CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. & C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
Footnotes:
[1]The literature on this subject is daily accumulating. Among older authorities are Bachofen,Das Mutterrecht, 1861; Zmigrodski,Die Mutter bei den Völkern des arischen Stammes, 1886; Pearson, K.,Ethic of Free Thought, 1888.
[2]Kriegk, G. L.,Deutsches Bürgerthum im Mittelalter, 1868, ch. 12-15.
[3]Gregorius Tur.,Hist. Eccles.5, ch. 14, 16, 19.
[4]Grimm, J.,Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 78.
[5]Ibid. p. 881 ff.
[6]Wuttke,Deutscher Volksaberglaube, 1869, p. 141; Weinhold, K.,Deutsche Frauen, 1882, vol. 1, p. 73.
[7]Rochholz, E. L.,Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 191.
[8]Menzel,Christliche Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Haar.’
[9]A. SS. Boll., St Gunthildis, Sept. 12.
[10]Bouquet,Recueil Hist., vol. 5, p. 690. Capitulare incerti anni, nr 6, ‘ut mulieres ad altare non ingrediantur.’
[11]Montalembert,Monks of the West, 1, p. 359.
[12]Jameson,Legends of the Madonna, 1857, Introd. xix.
[13]Rhys, J.,Lectures on the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by Celtic Heathendom, 1888, p. 102.
[14]Frantz, C.,Versuch einer Geschichte des Marien und Annencultus, 1854, p. 54 ff.
[15]Froissart,Chronicle, c. 162, in English translation; also Oberle, K. A.,Ueberreste germ. Heidentums im Christentum, 1883, p. 153.
[16]Menzel,Christ. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Baum.’
[17]Oberle, K. A.,Ueberreste germ. Heidentums im Christentum, 1883, p. 144.
[18]Menzel,Christl. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Himmelfahrt.’
[19]Ibid., article ‘Frauenberg’; also Oberle, K. A.,Ueberreste germ. Heidentums im Christentum, 1883, p. 38.
[20]Rochholz,Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 81, calls it Walburg; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld,Traditions et légendes de la Belgique, 1870, p. 286, calls it Fro or Frigg.
[21]Simrock, K.,Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie, 1887, p. 379; also Grimm, J.,Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 257.
[22]Comp. below, p. 35.
[23]Bede,Ecclesiastical History, 1, ch. 30.
[24]On English calendars, Piper, F.,Kalendarien und Martyrologien der Angelsachsen, 1862; Stanton, R.,Menology of England and Wales, 1887.
[25]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858-62, vol. 2, Einleitung.
[26]For France, Guettée,Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847-55, vol. 1, p. 1; for England, Bright, W.,Early English Church History, 1878, pp. 1 ff.; for Germany, Friedrich,Kirchengeschichte, 1867, vol. 1, pp. 86 ff.
[27]Ducange,Glossarium: ‘coenobium.’
[28]Dupuy, A.,Histoire de S. Martin, 1852, p. 176.
[29]Gildas,Epistle, c. 66.
[30]In Ireland we hear of nunneries founded by St Bridget in the fifth century, the chief of which was at Kildare; also that this saint crossed the Irish Sea and founded nunneries at Glastonbury in England and at Abernethy in Scotland. The accounts of the work of Bridget are numerous, but have not been subjected to criticism. Comp.A. SS. Boll., St Brigida, Feb. 1, and Lanigan,Eccles. History of Ireland, 1829, 1, pp. 377 ff.
[31]Ambrosius,Opera(edit. Migne,Patrol. Cursus Comp.vol. 16),De virginibus, p. 187; (vol. 17)Ad virginem devotam, p. 579.
[32]Hilarius,Opera(edit. Migne, vol. 10),Ad Abram, p. 547.
[33]Blunt, J. J.,Vestiges of Ancient Manners in Italy and Sicily, 1823, pp. 56 ff.
[34]Menzel, W.,Christl. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Brust,’ makes this statement. I do not see where he takes it from.
[35]A. SS. Boll., St Agatha, Feb. 5.
[36]A. SS. Boll., St Agnes, Jan. 21; St Rosalia, Sept. 4.
[37]A. SS. Boll., St Cunera, June 12.
[38]Kist, N. C., inKerkhistorisch Archiv, Amsterdam, 1858, vol. 2, p. 20.
[39]Vita St Meinwerci, bishop of Paderborn (1009-39), written about 1155 (Potthast), c. 37.
[40]Hautcœur,Actes de Ste Pharailde, 1882, Introduction, p. xc.
[41]A. SS. Boll., Gloria posthuma St Bavonis, Oct. 1, p. 261.
[42]Wauters, A.,Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, 1852, vol. 3, pp. 111, 123 ff.
[43]A. SS. Boll., Vita St Leodgarii, Oct. 2.
[44]Roth, K. L., ‘St Odilienberg’ inAlsatia, 1856, pp. 91 ff.
[45]Bonnell, H. E.,Anfänge des karolingischen Hauses, 1866, pp. 51, 149 etc. It is noticeable that another woman-saint Ida (A. SS. Boll., St Ida, June 20) figures as ancestral mother of the Liudolfings, who became kings in Saxony and emperors of Germany, comp. Waitz,Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich I.1863, Nachtrag I.
[46]Grimm, J.,Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 207.
[47]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858-82.
[48]Lebensgeschichte der heil. Othilia.Freiburg, 1852.
[49]Alsatia, 1858-60, p. 268, contains local stories.
[50]Roth, K. L., ‘St Odilienberg’ inAlsatia, 1856, p. 95.
[51]Menzel,Christliche Symbolik, article ‘Knieen.’
[52]Du Bois de Beauchesne,Madame Ste Notburg, 1888, pp. 85, 197 etc. Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, andA. SS. Boll.so far, omit her.
[53]Lefebure, F. A.,Ste Godeleine et son culte, 1888.A. SS. Boll., St Godelewa, July 6.
[54]Wonderlyk Leven.Cortryk 1800, anon., pp. 42, 45 etc.
[55]Comp. below, ch. 4, § 2.
[56]Rochholz, L.,Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, pp. 26, 80 etc.
[57]Simrock, K.,Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie, p. 389.
[58]Clouet,Histoire de Verdun, p. 180;A. SS. Boll., St Lucie, Sept. 9.
[59]A. SS. Boll., St Germana, Oct. 1; Husenbeth, F. C.,Emblems of the Saints, 1882.
[60]Rochholz, L.,Drei Gaugöttinnen, p. 164.
[61]Zacher, J.,St Genovefa Pfalzgräfin, 1860, p. 55.
[62]Menzel,Christliche Symbolik, article ‘Aehre,’ refers toNotre Dame de trois épisin Elsass.
[63]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, St Nothburga, nr 2.
[64]Wauters, A.,Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, 1, p. 302; Corémans,L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 76.
[65]A. SS. Boll., St Alena, June 19; Menzel, W.,Christliche Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Arm.’ Corémans,L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, June 19.
[66]Corémans,L’année etc., p. 77.
[67]Reinsberg-Düringsfeld,Traditions et légendes de la Belgique, 1870, vol. 1, p. 99.
[68]A. SS. Boll., St Gunthildis, Sept. 22.
[69]Imagines SS. Augustanorum, 1601; also Stadler and Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, St Radegundis, nr 3.
[70]Pharaildis has been depicted with one,A. SS. Boll., St Pharaildis, Jan. 4; also Verena, comp. below.
[71]Husenbeth, F. C.,Emblems of the Saints, 1870, mentions one instance.
[72]Rochholz,Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 7.
[73]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon;A. SS. Boll., St Rolendis, May 13.
[74]A. SS. Boll., St Edigna, Feb. 26.
[75]A. SS. Boll., St Christiane, July 26.
[76]Rochholz, L.,Drei Gaugöttinnen, p. 37.
[77]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858-82, St Radegundis, nr 3.
[78]Ibid., Appendix, p. 998, footnote.
[79]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Regina, nr 4.
[80]Kist, N. C., ‘Reenensche Kuneralegende’ inKerkhistorisch Archiv, Amsterdam, 1858, vol. 2, p. 5.
[81]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Sura.
[82]A. SS. Boll., St Germana, Oct. 1.
[83]Panzer, F.,Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, 1848, pp. 5 ff., 272 ff.
[84]Capgrave,Catalogus SS. Angliae, 1516.
[85]Stanton, R.,Menology of England and Wales, 1887.
[86]Capgrave,Catalogus SS. Angliae, 1516. Comp. Surius,Vitae SS.1617.
[87]Hautcœur,Actes de Ste Pharailde, 1882, Introd. cxxviiii.
[88]Reinsberg-Düringsfeld,Traditions et légendes de la Belgique, 1870, vol. 1, p. 288.
[89]Lefebure,Ste Godeleine et son culte, p. 209.
[90]Wauters, A.,Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, 1852, vol. 1, p. 304.
[91]Rochholz,Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 154.
[92]Potthast,Wegweiser durch die Geschichtszwerke des europ. Mittelalters, 1862; Rochholz,loc. cit., p. 108, prints an early poetic version of the story in the vernacular.
[93]Simrock, K.,Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie, 1887, p. 393.
[94]Grimm, J.,Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 254, footnote.
[95]Corémans,L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, pp. 61, 113, 158.
[96]Grimm, J.,Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 252.
[97]Corémans,L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, p. 76; Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, and theA. SS. Boll.pass her over.
[98]Wessely, J. G.,Iconographie Gottes und der Heiligen, 1874.
[99]A. SS. Boll., St Afra, Aug. 5.
[100]Grimm, J.,Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 242.
[101]Velserus,Antiqua monumenta, Chronica der Stadt Augsp.1595; pp. 4, 14, 17, 32, 88.
[102]Rettberg, F. W.,Kirchengeschichte, 1846, vol. 1, p. 147.
[103]Friedrich,Kirchengeschichte, 1867, vol. 1, p. 413.
[104]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Notburg, nr 1.A. SS. Boll., St Notburga, Jan. 26.
[105]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, Appendix, St Achachildis.
[106]Birlinger, A.,Schwäbische Sagen, vol. 2, p. 341.
[107]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Radegundis, nr 3.
[108]Grimm, J.,Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 896.
[109]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Kumernissa.
[110]A. SS. Boll., St Liberata, July 20.
[111]Sloet,De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884.
[112]I cannot account for the presence of the beard; St Paula, venerated at Avila in Spain, is also represented with one (Stadler und Heim). Macrobius (Sal.bk 3, c. 8) tells us that the Venus Barbata was represented in Cyprus in the form of a man with a beard and wearing female clothing, which shows that goddesses of this type were venerated during heathen times.
[113]Grimm, J.,Deutsche Mythol.1875, p. 896.
[114]Sloet,De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, p. 36.
[115]Menzel, W.,Christl. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Bart.’
[116]Sloet,De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, pp. 31, 33, 36, 42 etc.
[117]Ibid. p. 32.
[118]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Liberata, footnote, p. 807.
[119]Sloet,De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, pp. 5, 50 etc. Ellis, H.,Original Letters, series III, vol. 3, p. 194, quotes the following sentence from Michael Woddes,Dialogues, 1554: ‘... if a wife were weary of her husband she offered Otes at Poules (St Paul’s) at London to St Uncumber,’ a proof that the veneration of Ontkommer had found its way into England.
[120]Panzer, F.,Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, 1848, pp. 5 ff., 272 ff.
[121]Corémans,L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 149.
[122]Simrock, K.,Handbuch der deutschen Myth., 1887, p. 344.
[123]Panzer, F.,Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 23.
[124]Corémans,L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 148.
[125]Panzer, F.,Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, pp. 69 ff.
[126]Cradles are frequently kept in churches in Bavaria, and form, I am told, part of the furniture which was formerly used at the celebration of the Nativity play at Christmas (Weihnachtskrippenspiel).
[127]Panzer, F.,Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 273.
[128]Simrock, K.,Handbuch der deutschen Myth., 1887, pp. 344, 349, gives lists of their names.
[129]Grimm,Wörterbuch, ‘Bett’; Mannhardt, W.,Germanische Mythen, 1858, p. 644.
[130]Panzer, F.,Beitrag zur deutschen Mythol., 1848, p. 180.
[131]A. SS. Boll., St Einbetta, Sept. 16.
[132]A. SS. Boll., St Kunegundis, June 16.
[133]Panzer,Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 379.
[134]Menck-Dittmarsch,Des Moselthals Sagen, 1840, pp. 178, 258.
[135]Grimm,Wörterbuch, ‘Marge.’
[136]Lersch,Centralmuseum rheinl. Inschriften, vol. 1, p. 23; alsoJahrbücher des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande, Bonn: J. 1852, Freudenberg, ‘Darstellungen der Matres oder Matronae’; J. 1853, ‘Neue Matronensteine’; J. 1857, Eick, ‘Matronensteine’; J. 1858, Becker, ‘Beiträge’ etc.
[137]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Lufthildis.
[138]Ibid. St Rolendis.
[139]A. SS. Boll., St Cunera, June 12.
[140]Fustel de Coulanges,L’invasion germanique, 1891; Gérard, P. A. F.,Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864; Ozanam,Civilisation chrétienne chez les Francs, 1855.
[141]A. SS. Boll., St Caesaria, Jan. 12,Regula, pp. 730-737; alsoA. SS. Boll., St Caesarius episcopus, Aug. 27.
[142]A. SS. Boll., St Caesaria, Jan. 12,Regula, c. 66.
[143]Guettée,Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847, vol. 2, 46; Labbé,Sacr. Conc. Collectio, Conc. Agathense, canon nr 19.
[144]Guettée,Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847, vol. 2, p. 109.
[145]Keller, Ch.,Étude critique sur le texte de la vie de Ste Geneviève, 1881; alsoA. SS. Boll., St Genovefa, Jan. 3.
[146]Darboy, Mgr,Sainte Clothilde, 1865; alsoA. SS. Boll., St Chrothildis, June 3.
[147]Giesebrecht, W.,Fränkische Geschichte des Gregorius, 1851, Einleitung xviii.
[148]Gregorius Tur.,De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106 (in Migne,Patrol. Cursus Completus, vol. 71).
[149]Gregorius Tur.,De Gloria Martyrum, ch. 5 (in Migne,Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 71).
[150]A. SS. Boll., St Radegundis, Aug. 13 (contains both these accounts).
[151]Fortunatus,Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887.
[152]Gregorius Tur.,Hist. Franc.bk 9, ch. 42.
[153]Gregorius Tur.,Hist. Franc.bk 3, ch. 7; Fortunatus,Vita, ch. 2-4.
[154]Giesebrecht, W.,Fränkische Geschichte des Gregorius, 1851, appendix.
[155]Fortunatus,Vita, ch. 3.
[156]Ibid., ch. 10.
[157]Ibid., ch. 5.
[158]Baudonivia,Vita, ch. 2.
[159]A. SS. Boll., St Medardus, June 8.
[160]Commentators are much exercised by this summary breaking of the marriage tie; some urge that Radegund’s union had not been blessed by the Church. In theA. SS.it is argued that the Gallic bishop Medardus in pronouncing her divorce acted in ignorance of certain canons of the Church.
[161]Fortunatus,Vita, c. 10.
[162]Ibid., ch. 11; Baudonivia,Vita, ch. 6.
[163]Ibid.,Vita, ch. 12.
[164]Stadler und Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, Johannes, nr 52; Gregorius Tur.,De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 23.
[165]Fortunatus,Vita, ch. 26.
[166]Lucchi,Vie de Venantius Fortunatus, ch. 85 (in Fortunatus,Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887).
[167]Gregorius Tur.,De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106.
[168]Fortunatus,Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 111, 3, p. 214.
[169]Gérard, P. A. F.,Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864, vol. 1, p. 272.
[170]Gregorius Tur.,Hist. Franc.bk 9, ch. 40.
[171]Fortunatus,Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 11, 1, p. 76.
[172]Gregorius Tur.,Hist. Franc.bk 8, ch. 40.
[173]Gregorius Tur.,Hist. Franc.bk 7, ch. 36.
[174]Baudonivia,Vita, c. 11.
[175]Fortunatus,Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, bk 10, nr 9.
[176]Fortunatus,Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, bk 2, nr 16.
[177]Ibid., bk 6, nr 1.
[178]Mone, F. J.,Lateinische Hymnen des Mittelalters, 1853-5, vol 1, 101; Fortunatus,Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, note, p. 76.
[179]Fortunatus,Opera poetica, Appendix, nr 2.
[180]Ibid., bk 8, nr 1.
[181]Fortunatus,Opera poetica, note 9, p. 213.
[182]Ibid., Appendix, nr 16.
[183]Ibid., nr 31.
[184]Nisard, Ch.,Des poesies de Radegonde attribuées jusqu’ici à Fortunat, 1889, p. 5.
[185]Fortunatus,Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 111, 2, 3, etc., p. 284.
[186]Ibid., ‘De Excidio Thoringiae,’ Appendix, nr 1.
[187]Fortunatus,Opera poetica, Appendix, nr 3.
[188]Ibid., bk 8, nr 8.
[189]Ibid., bk 8, nr 6.
[190]Ibid., bk 11, nr 10.
[191]Ibid., bk 11, nr 9.
[192]Fortunatus,Opera poetica, bk 11, nr 11.
[193]Ibid., bk 11, nr 22.
[194]Ibid., bk 11, nr 8.
[195]Ibid., bk 11, nr 6.
[196]Ibid., Appendix, nr 21.
[197]Ibid., bk 11, nr 2.
[198]Ibid., bk 11, nr 7.
[199]Ibid., Appendix, nr 15.
[200]Gregorius Tur.,De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106.
[201]Gregorius Tur.,Hist. Franc., bk 9, chs. 39-44; bk 10, chs. 15-17, 20.
[202]Gregorius Tur.,Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 39.
[203]Gregorius Tur.,Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 41.
[204]Ibid., bk 10, ch. 15.
[205]Gregorius Tur.,Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 33; bk 10, ch. 12.
[206]A. SS. Boll., St Vedastus, Feb. 6.
[207]A. SS. Boll., St Eleutherius, Feb. 20,Vita1, ch. 3 (Potthast, Wegweiser: ‘Vita auctore anonymo sed antiquo’).
[208]Gérard, P. A. F.,Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864, vol. 1, p. 384.
[209]Comp. throughoutA. SS. Boll., St Wandregisilus, July 22; St Waningus, Jan. 9, etc.
[210]Drapeyron, L.,La reine Brunehilde, 1867.
[211]Gregorius, Papa,Epistolae, liber 9, epist. 109 (in Migne,Patrol. Cursus Compl.vol. 77).
[212]St Columban who went abroad and died in 615 should be kept distinct from St Columba who died in 597, sometimes also called Columban. Both of them wrote rules for monks (cf.Dictionary of Nat. Biography).
[213]Bouquet,Recueil Hist., vol. 3, p. 478.
[214]A. SS. Boll., St Desiderius, May 23.
[215]Guettée,Histoire de l’Église de France, vol. 1, p. 317.
[216]Opinions differ as to the original form of the rule of St Benedict. Comp. Benedictus,Opera, pp. 204 ff. (in Migne,Patrologiae Cursus Complet., vol. 66).
[217]A. SS. Boll., St Filibertus, Aug. 20.
[218]Roth, P.,Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, Appendix, gives the Charter.
[219]Roth, P.,Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, p. 249.
[220]A. SS. Boll., St Bathildis, Jan. 26 (contains both accounts).
[221]Roth, P.,Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, p. 86.
[222]A. SS. Boll., St Bathildis, Jan. 26;Vita11., ch. 14.
[223]A. SS. Boll., ibid., St Aurea, Oct. 4.
[224]Ibid., St Filibertus, Aug. 20,Vita, ch. 5.
[225]Ibid., St Austreberta, Feb. 10.
[226]Regnault,Vie de Ste Fare, 1626.
[227]A. SS. Boll., St Teclechildis, Oct. 10.
[228]A. SS. Boll., St Bertilia, Jan. 3.
[229]Ibid., St Salaberga, Sept. 22,Vita, ch. 8.
[230]Ibid., St Austrudis, Oct. 17.
[231]Bede,Hist. Eccles., bk 3, ch. 8; bk 4, ch. 23. Comp. below, ch. 3, § 1.
[232]History of the Anglo-Saxons, transl. Thorpe, 1845, vol. 2, p. 247.
[233]Raine,Historians of the Church of York. Rolls series, vol. 1, Preface, p. xxiii.
[234]It is probable such settlements existed. Dugdale,Monasticon, vol. 3, p. 302, holds a religious foundation to have existed in Tinmouth founded 617-33, but in Bede,Life of Cuthbert, transl. Stevenson, T., 1887, ch. 3, it is referred to as a monastery formerly of men, now of ‘virgins.’
[235]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Folkestone,’ vol. 1, p. 451.
[236]Hardy, Th. D.,Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 226: ‘the life of Eanswith cannot be traced to any earlier authority than John of Tinmouth († c. 1380) whose account Capgrave († 1484) embodied in his collection of saints’ lives.’ The work of Capgrave,Catalogus SS. Angliae, was printed in 1516; theKalendre of the newe Legende of Englande, printed 1516 (Pynson), from which expressions are quoted in the text, is an abridged translation of it into English.
[237]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Folkestone,’ vol. 1, p. 451, nr 2.
[238]Smith and Wace,Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1880, ‘Eanswitha’; alsoA. SS. Boll., St Eanswida, Aug. 31.
[239]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Liming,’ vol. 1, p. 452.
[240]Jenkins, R. C., inGentleman’s Magazine, 1862, August, p. 196 quotes this statement; I do not see where he takes it from.
[241]Stanton, R.,Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 144.
[242]Hardy, Th. D.,Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 475.
[243]Gocelinus,Vita St Wereburgae, c. 1 (in Migne,Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 155).
[244]Bright, W.,Early English Church History, 1878, p. 130 footnote.
[245]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Sheppey,’ vol. 2, p. 49.
[246]Bright, W.,Early English Church History, 1878, p. 123.
[247]Bede,Hist. Eccles., bk 3, ch. 8, transl. Gidley, 1870.
[248]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Thanet,’ vol. 1, p. 447; Hardy, Th. D.,Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, on lives of St Mildred, vol. 1, p. 376;A. SS. Boll., St Mildreda, July 13.
[249]Stanton, R.,Menology of England and Wales, 1887, July 13.
[250]Smith and Wace,Dictionary of Christian Biography, article ‘Mildred’ by Bishop Stubbs.
[251]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Thanet,’ vol. 1, p. 447.
[252]A. SS. Boll., St Milburga, Feb. 23.
[253]Ibid., St Mildwida, Jan. 17.
[254]Stanton, R.,Menology of England and Wales, Jan. 17.
[255]‘Lives of Women Saints’ (written about 1610) p. 64, edited by Horstman for the Early Engl. Text Soc., London, 1887.
[256]Haddon and Stubbs,Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, 1869, vol. 3, p. 240.
[257]‘Upmynstre, Suthmynstre, Folcanstan, Limming, Sceppeis.’
[258]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Whitby,’ vol. 1, p. 405.
[259]Bede,Eccl. Hist., bk 4, ch. 23 transl. Gidley, 1870. Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Hartlepool,’ vol. 6, p. 1618, places the foundation about the year 640.
[260]Bede,Eccl. Hist.bk 3, chs. 24-25; bk 4, chs. 23-24.
[261]A. SS. Boll., St Bega, Sept. 6; Tomlinson, G. C.,Life and Miracles of St Bega, 1839.
[262]Carthularium abbathiae de Whiteby, publ. Surtees Soc., 1879.
[263]Bede,Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 23, translat. Gidley, 1870, with additions and alterations.
[264]Bede,Eccles. History, bk 5, ch. 3.
[265]Bede,Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 10; Dugdale,Monasticon, vol. 1, p. 233, mentions Easington only as a manor of Durham.
[266]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Hackness,’ vol. 3, p. 633.
[267]Bede,Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 23.
[268]Dictionary of Nat. Biography, article ‘Caedmon’ by Henry Bradley.
[269]Bede,Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 24, transl. Gidley, 1870.
[270]Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’Yorksh. Archaeolog. Journal, vol. 3, p. 370. I do not know on what authority Haigh designates Heiu as saint.
[271]Gray, de Birch,Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 15.
[272]Comp. below, p. 106.
[273]Charlton, L.,History of Whitby, 1779, p. 33.
[274]Raine,Historians of the Church of York, Rolls series, vol. 1, Preface p. xxvii. This volume contains reprints of several accounts of the life of Wilfrith, including the one by Eddi.
[275]A. SS. Boll., St Withburga, March 17; Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘East Dereham,’ vol. 2, p. 176.
[276]Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’Yorkshire Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 352, decides in favour of Aethelric.
[277]Bright, W.,Early English Church History, 1878, p. 235.
[278]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Coldingham,’ vol. 6, p. 149. The promontory of St Abb’s Head retains her name. She is believed to have founded another religious settlement at a place in Durham on the river Derwent called Ebbchester, and the village church there is dedicated to her (Dict. of Nat. Biog.).
[279]Bede,Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.
[280]A. SS. Boll., St Etheldreda June 23, Thomas of Ely,Vitach. 41.
[281]Bright, W.,Early English Church History, 1878, p. 252 footnote.
[282]Bede,Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.
[283]Kalendre of the newe Legende of Englande, printed 1516 (Pynson) fol. 39 b.
[284]Bede,Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.
[285]Dictionary of National Biography, ‘Etheldreda, Saint.’
[286]Bentham,History of Ely, 1817, p. 9.
[287]Gocelinus,Vita St Wereburgae(in Migne,Patrol. Cursus Compl.vol. 155).
[288]Stanton, R.,Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 49, calls it Weedon in Northamptonshire; Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Wedon,’ vol. 6, p. 1051, doubts its existence.
[289]Life of St Werburgh, 1521, reprinted for the Early Engl. Text Soc., 1887.
[290]Stanton, R.,Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 49.
[291]Livien, E. ‘On early religious houses in Staffordshire,’Journal of the British Archaeolog. Assoc., vol. 29, p. 329. (The widespread cult of St Werburg may be due to there having been several saints of this name; comp. Stanton, R.,Menology.)
[292]Eddi,Vita, c. 34 (in Raine,Historians of the Church of York, Rolls series).
[293]Bright, W.,Early English Church History, 1878, p. 300, casts discredit on this story, which is told by Eddi,Vita, c. 38.
[294]Bright, W.,Early English Church History, 1878, pp. 301 ff.
[295]Hardy, Th. D.,Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, pp. 297 ff.
[296]Bede,Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 10.
[297]Bede,Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 25.
[298]The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives 679 as the date of the fire; Eddi’s account represents Aebbe as alive in 681. Perhaps she died in 680; comp. Smith and Wace,Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1877, Ebba, nr 1; also Bright, W.,Early English Church History, 1878, p. 300, footnote.
[299]Bright, W., ibid., p. 255, footnote.
[300]Hardy, Th. D.,Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 312.
[301]Bede,Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 23.
[302]Bede,Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 34.
[303]Ibid., ch. 24.
[304]Psalm lxxxix. 10 (The Vulgate here follows theLXX.; it would be interesting to know what sense they or indeed Bede gave to the passage).
[305]Eccles. xi. 8.
[306]Bede,Eccles. Hist., bk 4, ch. 26.
[307]Eddi,Vita, c. 43.
[308]Bright, W.,Early English History, 1878, p. 448, from 686-691.
[309]Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’Yorksh. Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 375.
[310]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Peterborough,’ vol. 1, p. 377, nr 2, prints the charter.
[311]Gough, R.,Parochial History of Castor, 1819, p. 99.
[312]‘Cum beatissimis sororibus meis Kyneburga et Kyneswida, quarum prior regina mutavit imperium in Christi ancillarum praesidens monasterio ... etc.’
[313]Hardy, Th. D.,Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 370.
[314]A. SS. Boll., St Kineburga et St Kineswitha, virgines, March 6, argue the existence of a third sister.
[315]Camden,Britannia, edit. 1789, vol. 2, pp. 219, 223.
[316]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Repton,’ vol. 6, p. 429; the abbesses he mentions should stand in this order: Alfritha, Edburga.
[317]Haddon and Stubbs,Councils and Eccles. Documents, 1869, vol. 3, p. 273.
[318]Ibid., vol. 3, p. 274.
[319]Birch, W. de Gray,Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881.
[320]A. SS. Boll., St Guthlac, April 11; Felix,Vita, c. 12.
[321]Felix,Vita, c. 33.
[322]Ibid., ‘Egburgh abbatissa, Aldulfi regis filia’; Smith and Wace,Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1877, call her ‘Eadburga (nr 3)’; two abbesses Ecgburh occur in the Durham list of abbesses, comp. Gray, W. de Birch,Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 70.