]Ernouf, "Maret," 90.
[131]"Ann. Reg." (1792), 190–3; Ernouf, "Maret," 94–8.
[131]"Ann. Reg." (1792), 190–3; Ernouf, "Maret," 94–8.
[132]"F. O.," Holland, 41; B.M. Add. MSS., 34446. Grenville to Auckland, 4th December.
[132]"F. O.," Holland, 41; B.M. Add. MSS., 34446. Grenville to Auckland, 4th December.
[133]"F. O.," Holland, 42. Auckland to Grenville, 7th and 8th December 1792. See, too, Miles, "Correspondence," i, 382; Sorel, iii, 224.
[133]"F. O.," Holland, 42. Auckland to Grenville, 7th and 8th December 1792. See, too, Miles, "Correspondence," i, 382; Sorel, iii, 224.
[134]Sorel, iii, 204, 224.
[134]Sorel, iii, 204, 224.
[135]Vivenot, ii, 393.
[135]Vivenot, ii, 393.
[136]Sorel, iii, 225, 226.
[136]Sorel, iii, 225, 226.
[137]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 388, 389.
[137]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 388, 389.
[138]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 385–7.
[138]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 385–7.
[139]B.M. Add. MSS., 34446.
[139]B.M. Add. MSS., 34446.
[140]Pitt MSS., 245. Published in "Napoleon and the Invasion of England," by H. E. Wheeler and A. M. Broadley, ii, App.
[140]Pitt MSS., 245. Published in "Napoleon and the Invasion of England," by H. E. Wheeler and A. M. Broadley, ii, App.
[141]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 475.
[141]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 475.
[142]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 19–21.
[142]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 19–21.
[143]Miles ("Corresp.," i, 391), who also asserts that Sheridan echoed words used by the French agent, Noël.
[143]Miles ("Corresp.," i, 391), who also asserts that Sheridan echoed words used by the French agent, Noël.
[144]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 478–81.
[144]"Malmesbury Diaries," ii, 478–81.
[145]"Life and Letters of Earl Minto," ii, 82.
[145]"Life and Letters of Earl Minto," ii, 82.
[146]Chuquet, "Jemappes," 196–7, shows that the urgent needs of the army in Belgium were theraison d'êtreof the decree.
[146]Chuquet, "Jemappes," 196–7, shows that the urgent needs of the army in Belgium were theraison d'êtreof the decree.
[147]"Dropmore P.," ii, 359–62; "Parl. Hist.," xxx, 126.
[147]"Dropmore P.," ii, 359–62; "Parl. Hist.," xxx, 126.
[148]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 137–46.
[148]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 137–46.
[149]"Méms. tirés des Papiers d'un homme d'Etat," ii, 100. This false assertion was adopted by Malouet ("Méms.," ii, 201), whence it has been copied largely, without examination of the debate itself.
[149]"Méms. tirés des Papiers d'un homme d'Etat," ii, 100. This false assertion was adopted by Malouet ("Méms.," ii, 201), whence it has been copied largely, without examination of the debate itself.
[150]Godoy, "Mems.," i, ch. vi.
[150]Godoy, "Mems.," i, ch. vi.
[151]"F. O.," Spain, 25, 26.
[151]"F. O.," Spain, 25, 26.
[152]"F. O.," France, 40.
[152]"F. O.," France, 40.
[153]"F. O.," France, 40, 41.
[153]"F. O.," France, 40, 41.
[154]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 398–400. Unfortunately, Lord Acton ("Lects. on the French Rev.," 253) accepted the stories against Pitt. He states that Danton secretly offered to save Louis for £40,000; that Lansdowne, Sheridan, and Fox urged Pitt to interpose; and that Pitt informed Maret that he did not do so because the execution of Louis would ruin the Whigs. I must reply that Lord Fitzmaurice assures me there is no sign that the first Lord Lansdowne urged Pitt to bribe the Convention, though in the debate of 21st December 1792 he suggested the sending an ambassador to Paris to improve the relations of the two lands, and assuage the hostility to Louis. Further, Danton could scarcely have made that offer; for he left Paris for Belgium on 1st December, and did not return till 14th January, after which he was engrossed in the last illness of his wife. Danton's name was dragged into the affair probably by mistake for Dannon (see Belloc, "Danton," 200). Lastly, as Maret left London on 19th December, and did not return until 30th January, he did not see Pitt at the crucial time of the trial. And would Pitt have made so damaging a remark to a Frenchman? Is it not obviously a Whig slander?
[154]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 398–400. Unfortunately, Lord Acton ("Lects. on the French Rev.," 253) accepted the stories against Pitt. He states that Danton secretly offered to save Louis for £40,000; that Lansdowne, Sheridan, and Fox urged Pitt to interpose; and that Pitt informed Maret that he did not do so because the execution of Louis would ruin the Whigs. I must reply that Lord Fitzmaurice assures me there is no sign that the first Lord Lansdowne urged Pitt to bribe the Convention, though in the debate of 21st December 1792 he suggested the sending an ambassador to Paris to improve the relations of the two lands, and assuage the hostility to Louis. Further, Danton could scarcely have made that offer; for he left Paris for Belgium on 1st December, and did not return till 14th January, after which he was engrossed in the last illness of his wife. Danton's name was dragged into the affair probably by mistake for Dannon (see Belloc, "Danton," 200). Lastly, as Maret left London on 19th December, and did not return until 30th January, he did not see Pitt at the crucial time of the trial. And would Pitt have made so damaging a remark to a Frenchman? Is it not obviously a Whig slander?