Abbott, Edith,151Abram, Annie,13Accidents,59,125,129Accounts of Hen. VII.,27of seventeenth century,15Shuttleworth,11Accrington,96Adam and Eve,6Adaptation of industry in war-time,248Administration of the Factory Act,53,181-2,243,255,282-93Adolescence, care of,206Aftalion,72Agricultural population, report on,51Aikin,43,50Aldhelm,7Alfred, King,5Amalgamated Society of Clothiers,116Amalgamation, the,112America,60Women’s Unions in,section,141Ammunition workers’ strike,130-31Anaemia,188Ancren Riwle,8Andrews,7Anglo-Saxon industry,5,7Anthropology,2Anti-Combination Act, repeal of,92Anti-Socialist Law,155Anti-Sweating League,125,133Apathy of the governing class,52Apathy of women,104-7,113,115,209Apprentices, factory,273Apprenticeship,section,15Architects, the first,2Arkwright,33,35,36,47Artizans and Machinery, Select Committee on,53Ashley, afterwards Shaftesbury, Lord,185Asses, machines worked by,43Assistance in craft industries by women and girls,16Association,section,205Athenaeum,52n.Attacks on the factory system,49-51Attraction of the family,83Aubrey,7Backwardness of the Factory Act,184Bad conditions in factories,135,181,273,286Bagley, Sarah,142Baines, E.,38,44Bamford,24Barber knotter, the,294Barry, Leonora,145Beam, the,98Beamers,126Beaming,107Bebel,156Berchta,2Berlin,158,159Bermondsey,135Besant, Mrs.,128Betterment,202Bill to raise wages, 1593,20Bilston,136Birmingham,43,62,136trades,29Bishopsgate, workhouse in,21Black, Clementina,122,128Blackburn,33,96,111,112,113society,99Black Death,4Bondfield, Margaret,259n.Bonwick,23Bookbinders, Society of,120Boot and shoe trade,63-4Unions,116,150Boston,151Bosworth, Louise,234Bourgeois women’s movement,162,163Bowley, A. L.,228Bradford,116Bradford Dale,25Brass work,66polishing,191Braun, Frau Lily,69,161-4,175Brighton,122Bristol,14,29,63,64,65,224Weavers’ Gild of,22Britain, Great, what she stands for,265British Association,64Bücher,9Bureau of Labour, enquiry by,149Burnley weavers,102Burslem,29Butler, Elizabeth,61Butler, Josephine,199Button-making,29Cadbury, E.,195n.Capitalist employer, the,185-6Card-room operatives,59,section,113,126,168Carpenters’ Company,17Carrying loads,65,66Cartwright,35,42Catholic Unions,161,164Causes of lack of organisation,115,139,151Census,Chap. III.Central Commission of German Trade Unions,156Central Committee on Women’s Employment,247Central Strike Fund,103Centralisation needed,173Chain-makers,131Board, first determination of,132Changes effected by industrial revolution,section,178Chapman, Sydney J.,92Charles II.,26Chaucer,10Chemicals,63Child labour in factories,272report on,57Childbirth, employment after,290Children and machines,43,272exploitation of,264Children’s clothes,65Employment Commission,62,63Chorley weavers,96,103Christian Trade Unions,160Churchill, Winston,20Cigar trade,117,118Citizenship for women,190,196Civil conditions, statistics of,79Clarke, Allen,45Class differences and class solidarity,174interest,166selfishness,186Cleft, the,207Clothing trades,64Unions,116wages in,218Clothworkers,14Clubs for working women,166Coal-mining, women in,29Cole, G. D. H.,174,208Collectors,105Collet, Clara,80,170Combination among rich clothiers,17,18of Workers, Committee on,94Committees of Weavers’ Union,108,176Competing Unions,172,173Competition between men and women,66for employment,169Complexity of weavers’ lists,99Compositors,116,117Compositors’ Union,117Comradeship among women,190Confectioners’ Union,130Confectionery works,67Constructive measures,section,260Consumers, women as,208,263Consumers’ co-operation,208Co-operation with bourgeois movement to be avoided,163Co-operative Guild, Women’s,208Copper works,29Cop-winding,107Core-making,64,146Corporate action,175women untrained for,165Cotton, bad,101,114Cotton Factory Times,145n.Cotton trade,31et seq.,section,240,268-82Cotton weavers,section,96,168,173male,60Cotton-weaving,58Courtney, Janet,263n.Coventry,64ribbon trade,41Cracker factory, strike in,148Cradley,133-4,136Cradley Heath chain-makers,131Craft Unions,149,158,207-8Cunningham, W., D.D.,38Curse of the Factory System,47Cycle industry,64Darwen and Ramsbottom,96Death-rates,77of male infants,257Deaths of women in mine explosions,29Decay of hand-spinning,section,39Decline of domestic manufacture,35Decrease of employment in wartime, statistics of,241,266Deductions,292Deficiencies, educational,169Defoe, Daniel,24Delays in labour legislation, causes of,186Deloney,6Dependents on women-workers,145-6,233-4Derby,27,95Derbyshire,29,97Detroit Free Press,145Development of capitalistic industry,section,17Development of women’s employment,61Devon,51Devotion and self-sacrifice of women,165Difficulties in organising women,115,139,151,154,164,169Digby Mysteries,6Dismissal without notice,125Disproportion of women,77Distaff, the,Chap. I.,sectionTextiles,5Divergent views on factory system,45Division among the weavers,97Dock and General Workers’ Union,126Dock Strike,128Doherty,55Domestic workers, statistics of,84,86little organisation among,168Dorset,51Dover, New Hampshire, strikes at,141Drawers,126Dressmakers, little organisation among,168Dressmaking,64,65,87,118factory,d.-m.,72,220Drudgery a survival,203-4Dundee,115Dunlop, Jocelyn,15,16Dust-extractor,59Dust in rope-works,129Early civilisation,1-3Early factories, conditions in,50,52,181Early manufactures, characteristics of,47Earning power of women,71-2Earnings and Hours Enquiry,214Earnings in 1770,33of women,Chap. VI.insufficient for health,229East End workers,128East Lancashire Amalgamated Society,96East London,130East Meon, Church of,6Economic Independence,80Economic Section of British Association,64,253n.Economic self-dependence,81Eden, Sir F.,39Edmonton, ammunition workers at,130-31Education by Trade Unions,159Educational deficiencies,169Edward VI.,21Effects, moral, of Trade Unions among women,153Effects of the War on the employment of women,Chap. VII.Egotistic refinement,198Eight-hour Leagues,143Elements of Statistics,228Elizabeth,19Employers oppose Unionism,151Engineering,64Enlightenment of women,194Ephemeral character of Women’s Unions,150Equal chance, an,145Equal pay for equal work,144,152,172,255Equal rates of pay for women,93Equality of opportunity,196Erdmann, Dr.,167Essex,25n.Exclusion of women,section,189from local governing bodies,198Exeter, Justices of,20Expansion of trade,18Experience in sorting wool,21Fachverein der Mäntelnäherinnen,155Factory, the,section,43Factory Act, the first,185of 1833,45,181of 1844, 1847, 1850, 1864, 1867, 1878, 1901,182prejudice against the,120what it has done,section,181Factory system, beginning of,21,22disliked,42Fall of prices in weaving,26,37,39Fall River, strike at,143-4Family, attraction of the,83women working in the,178Fatigue,202Federation of Trade Unions,208American,145,146,152Felkin,25Female Industrial Association,142Female Membership of Trade Unions,177Feminist movement,175Ferrier, Dr.,52Fielden, John,45,47File cutlery,64Fines, unfair,100-102,127-8Finishing goods,67Fire-escapes,287Five hours’ spell,183Flax,10,11,242industry, strike in the,138Fly-shuttle, invention of,33Folklore ceremonies,1Food trades,63Frame-work knitting,section,25Free Unions, German,156,160Freedom of employment, unrestricted,193Frigga’s Distaff or Rock,5Fruit-picking,65Fuegians,2Future organisation of women,section,206Garment workers,150Gaskell, Mrs.,74Gaskell, P.,38n.,45,47,48,56,231Gas-Workers’ and General Labourers’ Union,140,174n.General Federation of Trade Unions,140Gentlemen’s Magazine,39German Statistical Year-Book,157Germany, Women’s Unions in,section,154Girls untrained,16Girl-workers,73Glasgow,94,122,224spinners,93Glossop,27Gloucester,30Gloucestershire,18Gnauck-Kühne, Elizabeth,157,164-166,207n.Goldmark, Josephine,202Governing class,52,179,181Graham,54Grand General Union,93Grand National Union,