Chapter 26

[155]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 189. See ch. iii of this work.[156]See ch. iii for a refutation of this.[157]Sorel, iii, 241. So, too, Gouverneur Morris, then in Paris, thought the French Ministers, despite their bluster, wished to avoid war "if the people will let them." (Quoted by Lecky, vi, 114.)[158]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 250–3; "Ann. Reg." (1793), 114–16.[159]B.M. Add. MSS., 34446.[160]Ibid., and "Dropmore P.," ii, 361.[161]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 253–6; "Ann. Reg." (1793), 116–9.[162]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 351.[163]"Dropmore P.," ii, 363.[164]B.M. Add. MSS., 34446.[165]B.M. Add. MSS., 34446. Grenville to Whitworth, 29th December.[166]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 441.[167]Ibid., i, 439.[168]I published it in the "Eng. Hist. Rev." for April 1906; see, too, Fitzmaurice, "Shelburne," iii, 515. Bulwer Lytton, "Hist. Characters" (Talleyrand), wrongly states that he was at once expelled.[169]"Ann. Reg.," 122–5; "Parl Hist.," xxx, 259–61; Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 4.[170]"F. O.," France, 41.[171]Whether Chauvelin was guilty of any worse offence than entertaining at his house the editors of Opposition newspapers (Miles, "Corresp.," i, 440) is not proven. Maret admitted to Miles that some scoundrels were sowing sedition in England; but he added the not very comforting assurance that, in that case, they would cease to be Frenchmen. Miles evidently believed those intrigues to be the work of French emissaries, (Ibid., 450, 451).[172]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 262–6; "Ann. Reg.," 119–22.[173]Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 28–36, 42. See, too, Sorel, iii, 258, on Maret's letter.[174]"Dropmore P.," ii, 366; but see Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 43, 44.[175]"Corresp. du Gén. Miranda avec le Gén. Dumouriez ... depuis janvier 1793," 3–8. See "Dropmore P.," ii, 371, on Dumouriez' plan.[176]Ibid., 8.[177]"Dropmore P.," ii, 365.[178]Miles, ii, 36.[179]"Gower's Despatches," 278.[180]B.M. Add. MSS., 34447.[181]"F. O.," France, 41. The order to Chauvelin must have been given earlier, probably on 22nd January, as will be seen by Dumouriez' letter to Miranda soon to be quoted. George III's order of 24th January (endorsed by Pitt) for Chauvelin's expulsion cannot have the importance which Mr. J. L. le B. Hammond ("Fox," 262–3) assigns to it. See "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies" for Lebrun's letter to Grenville.[182]Published in "Dumouriez, etc.," 159, 160, by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley, from B.M. Add. MSS., 34447.[183]Lecky, vi, 119–22.[184]Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 55.[185]Miles, "Conduct of France towards Great Britain," 108; "Corresp.," ii, 62.[186]Miles, "Conduct of France towards Great Britain," 108.[187]Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 62.[188]Dumouriez, "Méms.," ii, 128–31 (edit. of 1794).[189]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 350. Fox admitted (p. 371) that Maret did not think himself authorized to negotiate. See, too, Bland Burges in "Auckland Journals," ii, 493. I cannot agree with Mr. Oscar Browning ("Varennes, etc.," 198), and Mr. J. L. le B. Hammond ("Fox," 258) as to the importance of Maret's "mission." Lecky (vi, 126) also overrates it, in my judgement.[190]"Dropmore P.," ii, 322.[191]"Auckland Journals," ii, 465.[192]"Moniteur," 29th November 1792.[193]Maret stated that "M. Chauvelin had shamefully deceived the Executive Council, and that nothing but misrepresentations and falsehoods had marked his despatches since he lost all hope of remaining in this country" (Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 62).[194]Wilberforce urged this ("Life," ii, 13).[195]"Dropmore P.," ii, 339, 351, 378.[196]"Dropmore P.," ii, 377.[197]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 565.[198]"Dropmore P.," ii, 378; Prior, "Burke," 368.[199]"Life of Wilberforce," ii, 11. Note the statement of George Rose to Auckland (8th February, 1793): "Our revenue goes on gloriously. The year ending 5th January shows £300,000 more than the year preceding.... We may suffer in some respects; but we must crush the miscreants"(B.M. Add. MSS., 34448).[200]"F. O.," Austria, 32 (Stratton to Grenville, 22nd December, 1792). Cobenzl, Austrian Chancellor, assured Stratton that Francis II would require from France "l'établissement d'une constitution quelconque fondée sur les bases les plus essentiels du gouvernement monarchique."In view of these considerations I cannot endorse Lecky's censure (vi, 134) on Pitt's "blindness" as to the character of the war.[201]Sir James Murray, our envoy at Frankfurt, was assured on 1st February that 138,419 Austrians were ready for the campaign.[202]B.M. Add. MSS., 34448.[203]See Martens, v, 530–5, for the Russo-Prussian treaty of 13th July 1793.[204]Murray to Grenville, 19th January 1793; see "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies," which also contain the new letters of Burke referred to above.[205]Vivenot, ii, 498–506.[206]Martens, v, 438–42.[207]Hon. J. W. Fortescue, "Hist. of the British Army," iv, 77–83.[208]Pretyman MSS.[209]Chevening MSS.[210]Murray reported to Grenville on 10th and 18th February that the Allies at Frankfurt were disturbed by news of the negotiation with Dumouriez. See too, Vivenot, ii, 489.[211]"Dropmore P.," ii, 377–81; "Dumouriez," by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley, 162–75.[212]"F. O.," Austria, 32, Morton Eden to Grenville, 30th March.[213]"War Office" 6, (7); 23rd February, to Duke of York; B.M. Add. MSS 34448, Grenville to Auckland, 23rd February; Calvert, "Campaigns in Flanders and Holland," chs. i, ii.[214]This letter (for which see "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies") corrects Mr. Fortescue's statement (iv, 125) that Ministers alone were responsible for the Dunkirk scheme. George III was morally responsible for it.[215]"Dropmore P.," ii, 387.[216]"F. O.," Austria, 33, Eden to Grenville, 27th and 28th March, 10th April; Vivenot, ii, 541; Häusser, i, 483.[217]Ibid., Eden to Grenville, 15th April. This probably refers to Alsace; but it may possibly hint at a partition of Venice which had been mooted at Vienna before. A slice of Piedmont was also desired (Eden to Grenville, 8th June).[218]Ibid., Eden to Grenville, 30th March.[219]The West India expedition was again and again deferred in favour of that to la Vendée or Toulon (Vivenot, iii, 383).[220]Sybel, iii, 38–40; Häusser, i, 488, 489.[221]Pretyman MSS. I have published the letter of 5th April 1793 almost in full in the "Eng. Hist. Rev." for April 1910.[222]"Dropmore P.," ii, 388–93, 399.[223]"F. O.," France, 42. I cannot agree with Sorel (iii, 405) in taking the French overtures seriously.[224]"W. O.," 6 (10), Dundas to Murray (now secretary to the Duke of York).[225]Calvert, 80.[226]Calvert, ch. iii; Fortescue, iv, 111.[227]"Dropmore P.," iii, 493.[228]"Dropmore P.," ii, 436.[229]Sybel, iii, 136, 137.[230]"Mems. of Sir G. Elliot (Earl of Minto)," ii, 159.[231]"W. O.," 6 (10), 1st August, to Sir J. Murray, which corrects the statement in Sybel (iii, 140), that England meant to keep Dunkirk.[232]"Malmesbury Diaries," iii, 18.[233]Calvert, 119–21.[234]"Mems. of Sir G. Elliot," ii, 160.[235]Pitt MSS., 196.[236]Vivenot, iii, 352, 353.[237]Ibid., 320, 321, 339, 379, 380; "Dropmore P.," ii, 470, 536. In the last passage Yarmouth accuses the King of Prussia of deliberately thwarting the action of the Austrian army under Wurmser.[238]"F. O.," Austria, 33, Grenville to Eden, 11th June; Eden to Grenville, 26th June.[239]"Dropmore P.," ii, 392, 399, 407, 412. Spain hoped to find her "indemnity" in Corsica. See too Fortescue, iv, 116, 117.[240]See "Eng. Hist. Rev." for October 1909, p. 748.[241]Pitt MSS., 196.[242]"H. O.," Adm. Medit., 1793.[243]Ibid.[244]"F. O.," Spain, 28. St. Helens to Grenville, 4th and 11th September.[245]"W. O.," 6 (10). See Fortescue (iv, pt. i, chs. vi, vii) for criticisms of these measures.[246]The arguments of Mr. Spenser Wilkinson in "Owens College Essays," do not convince me that Napoleon alone devised that plan. Chuquet's conclusion ("Toulon," 176), "Bonaparte partageait l'avis des représentants," seems to me thoroughly sound. So, too, Cottin, "Toulon et les Anglais," ch. xi.[247]"F. O.," Spain, 28.[248]"H. O." (Adm. Medit., 1793). Nevertheless Hood sent off a small squadron to offer help to Paoli in Corsica, but with very disappointing results. On 7th October he writes: "Paoli is a composition of art and deceipt [sic]." He also dwells on the hostile conduct of Genoa and Tuscany.[249]Martens, v, 473–83. In "H. O.," Secrs. of State, 4, is a despatch of General Acton of 30th October 1793 to Sir W. Hamilton, stating that when transports reach Naples, they will take off 1,200 more troops for Toulon, making a total of 6,300. But ships and supplies of food were wanting. The troops must be commanded by a Neapolitan, Marshal Fortiquerri, whom Hood had censured for incompetence![250]On 15th September Pitt wrote to the Earl of Westmorland, Viceroy of Ireland, asking him to send the flank companies (the best men) of the regiments then in Ireland. Westmorland agreed on 18th September, but said they could not sail in less than three weeks. As the crisis at Toulon deepened, Pitt, about the middle of November, begged the Lord Lieutenant to send the 35th, 41st, and 42nd regiments from Ireland to Toulon. On 20th November Westmorland agreed (though pointing out the danger of an Irish rising). On the 30th he said the two latter regiments were ready to sail from Cork whenever the transports should arrive; but the delays in the arrival and sailing of transports had always been serious—a prophetic remark (Pitt MSS., 331).[251]"Dropmore P.," ii, 471. Thugut took no interest whatever in Toulon (see Vivenot, iii, 324, 327, 362, 363). Other proofs follow (pp. 381, 384) of the pressing demands which Grenville, also Mr. Trevor at Turin, made for the fulfilment of the Emperor's promise. Some difficulties supervened as to the provisioning of the 5,000 Austrian troops on the march and the place of embarkation; but these were far from insuperable. Clearly the operating cause was Thugut's conviction that there was at Toulon a number of troops "excédant ce que toute place quelconque peut exiger pour sa défense" (ibid., 385).[252]"H. O." (Adm. Medit, 1793), Hood to Dundas, 24th November.[253]Ibid.O'Hara to Hood. This reached London on 8th December; but, as we have seen, Ministers up to 22nd December continued to rely on the arrival of the Austrians as providing a sufficient reinforcement.[254]"Dropmore P.," ii, 447; "Mems. of Sir G. Elliot," ii, 190,et seq.[255]"F. O.," Spain, 28.[256]Even by M. Cottin in his works, "Toulon et les Anglais," "L'Angleterre et les Princes."[257]"F. O.," Austria, 34. Grenville to Eden, 7th September. So in his letter of 4th October to Pitt he refers to "such other towns or districts [in S. France] as may become objects of indemnity." See, too, "Dropmore P.," ii, 412, 438; Vivenot, iii, 326.[258]"Dropmore P.," iii, 487.[259]"H. O.," 455,ad fin.[260]"Malmesbury Diaries," iii, 33.[261]"F. O.," Spain, 28. Grenville to St. Helens, 22nd October 1793. Cottin omits this despatch, which is essential to the understanding of British policy. See for further details C. J. Fox, "Bonaparte at the Siege of Toulon," bk. ii, ch. ii.[262]"F. O.," Spain, 28. On 30th November Grenville instructed St. Helens to express regret that Spain seemed to retract her wish, previously expressed, that Corsica should go to England; and also to advise that Spain should take her indemnity from France on the Pyrenean frontier.[263]Fortescue, iv, 172.[264]"H. O.," Adm. Medit., 1793.[265]"H. O.," Mil., 455. Fortescue (iv, 175) vehemently censures Henry Dundas, but I think without sufficient ground. The letters of David Dundas called for reproof. See Mr. Oscar Browning's "Youth of Napoleon" (App. iv).[266]Pitt MSS., 331; "H. O.," Mil., 455.[267]"Dropmore P.," ii, 476, 477; "Mems. of Sir G. Elliot," ii, 198.[268]Admiralty. Out Letters, xiii.[269]"H. O.," Mil., 455.[270]"H. O.," Adm. Medit., 1794.[271]"F. O.," Austria, 36. Grenville to Eden, 3rd January 1794.[272]Pellew, "Sidmouth," i, 112.[273]"Dropmore P.," ii, 438.[274]See "The Complaints of the Poor People of England," by G. Dyer, B.A. (late of Emmanuel College, Camb., 1793).[275]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 27, 28.[276]E. Smith, "The English Jacobins," 111–3; C. Cestre, "John Thelwall," ch. ii.[277]"Report of the Committee of Secrecy," May 1794. The Duke of Richmond's plan was the Westminster programme of 1780, which became the "six points" of the Charter of 1838.[278]See Fox's letter of 2nd May 1793 to Hardy in "State Trials," xxiv, 791.[279]M. Conway, "Life of T. Paine," i, 346.[280]In the Place MSS. (Brit. Mus.), vol. entitled "Libel, Sedition, Treason, Persecution"—a valuable collection.[281]"Parl. Hist.," xxxii, 929–44.[282]"Collection of Addresses ... to the National Convention of France" (Debrett, 1793), 14.[283]"Speeches of Lord Erskine," 293.[284]"State Trials," xxii, 471–522.[285]Porritt, ii, 128.[286]"H. O.," Scotland, 7.[287]Ibid.[288]"State Trials," xxiii, 118–26.[289]I differ here from Lord Cockburn, "Examination of the Trials for Sedition in Scotland," i, 147.[290]Ibid., i, 162–5; "State Trials," xxiii, 146–8, 160.[291]P. Mackenzie, "Life of Muir," does not state the reason for Muir's visit to Paris.[292]"H. O.," Scotland, 8. Dunlop, Lord Provost of Glasgow, sent it to Robert Dundas on 12th March 1793. For this William Christie, who translated the French Constitution of 1791 into English, see Alger, "Englishmen in the French Revolution," 78, 98.[293]See Campbell, "Lives of the Lord Chancellors," vii, 273, note, and viii, 143–5, for criticisms on the judges: also Cockburn,op. cit., i, 147–80; "Life of Romilly," i, 23.[294]"H. O.," Scotland, 8. Letter of 2nd August 1793. Dundas further stated that Muir had several Irish handbills on him.[295]Curiously enough, Lord Cockburn paid no heed to this in his otherwise able examination of the case.[296]T. Wolfe Tone, "Autobiography," ii, 285.[297]"H. O.," Scotland, 7.[298]"H. O.," Scotland, 8. W. Scot to R. Dundas, 1st August.[299]See the "Narrative of the Sufferings of T. F. Palmer and W. Skirving" (1794), and "Monthly Mag.," xvii, 83–5, for Palmer's adventures. He died of dysentery in 1799.[300]"H. O.," Scotland, 9.[301]Their Memorial to Henry Dundas is in "H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 27. They did not claim that he was innocent, merely that the punishment was excessive and unjust.[302]"Arniston Mems.," 240.

[155]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 189. See ch. iii of this work.

[156]See ch. iii for a refutation of this.

[157]Sorel, iii, 241. So, too, Gouverneur Morris, then in Paris, thought the French Ministers, despite their bluster, wished to avoid war "if the people will let them." (Quoted by Lecky, vi, 114.)

[158]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 250–3; "Ann. Reg." (1793), 114–16.

[159]B.M. Add. MSS., 34446.

[160]Ibid., and "Dropmore P.," ii, 361.

[161]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 253–6; "Ann. Reg." (1793), 116–9.

[162]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 351.

[163]"Dropmore P.," ii, 363.

[164]B.M. Add. MSS., 34446.

[165]B.M. Add. MSS., 34446. Grenville to Whitworth, 29th December.

[166]Miles, "Corresp.," i, 441.

[167]Ibid., i, 439.

[168]I published it in the "Eng. Hist. Rev." for April 1906; see, too, Fitzmaurice, "Shelburne," iii, 515. Bulwer Lytton, "Hist. Characters" (Talleyrand), wrongly states that he was at once expelled.

[169]"Ann. Reg.," 122–5; "Parl Hist.," xxx, 259–61; Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 4.

[170]"F. O.," France, 41.

[171]Whether Chauvelin was guilty of any worse offence than entertaining at his house the editors of Opposition newspapers (Miles, "Corresp.," i, 440) is not proven. Maret admitted to Miles that some scoundrels were sowing sedition in England; but he added the not very comforting assurance that, in that case, they would cease to be Frenchmen. Miles evidently believed those intrigues to be the work of French emissaries, (Ibid., 450, 451).

[172]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 262–6; "Ann. Reg.," 119–22.

[173]Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 28–36, 42. See, too, Sorel, iii, 258, on Maret's letter.

[174]"Dropmore P.," ii, 366; but see Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 43, 44.

[175]"Corresp. du Gén. Miranda avec le Gén. Dumouriez ... depuis janvier 1793," 3–8. See "Dropmore P.," ii, 371, on Dumouriez' plan.

[176]Ibid., 8.

[177]"Dropmore P.," ii, 365.

[178]Miles, ii, 36.

[179]"Gower's Despatches," 278.

[180]B.M. Add. MSS., 34447.

[181]"F. O.," France, 41. The order to Chauvelin must have been given earlier, probably on 22nd January, as will be seen by Dumouriez' letter to Miranda soon to be quoted. George III's order of 24th January (endorsed by Pitt) for Chauvelin's expulsion cannot have the importance which Mr. J. L. le B. Hammond ("Fox," 262–3) assigns to it. See "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies" for Lebrun's letter to Grenville.

[182]Published in "Dumouriez, etc.," 159, 160, by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley, from B.M. Add. MSS., 34447.

[183]Lecky, vi, 119–22.

[184]Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 55.

[185]Miles, "Conduct of France towards Great Britain," 108; "Corresp.," ii, 62.

[186]Miles, "Conduct of France towards Great Britain," 108.

[187]Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 62.

[188]Dumouriez, "Méms.," ii, 128–31 (edit. of 1794).

[189]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 350. Fox admitted (p. 371) that Maret did not think himself authorized to negotiate. See, too, Bland Burges in "Auckland Journals," ii, 493. I cannot agree with Mr. Oscar Browning ("Varennes, etc.," 198), and Mr. J. L. le B. Hammond ("Fox," 258) as to the importance of Maret's "mission." Lecky (vi, 126) also overrates it, in my judgement.

[190]"Dropmore P.," ii, 322.

[191]"Auckland Journals," ii, 465.

[192]"Moniteur," 29th November 1792.

[193]Maret stated that "M. Chauvelin had shamefully deceived the Executive Council, and that nothing but misrepresentations and falsehoods had marked his despatches since he lost all hope of remaining in this country" (Miles, "Corresp.," ii, 62).

[194]Wilberforce urged this ("Life," ii, 13).

[195]"Dropmore P.," ii, 339, 351, 378.

[196]"Dropmore P.," ii, 377.

[197]"Parl. Hist.," xxx, 565.

[198]"Dropmore P.," ii, 378; Prior, "Burke," 368.

[199]"Life of Wilberforce," ii, 11. Note the statement of George Rose to Auckland (8th February, 1793): "Our revenue goes on gloriously. The year ending 5th January shows £300,000 more than the year preceding.... We may suffer in some respects; but we must crush the miscreants"(B.M. Add. MSS., 34448).

[200]"F. O.," Austria, 32 (Stratton to Grenville, 22nd December, 1792). Cobenzl, Austrian Chancellor, assured Stratton that Francis II would require from France "l'établissement d'une constitution quelconque fondée sur les bases les plus essentiels du gouvernement monarchique."In view of these considerations I cannot endorse Lecky's censure (vi, 134) on Pitt's "blindness" as to the character of the war.

In view of these considerations I cannot endorse Lecky's censure (vi, 134) on Pitt's "blindness" as to the character of the war.

[201]Sir James Murray, our envoy at Frankfurt, was assured on 1st February that 138,419 Austrians were ready for the campaign.

[202]B.M. Add. MSS., 34448.

[203]See Martens, v, 530–5, for the Russo-Prussian treaty of 13th July 1793.

[204]Murray to Grenville, 19th January 1793; see "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies," which also contain the new letters of Burke referred to above.

[205]Vivenot, ii, 498–506.

[206]Martens, v, 438–42.

[207]Hon. J. W. Fortescue, "Hist. of the British Army," iv, 77–83.

[208]Pretyman MSS.

[209]Chevening MSS.

[210]Murray reported to Grenville on 10th and 18th February that the Allies at Frankfurt were disturbed by news of the negotiation with Dumouriez. See too, Vivenot, ii, 489.

[211]"Dropmore P.," ii, 377–81; "Dumouriez," by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley, 162–75.

[212]"F. O.," Austria, 32, Morton Eden to Grenville, 30th March.

[213]"War Office" 6, (7); 23rd February, to Duke of York; B.M. Add. MSS 34448, Grenville to Auckland, 23rd February; Calvert, "Campaigns in Flanders and Holland," chs. i, ii.

[214]This letter (for which see "Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies") corrects Mr. Fortescue's statement (iv, 125) that Ministers alone were responsible for the Dunkirk scheme. George III was morally responsible for it.

[215]"Dropmore P.," ii, 387.

[216]"F. O.," Austria, 33, Eden to Grenville, 27th and 28th March, 10th April; Vivenot, ii, 541; Häusser, i, 483.

[217]Ibid., Eden to Grenville, 15th April. This probably refers to Alsace; but it may possibly hint at a partition of Venice which had been mooted at Vienna before. A slice of Piedmont was also desired (Eden to Grenville, 8th June).

[218]Ibid., Eden to Grenville, 30th March.

[219]The West India expedition was again and again deferred in favour of that to la Vendée or Toulon (Vivenot, iii, 383).

[220]Sybel, iii, 38–40; Häusser, i, 488, 489.

[221]Pretyman MSS. I have published the letter of 5th April 1793 almost in full in the "Eng. Hist. Rev." for April 1910.

[222]"Dropmore P.," ii, 388–93, 399.

[223]"F. O.," France, 42. I cannot agree with Sorel (iii, 405) in taking the French overtures seriously.

[224]"W. O.," 6 (10), Dundas to Murray (now secretary to the Duke of York).

[225]Calvert, 80.

[226]Calvert, ch. iii; Fortescue, iv, 111.

[227]"Dropmore P.," iii, 493.

[228]"Dropmore P.," ii, 436.

[229]Sybel, iii, 136, 137.

[230]"Mems. of Sir G. Elliot (Earl of Minto)," ii, 159.

[231]"W. O.," 6 (10), 1st August, to Sir J. Murray, which corrects the statement in Sybel (iii, 140), that England meant to keep Dunkirk.

[232]"Malmesbury Diaries," iii, 18.

[233]Calvert, 119–21.

[234]"Mems. of Sir G. Elliot," ii, 160.

[235]Pitt MSS., 196.

[236]Vivenot, iii, 352, 353.

[237]Ibid., 320, 321, 339, 379, 380; "Dropmore P.," ii, 470, 536. In the last passage Yarmouth accuses the King of Prussia of deliberately thwarting the action of the Austrian army under Wurmser.

[238]"F. O.," Austria, 33, Grenville to Eden, 11th June; Eden to Grenville, 26th June.

[239]"Dropmore P.," ii, 392, 399, 407, 412. Spain hoped to find her "indemnity" in Corsica. See too Fortescue, iv, 116, 117.

[240]See "Eng. Hist. Rev." for October 1909, p. 748.

[241]Pitt MSS., 196.

[242]"H. O.," Adm. Medit., 1793.

[243]Ibid.

[244]"F. O.," Spain, 28. St. Helens to Grenville, 4th and 11th September.

[245]"W. O.," 6 (10). See Fortescue (iv, pt. i, chs. vi, vii) for criticisms of these measures.

[246]The arguments of Mr. Spenser Wilkinson in "Owens College Essays," do not convince me that Napoleon alone devised that plan. Chuquet's conclusion ("Toulon," 176), "Bonaparte partageait l'avis des représentants," seems to me thoroughly sound. So, too, Cottin, "Toulon et les Anglais," ch. xi.

[247]"F. O.," Spain, 28.

[248]"H. O." (Adm. Medit., 1793). Nevertheless Hood sent off a small squadron to offer help to Paoli in Corsica, but with very disappointing results. On 7th October he writes: "Paoli is a composition of art and deceipt [sic]." He also dwells on the hostile conduct of Genoa and Tuscany.

[249]Martens, v, 473–83. In "H. O.," Secrs. of State, 4, is a despatch of General Acton of 30th October 1793 to Sir W. Hamilton, stating that when transports reach Naples, they will take off 1,200 more troops for Toulon, making a total of 6,300. But ships and supplies of food were wanting. The troops must be commanded by a Neapolitan, Marshal Fortiquerri, whom Hood had censured for incompetence!

[250]On 15th September Pitt wrote to the Earl of Westmorland, Viceroy of Ireland, asking him to send the flank companies (the best men) of the regiments then in Ireland. Westmorland agreed on 18th September, but said they could not sail in less than three weeks. As the crisis at Toulon deepened, Pitt, about the middle of November, begged the Lord Lieutenant to send the 35th, 41st, and 42nd regiments from Ireland to Toulon. On 20th November Westmorland agreed (though pointing out the danger of an Irish rising). On the 30th he said the two latter regiments were ready to sail from Cork whenever the transports should arrive; but the delays in the arrival and sailing of transports had always been serious—a prophetic remark (Pitt MSS., 331).

[251]"Dropmore P.," ii, 471. Thugut took no interest whatever in Toulon (see Vivenot, iii, 324, 327, 362, 363). Other proofs follow (pp. 381, 384) of the pressing demands which Grenville, also Mr. Trevor at Turin, made for the fulfilment of the Emperor's promise. Some difficulties supervened as to the provisioning of the 5,000 Austrian troops on the march and the place of embarkation; but these were far from insuperable. Clearly the operating cause was Thugut's conviction that there was at Toulon a number of troops "excédant ce que toute place quelconque peut exiger pour sa défense" (ibid., 385).

[252]"H. O." (Adm. Medit, 1793), Hood to Dundas, 24th November.

[253]Ibid.O'Hara to Hood. This reached London on 8th December; but, as we have seen, Ministers up to 22nd December continued to rely on the arrival of the Austrians as providing a sufficient reinforcement.

[254]"Dropmore P.," ii, 447; "Mems. of Sir G. Elliot," ii, 190,et seq.

[255]"F. O.," Spain, 28.

[256]Even by M. Cottin in his works, "Toulon et les Anglais," "L'Angleterre et les Princes."

[257]"F. O.," Austria, 34. Grenville to Eden, 7th September. So in his letter of 4th October to Pitt he refers to "such other towns or districts [in S. France] as may become objects of indemnity." See, too, "Dropmore P.," ii, 412, 438; Vivenot, iii, 326.

[258]"Dropmore P.," iii, 487.

[259]"H. O.," 455,ad fin.

[260]"Malmesbury Diaries," iii, 33.

[261]"F. O.," Spain, 28. Grenville to St. Helens, 22nd October 1793. Cottin omits this despatch, which is essential to the understanding of British policy. See for further details C. J. Fox, "Bonaparte at the Siege of Toulon," bk. ii, ch. ii.

[262]"F. O.," Spain, 28. On 30th November Grenville instructed St. Helens to express regret that Spain seemed to retract her wish, previously expressed, that Corsica should go to England; and also to advise that Spain should take her indemnity from France on the Pyrenean frontier.

[263]Fortescue, iv, 172.

[264]"H. O.," Adm. Medit., 1793.

[265]"H. O.," Mil., 455. Fortescue (iv, 175) vehemently censures Henry Dundas, but I think without sufficient ground. The letters of David Dundas called for reproof. See Mr. Oscar Browning's "Youth of Napoleon" (App. iv).

[266]Pitt MSS., 331; "H. O.," Mil., 455.

[267]"Dropmore P.," ii, 476, 477; "Mems. of Sir G. Elliot," ii, 198.

[268]Admiralty. Out Letters, xiii.

[269]"H. O.," Mil., 455.

[270]"H. O.," Adm. Medit., 1794.

[271]"F. O.," Austria, 36. Grenville to Eden, 3rd January 1794.

[272]Pellew, "Sidmouth," i, 112.

[273]"Dropmore P.," ii, 438.

[274]See "The Complaints of the Poor People of England," by G. Dyer, B.A. (late of Emmanuel College, Camb., 1793).

[275]"H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 27, 28.

[276]E. Smith, "The English Jacobins," 111–3; C. Cestre, "John Thelwall," ch. ii.

[277]"Report of the Committee of Secrecy," May 1794. The Duke of Richmond's plan was the Westminster programme of 1780, which became the "six points" of the Charter of 1838.

[278]See Fox's letter of 2nd May 1793 to Hardy in "State Trials," xxiv, 791.

[279]M. Conway, "Life of T. Paine," i, 346.

[280]In the Place MSS. (Brit. Mus.), vol. entitled "Libel, Sedition, Treason, Persecution"—a valuable collection.

[281]"Parl. Hist.," xxxii, 929–44.

[282]"Collection of Addresses ... to the National Convention of France" (Debrett, 1793), 14.

[283]"Speeches of Lord Erskine," 293.

[284]"State Trials," xxii, 471–522.

[285]Porritt, ii, 128.

[286]"H. O.," Scotland, 7.

[287]Ibid.

[288]"State Trials," xxiii, 118–26.

[289]I differ here from Lord Cockburn, "Examination of the Trials for Sedition in Scotland," i, 147.

[290]Ibid., i, 162–5; "State Trials," xxiii, 146–8, 160.

[291]P. Mackenzie, "Life of Muir," does not state the reason for Muir's visit to Paris.

[292]"H. O.," Scotland, 8. Dunlop, Lord Provost of Glasgow, sent it to Robert Dundas on 12th March 1793. For this William Christie, who translated the French Constitution of 1791 into English, see Alger, "Englishmen in the French Revolution," 78, 98.

[293]See Campbell, "Lives of the Lord Chancellors," vii, 273, note, and viii, 143–5, for criticisms on the judges: also Cockburn,op. cit., i, 147–80; "Life of Romilly," i, 23.

[294]"H. O.," Scotland, 8. Letter of 2nd August 1793. Dundas further stated that Muir had several Irish handbills on him.

[295]Curiously enough, Lord Cockburn paid no heed to this in his otherwise able examination of the case.

[296]T. Wolfe Tone, "Autobiography," ii, 285.

[297]"H. O.," Scotland, 7.

[298]"H. O.," Scotland, 8. W. Scot to R. Dundas, 1st August.

[299]See the "Narrative of the Sufferings of T. F. Palmer and W. Skirving" (1794), and "Monthly Mag.," xvii, 83–5, for Palmer's adventures. He died of dysentery in 1799.

[300]"H. O.," Scotland, 9.

[301]Their Memorial to Henry Dundas is in "H. O.," Geo. III (Domestic), 27. They did not claim that he was innocent, merely that the punishment was excessive and unjust.

[302]"Arniston Mems.," 240.

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