[323]Comp. below, ch. 4, § 1.
[324]Holdich, B.,History of Crowland Abbey, 1816, p. 2.
[325]Gray, W. de Birch,Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881, Introd. p. l, footnote.
[326]Brit. Mus. MS. Harleian Roll, Y 6, reproduced Gray, W. de Birch,Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881, pp. 14, 16, etc.
[327]Goodwin, C. W.,The Anglo-Saxon version of the life of St Guthlac, 1848, p. 93.
[328]A. SS. Boll., St Pega sive Pegia, Jan. 8.
[329]A. SS. Boll., St Ositha, Oct. 7.
[330]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Chich Priory,’ vol. 6, p. 308.
[331]Hardy, Th. D.,Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, vol. 1, pp. 524 ff.
[332]A. SS. Boll., St Frideswida, Oct. 19; Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Christ Church,’ vol. 2, p. 134.
[333]Dictionary of National Biography, Frideswide.
[334]Stanton, R.,Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 137: ‘we have no records of Osburg till 1410.’
[335]Ibid., p. 310: ‘there is much obscurity in the history of St Modwenna. It seems that she must be distinguished from one or perhaps two other Irish saints....’ Also Livien, E., ‘On early religious houses in Staffordshire’ inJournal of the British Archaeol. Association, vol. 29, p. 333; Hardy, Th. D.,Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, pp. 94 ff.
[336]Stanton, R.,Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 328.
[337]Bede,Eccles. Hist., bk 4, chs. 7-10.
[338]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 436.
[339]A. SS. Boll., St Ethelburga, Oct. 11; Stanton, R.,Menology of England and Wales, p. 485.
[340]Stanton, R.,Menology, calls her Theorigitha but says, p. 36, that she has no day.
[341]A. SS. Boll., St Hildelitha, March 24.
[342]Bede,Eccles. Hist., bk 5, ch. 18.
[343]Capgrave, T.,Catalogus SS. Angliae, 1516, fol. 10, b.
[344]Monumenta Moguntina, edit. Jaffé, Epist. nr 2, written between 675 and 705; Giles (Aldhelm,Opera Omnia, 1844, p. 90) calls her Osgith, a name which occurs several times in the Durham ‘Liber Vitae.’
[345]Aldhelm,Opera, edit. Giles, 1844, p. 103.
[346]Ibid., p. 115,De Basilica, etc.
[347]Ibid., p. 135,De Laudibus Virginum(it is not known over which house Maxima presided); p. 203,De octo Principalibus Vitiis.
[348]Ibid., p. 1,De Laudibus Virginitatis(chapter references in the text are to this edition).
[349]Mediaeval exegesis interpreted in these four ways, comp. Cassian Erem.,De Spiritu Sc., c. 8.
[350]I take ‘crustu’ to go with ‘crusta,’ comp. Ducange.
[351]Monumenta Moguntina, edit. Jaffé, Epist. nr 70.
[352]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Sherbourne,’ vol. 1, p. 331, footnote K.
[353]Will. of Malmesbury,History, c. 31.
[354]Dict. of Nat. Biography, ‘Aldhelm.’
[355]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 88.
[356]A. SS. Boll., St Cuthberga, Aug. 31.
[357]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 88.
[358]Operaedit. Giles, 1844, p. 216;Dict. of Nat. Biog., ‘Aldfrith,’ he is sometimes called Alfred.
[359]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 89, nr 2.
[360]Brit. Mus. MSS. Lansdowne, 436 f., 38 b.
[361]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Tetbury,’ vol. 6, p. 1619.
[362]A. SS. Boll., St Lioba, Sept. 28, c. 2.
[363]Arndt, W., Introd. to translation into German (in Pertz,Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit, Jahrhundert 8, Band 2), p. xix.
[364]Epist. nr 12. The only edition of the letters of Boniface which attempts chronological order is that of Jaffé, Ph.,Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, the numeration of which I have followed. Additional remarks on the dates of some of the letters are contained in Hahn, H.,Bonifaz und Lull, ihre angelsächsischen Correspondenten, 1883.
[365]Willibaldus presb.,Vita Bonifacii, edit. Jaffé, Ph.,Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, pp. 422-506, c. 2.
[366]Whether Eadburg of Thanet is identical with St Eadburga buried at Liming (comp. p. 84), is uncertain.
[367]Epist. nr 10.
[368]Epist. nr 112.
[369]Epist. nr 32, written 735 (Jaffé); after 732 (Hahn).
[370]Epist. nr 75.
[371]Epist. nr 31.
[372]Epist. nr 62.
[373]Epist. nr 76.
[374]Epist. nr 22, written 722 (Jaffé).
[375]Epist. nr 39.
[376]Epist. nr 46.
[377]Epist. nr 72, 2 Cor. vii. 5.
[378]Epist. nr 73.
[379]Comp. Ps. cxix. 105.
[380]Epist. nr 87.
[381]Epist. nr 8; written between 709 and 712 (Hahn). Boniface is known to have travelled in the district of the Mosel; there is no other reason why this letter should be included in the correspondence.
[382]John xv. 12.
[383]Epist. nr 59; written 745 (Hahn).
[384]Epist. nr 60.
[385]Epist. nr 61.
[386]Epist. nr 70; written after 748 (Hahn).
[387]Epist. nr 13, written 717-19 (Hahn).
[388]Jaffé, Ph.,loc. cit., footnote, p. 64, quotes the lines Virg.Aen., 11. 369-70, of which this sentence seems an adaptation.
[389]Comp. Psalm i. 2.
[390]Romans x. 15.
[391]Matth. xxv. 36.
[392]Comp. Matth. xix. 28.
[393]Epist. nr 14, written 719-22 (Jaffé). Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ inYorkshire Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 377, speaks of her as Cangith and holds her to have been abbess of Hackness.
[394]Birch, W. de Gray,Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 68.
[395]Matth. vii. 25.
[396]Comp. Luc. xiv. 31.
[397]Wisdom vi. 7 (Vulgate).
[398]Wisdom iv. 12 (Vulgate).
[399]There are some difficulties in this passage.
[400]Daniel xiv. 33 (Vulgate).
[401]Acts viii. 26.
[402]Ps. cxix. 103.
[403]Ps. xxxvi. 6.
[404]Cp. Ps. cxli. 2.
[405]Cp. 2 Cor. v. 12.
[406]The name Bugga occurs frequently during this period.
[407]Epist. nr 16, written 720-22 (Jaffé); I think somewhat later.
[408]Epist. nr 86.
[409]Epist. nr 88.
[410]Epist. nrs 37, 38, 39.
[411]Epist. nr 103, written shortly after 740 (Hahn).
[412]Epist. nr 113.
[413]Epist. nr 53.
[414]Epist. nr 70.
[415]Epist. nr 126.
[416]Epist. nr 23; the verse runs as follows:
‘Arbiter omnipotens, solus qui cuncta creavit,In regno Patris semper qui lumine fulget,Qua jugiter flagrans sic regnat gloria Christi,Inlaesum servet semper te jure perenni.’
[417]A. SS. Boll., St Lioba, Sept. 28,Vita, ch. 9.
[418]Epist. nr 91, written between 737-41 (Hahn).
[419]Vita, ch. 13.
[420]Epist. nr 34.
[421]Epist. nr 98, written 732-747 (Hahn).
[422]Vita, ch. 14.
[423]Epist. nr 93.
[424]Epist. nr 126; also Epist. nr 68, written 748 (from the Pope on the consecration of abbot and abbess).
[425]Vita St Sturmiin Pertz,Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 2, p. 365.
[426]In Jaffé, Ph.,Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, p. 475.
[427]Comp. above, p. 135.
[428]A. SS. Boll., St Tecla, Oct. 15, casts discredit on Tecla’s settling at Kizzingen and argues in favour of Oxenfurt. Kizzingen existed in the 15 c.; nothing is known concerning the later history of Oxenfurt.
[429]Hahn, H.,Bonifaz und Lull, ihre angelsächsischen Correspondenten, 1883, p. 138, footnote 4, considers her identical with the Cynehild of the correspondence.
[430]Two letters, nrs 148, 149, in the correspondence are written by ‘Berthgyth,’ apparently a nun in England who wished to go abroad, to her brother Baldhard, but judging by their contents (‘I have been deserted by my parents,’ etc.) it is improbable that she is identical with the nun referred to above.
[431]Jaffé, Ph.,Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, p. 490.
[432]Comp. above, p. 25.
[433]Comp. the attempt to identify Chunihilt with St Gunthildis,A. SS. Boll., Sept. 22.
[434]Edit. Canisius, H.,Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2; this anonymous nun is sometimes considered identical with the sister of Wilibald and Wunebald, and therefore with St Walburg.
[435]Vita St Willibaldi(also called Hodoeporicon), edit. Canisius, H.,Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2, ch. 2.
[436]Bede,Hist. Eccles., bk 5, ch. 15.
[437]For erasing writing from parchment.
[438]Vita St Wunebaldi, edit. Canisius, H.,Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2.
[439]Widukind,Annalium libri tres, year 924.
[440]Giesebrecht, W.,Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, 4 ed. 1873, vol. 1.
[441]Ex Vita Liutbergae in Pertz,Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 4, p. 158 (Potthast,Wegweiser, written about 870).
[442]Dümmler, E.,Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs, 1865, vol. 1, p. 348.
[443]Translatio St Pusinnae inA. SS. Boll., April 23 (Potthast,Wegweiser, written probably by a monk of Corvei between 860-877).
[444]Dümmler, E.,Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs, 1865, vol. 2, p. 336.
[445]Luentzel,Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 22.
[446]Vita Mathildis Reg. (in Pertz,Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 4, p. 283 ff.), c. 26.
[447]Annales Quedliburgenses, year 999.
[448]Fritsch,Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1826, vol. 1, p. 45.
[449]Luther,An den Adel christl. Nation, 1520, edit. Knaake, vol. 6, p. 440.
[450]Harenberg,Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, vol. 1, p. 529.
[451]Engelhausen,Chronicon(in Leibnitz,Scriptores rer. Brunsv.1707, vol. 2), p. 978.
[452]Comp. below, ch. 6, § 1.
[453]Luentzel,Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 67, quoting ‘Reimchronik,’
‘Dat Bog segt, dat se so vele Wisheit konde,Dat se ok wol gelerden Meistern wedderstunde.’
[454]Harenberg,Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, vol. 1, p. 626 ff.
[455]Luentzel,Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, vol. 1, p. 319.
[456]‘De fundatione Brunswilarensis’ (in Pertz,Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 11, p. 394 footnote); Adelheid was abbess of Nivelles, Mathilde of Villich and Diedenkirchen, Theofanu of Essen, Hedwig of Neuss; Sophie and Ida, to whom reference has been made in the text, are said by Pertz to have presided over Gandersheim and St Maria at Cöln; Sophie certainly did not become abbess at Gandersheim, perhaps she went to Mainz; Ida probably presided over the convent of St Maria on the Münzenberg, a dependency of Gandersheim.
[457]Waitz, G.,Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, 1868, vol. 7, p. 258.
[458]Reichstage, 1548-1594.
[459]Fritsch,Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 259.
[460]Luentzel,Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 67.
[461]Fritsch,Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 84.
[462]Ebert, Ad.,Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, 1887, vol. 3, p. 429 footnote.
[463]Harenberg,Historia Ecclesiae Ganders., 1734; also Luentzel,Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, pp. 33 ff., 63 ff.
[464]Agius,Vita et Obitus Hathumodae(in Pertz,Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 4, pp. 166-189).
[465]Hrotsvith, ‘Carmen de Primordiis Coenobii Gandersh.,’ inOpera, edit. Barack, 1858, p. 339 ff.
[466]Agius,Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 3.
[467]Ibid. ch. 5.
[468]Agius,Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 9.
[469]Ibid. ch. 15.
[470]‘Carmen de Primordiis Coenobii Gandersh.,’ line 273.
[471]‘Carmen de Gestis Oddonis I,’ inOpera, edit. Barack, 1858, p. 302.
[472]Agius,Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 11.
[473]Köpke, R.,Deutschlands älteste Dichterin, 1869, p. 17.
[474]Harenberg,Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, p. 589.
[475]Meibom, H.,Rerum German. Script., 1688, vol. 1, p. 706, quoting Selneccer.
[476]Hrotsvith,Opera, edit. Barack, 1858; Ebert, Ad.,Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 285 ff.
[477]Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 6.
[478]Piltz, O.,Die Dramen der Roswitha, no date; Magnin,Théâtre de Hrotsvitha, 1845.
[479]Köpke, R.,Deutschlands älteste Dichterin, 1869, p. 28.
[480]Hrotsvith,Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 54.
[481]‘Maria,’Opera, p. 7.
[482]Opera, edit. Barack, p. 2.
[483]‘Ascensio Domini,’Opera, p. 37.
[484]Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 48.
[485]‘Gongolf,’Opera, p. 43.
[486]Ebert,Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 290.
[487]‘Pelagius,’Opera, p. 63.
[488]Ebert,Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 295.
[489]‘Theophilus,’Opera, p. 79.
[490]‘Proterius,’Opera, p. 97.
[491]‘Dionysius,’Opera, p. 107.
[492]Ebert,Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 300.
[493]‘Agnes,’Opera, p. 117.
[494]Opera, p. 133.
[495]Ebert,Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 301.
[496]Opera, p. 95.
[497]Opera, p. 137.
[498]Hudson, W. H., ‘Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim,’English Historical Review, 1888.
[499]‘Gallicanus,’Opera, p. 143.
[500]Ebert,Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 316.
[501]‘Dulcetius,’Opera, p. 174.
[502]‘Calimachus,’Opera, p. 191.
[503]Ebert,Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 321.
[504]‘Abraham,’Opera, p. 213.
[505]Ebert,Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 323.
[506]‘Paphnutius,’Opera, p. 237.
[507]Piltz, O.,Dramen der Roswitha(no date), p. 178, refers to Boëthius,In Categorias Aristotelis, liber 1, ‘de substantia’; and toDe musica, liber 1.
[508]The ancient course of university study included the seven ‘liberal arts’ and was divided into theTriviumincluding grammar, dialectic and rhetoric, and theQuadriviumincluding arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. TheTriviumwas sometimes designated aslogicand theQuadriviumasphysic.
[509]‘Sapientia,’Opera, p. 27.
[510]Piltz,Die Dramen der Roswitha, p. 181, refers to Boëthius,De Arithmetica, liber 1, cc. 9-22.
[511]‘who favoured and improved these works before they were sent forth,’ additional words of some manuscripts;Opera, edit. Barak, p. 140 footnote.
[512]Ebert,Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 305.
[513]Ebert,Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 311.
[514]Köpke,Die älteste deutsche Dichterin, 1869.
[515]Comp.Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Roswitha.’
[516]Labbé,Sacror. Concil. Collectio, 1763, years 789, 804, 811; Helyot,Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, p. 146 ff.
[517]Matth. Paris,Historia Major Angliae, sub anno.
[518]Helyot,Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 184 ff.; Ladewig,Poppo von Stablo und die Klosterreform unter den Saliern, 1883.
[519]Wulfstan, edit. Napier, Arthur, Berlin 1883, p. 156.
[520]Tanner, T.,Notitia monastica, edit. Nasmith, 1787, Introduction, p. ix.
[521]Helyot,Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 341 ff.;A. SS. Boll., St Stephanus abbas, April 17.
[522]Janauschek, L.,Origines Cisterciensium, 1877.
[523]Dialogus inter Clun. et Cist. in Martène and Durand’sThesaurus nov. Anecdot.Paris, 1717, vol. 5, p. 1568.
[524]Jacopo di Vitriaco,Historia Occidentalis, 1597, c. 15.
[525]Helyot,Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 375, 468 ff.
[526]Hermannus,De Mirac. St Mariae Laudun.(in Migne,Patrol. Cursus completus, vol. 156), p. 1002.
[527]Brunner, S.,Ein Cisterzienserbuch, 1881, p. 612.
[528]Helyot,Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, p. 376.
[529]Birch, W. de Gray,On the Date of Foundation ascribed to the Cistercian Abbeys of Great Britain, 1870.
[530]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Rivaulx,’ vol. 5, p. 274.
[531]Ibid. ‘Fountains,’ vol. 5, p. 292, nrsI-XI.
[532]A. SS. Boll., St Robertus, Feb. 25, contains two accounts of his life, the one by Baldric († 1130), the other by Andrea. Comp. also Helyot,Hist, des ordres mon., 1714, vol. 6, pp. 83 ff.
[533]Differing from settlements of the Gilbertine order, in which there were lay sisters also.
[534]Helyot,Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, pp. 156 ff. ‘Leben des heil. Norbert’ (written before 1155) transl. by Hertel in Pertz,Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit.
[535]Helyot,Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, p. 175; Jacopo di Vitriaco,Historia occidentalis, 1597, ch. 15.
[536]Gonzague,Monastère de Storrington, 1884, p. 8.
[537]They were Brodholm and Irford.
[538]§ 3 of this chapter.
[539]‘Peregrinatio Relig. ergo.’
[540]Helyot,Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, pp. 11 ff.
[541]Tanner, J.,Notitia Monasticaedit. Nasmith, 1787, Introd.XI.
[542]Rohrbacher,Histoire universelle de l’église catholique, 1868, vol. 6, p. 252.
[543]Labbé, C.,Sacror. Conc. Collectio, 1763, year 816, part 2.
[544]Helyot,Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, p. 55.
[545]Hugonin, ‘Essai sur la fondation de l’école St Victor à Paris,’ printed as an introduction to Hugo de St Victore,Opera(in Migne,Patrologiae Cursus Compl.vol. 175).
[546]Comp. below, ch. 9, § 1.
[547]Norgate, Kate,History of the Angevin Kings, 1887, vol. 1, p. 66.
[548]Idung,De quatuor questionibusin Pez, B.,Thesaurus anecdot. nov. 1721, vol. 2.
[549]Helyot,Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 7, pp. 366, 406. Jacopo di Vitriaco,Historia Occidentalis, 1597, c. 15.
[550]Giraldus Cambrensis,Speculum Ecclesiae, edit. Brewer, 1873.
[551]Map, W.,De Nugis Curialium(written 1182-89), 1850, p. 38.
[552]John of Salisbury,Polycraticus, edit. Giles, bk.VII.chs. 21-23.
[553]Wirecker, N.,Brunellus, 1662, p. 83.
[554]Goldsmid,Political Songs, vol. 2, p. 64.
[555]Freeman,Norman Conquest, 3rd edit. 1877, vol. 2, p. 609.
[556]Ibid. p. 554; Map,De Nugis Curialium, 1850, p. 201 (Freeman: Map like other Norman writers speaks very ill of Godwin).
[557]Dugdale,Monasticon, vol. 6, p. 1618 (p. 1619 he says in connection with the destroyed nunnery Woodchester that the wife of Earl Godwin built it to make amends for her husband’s fraud at Berkley).
[558]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 470.
[559]Ibid. ‘Nunnaminster,’ vol. 2, p. 451.
[560]Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 436.
[561]Ibid. ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 472. The abbess does not even seem to have been represented (as she was at the Diet abroad).
[562]Ibid. p. 472; and p. 473 footnote.
[563]Dugdale,Monasticon, vol. 1, p. 472.
[564]They were Godstow, Elstow, Malling.
[565]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Amesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 333; Freeman,History of the Norman Conquest(3rd edit. 1877), vol. 2, p. 610; the event is dated 1177; perhaps the letters from John of Salisbury,Epist.edit. Giles, nrs 72, 74, are addressed to the abbess of Amesbury, who was deposed.
[566]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Sopwell,’ vol. 3, p. 362.
[567]Ibid. ‘Kilburn,’ vol. 3, p. 422.
[568]Ibid. ‘St Clement’s,’ vol. 4, p. 323.
[569]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Stanford,’ vol. 4, p. 257.
[570]Ibid. ‘Sinningthwaite,’ vol. 5, p. 463.
[571]Ibid. ‘Swine,’ vol. 5, p. 494, nr 2; ‘Nun-Cotham,’ vol. 5, p. 676, nr 2.
[572]A. SS. Boll., St Margaret, June 10.
[573]Dict. of Nat. Biography, Christina.
[574]Brand,History of Newcastle, vol. 1, p. 204.
[575]Freeman,History of William Rufus, vol. 2, pp. 596, 682.
[576]Will. of Malmesbury,Gesta Reg.(Rolls Series), pp. 279, 470, 493.
[577]Orderic Vitalis,Eccles. Hist., transl. by Forester, 1847, vol. 3, p. 12.
[578]Eadmer,Historia(Rolls Series), p. 122.
[579]Comp. below, ch. 8, § 2.
[580]Anselm of Canterbury,Epistolae(in Migne,Patrol. Cursus completus, vol. 159), the numeration of which is followed in the text.
[581]Hilarius,Versus et ludi, edit. Champollion-Figeac, 1838, p. 1. (Champollion prints Clinton, which he no doubt misread for Winton.)
[582]Milner, J.,History of Winchester, 1823, vol. 1, p. 212.
[583]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘Wherwell,’ vol. 2, p. 634.
[584]Ibid. ‘St Mary’s Abbey,’ vol. 2, p. 452.
[585]Ibid. ‘Lillechurch,’ vol. 4, p. 378, charter nr 2.
[586]Ibid. ‘Rumsey,’ vol. 2, p. 506.
[587]Norgate, Kate,History of the Angevin Kings, 1887, vol. 1, p. 469.
[588]Beket,Epistolae(in Migne,Patrol. Cursus compl., vol. 190), nr 196.
[589]Petrus Blesiensis,Epistolae, edit. Giles, letters nrs 35, 36, 55, 239.
[590]A. SS. Boll., St Gilbert, Feb. 4, contain two short lives; Dugdale,Monasticon, vol. 6 inserted between pp. 946, 947, contains a longer account, the ‘Institutiones,’ and various references to Gilbert;Dict. of Nat. Biographyrefers to a MS. account at Oxford, Digby, 36, Bodleian.
[591]Helyot,Histoire des ordres mon., 1714, vol. 2, p. 190.
[592]Dict. of Nat. Biography.
[593]A. SS. Boll., St Gilbert, Feb. 4,Vita, nr 2, ch. 3; Dugdale,Vita, p. xi.
[594]The ‘precentrix’ is strictly speaking the leader of the choir. Cf. belowch. 10 § 2.
[595]Dugdale,Institutiones, p. lxxxii.
[596]Dict. of Nat. Biography.
[597]Ailred,Opera(in Migne,Patrol. Cursus comp., vol. 195), p. 789. ‘De sanctimoniali de Wattun.’
[598]Oliver, G.,History of Beverley and Watton, 1829, p. 520 ff.; cf. above,p. 91.
[599]Dugdale,Monasticon, vol. 6, p. xcviii.
[600]Report inAthenaeum, Oct. 7, 1893.
[601]Oliver, G.,History of Beverley and Watton, 1829, p. 531.
[602]Wattenbach, W.,Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, 2nd edit. 1875, p. 374.
[603]Bock, F.,Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 3 vols. 1866-71, vol. 1, p. 214.
[604]Cf. above,p. 122.
[605]Cf. above,pp. 122,132.
[606]Cf. above,p. 109.
[607]Cf. above,p. 106.
[608]Michel, F.,Étoffes de soie au moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 339, contains this and other references.
[609]Eddi,Vita Wilfredi, c. 65 (it is unknown over which house she presided).
[610]Cf. above,p. 63.
[611]Haddon and Stubbs,Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, 1869.
[612]Cf. above,pp. 103,115,198, and below,ch. 11, § 1.
[613]Bock, F.,Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 142.
[614]Michel, F.,Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 340.
[615]Wharton,Anglia Sacra, vol. 1, p. 607.
[616]Michel, F.,Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 338.
[617]Dugdale,Monasticon, ‘St Albans,’ vol. 2, p. 186 footnote.
[618]Middleton, J. H.,Illuminated MSS., 1892, p. 112.
[619]For example in the South Kensington Museum, nr 594-1884, Italian chasuble; nr 1321-1864, panel of canvas, from Bock’s Collection (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).
[620]Bock, F.,Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 209, suggests that gold plaques may have been sewn into the work.
[621]Cf. South Kensington Museum, nr 28-1892, a number of fragments of textile linen worked over in coloured silks and gold thread with scenes taken from the life of the Virgin. English work of the 14th century (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).
[622]Michel, F.,Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 337, points out that the expression ‘opus anglicum’ was applied also to the work of the goldsmith; comp. Ducange,Glossarium, ‘Anglicum.’ ‘Loculus ille mirificus ... argento et auro gemmisque, anglico opere subtilitater ac pulcherrime decoratus.’
[623]Historia Major Angliae, sub anno.
[624]South Kensington Museum, nr 83-1864 (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).
[625]Ibid. p. 168.
[626]A. SS. Boll., St Eustadiola, June 8. Vita, ch. 3.
[627]A. SS. Boll., SS. Herlindis et Renild, March 22, ch. 5 (videlicet nendo et texendo, creando ac suendo, in auro quoque ac margaritis in serico componendo).
[628]Ibid. ch. 12 (palliola ... multis modis variisque compositionibus diversae artis innumerabilibus ornamentis).
[629]Stadler and Heim,Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, ‘Harlindis.’
[630]Zeitschrift für Christl. Archaeologie, edit. Schnuetgen, 1856, ‘Münsterkirche in Essen,’ 1860, Beiträge.
[631]Labarte,Arts industriels au moyen âge, 1872, vol. 1, p. 341.
[632]Ibid. vol. 1, p. 84.
[633]Fritsch,Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 2, p. 326.
[634]Bock, F.,Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 155.
[635]Schultz, A.,Höfisches Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger, 1889, cites many passages from the epics which refer to embroidery worn by heroes and heroines. A piece of work of special beauty described vol. 1, p. 326, had been made by an apostate nun.
[636]Ekkehard IV., c. 10, in Pertz,Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 2, p. 123.
[637]Erath,Codex diplom. Quedliburg., 1764, p. 109.
[638]Brunner, S.,Kunstgenossen der Klosterzelle, 1863, vol. 2, p. 555.
[639]Kugler, F.,Kleine Schriften, 1853, vol. 1, pp. 635 ff.; part of the hanging is given by Muentz, E.,Tapisseries, broderies et dentelles, 1890, plate 2.
[640]Fritsch,Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 121.
[641]Kugler, F.,Kleine Schriften, 1853, vol. 1, p. 540.
[642]Büsching, F. G.,Reise durch einige Münsterkirchen, 1819, p. 235.
[643]Bock, F.,Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 227.
[644]Bock, F.,Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 3, pp. 201 ff.
[645]Ibid. 1866, vol. 3, p. 202.
[646]Hefner,Oberbair. Archiv, 1830, vol. 1, p. 355.
[647]Westermayer inAllgemeine Deutsche Biog., article ‘Diemud’;Catalogus Cod. Lat. Bibliothecae Reg. Monac., vol. 7, 1881, nrs 140, 146-154.